Introduction to Health ScienceIntroduction to Health Science

The Nervous System (Regulatory System)The Nervous System (Regulatory System)

Functions of the Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous System

• Sensation (Sensory)Sensation (Sensory)

• Movement (Motor)Movement (Motor)

• Coordination Coordination (Integration)(Integration)

Functions of the Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous System

• SensationSensation– The ability of the nerves to The ability of the nerves to

detect stimuli, such as detect stimuli, such as pressure, temperature pressure, temperature changes, taste, smell or light, changes, taste, smell or light, and send a message in the and send a message in the form of impulses to the brain form of impulses to the brain and spinal cord.and spinal cord.

– Uses Sensory pathways, also Uses Sensory pathways, also known as Afferent pathwaysknown as Afferent pathways

Functions of the Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous System

• MovementMovement– The ability of the brain to send The ability of the brain to send

impulses to muscles to cause impulses to muscles to cause movement, or a change in position.movement, or a change in position.

– Uses Motor pathways, also known as Uses Motor pathways, also known as Efferent pathways.Efferent pathways.

Functions of the Nervous SystemFunctions of the Nervous System

• CoordinationCoordination– The nervous system controls and The nervous system controls and

coordinates functions throughout the coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and body and responds to internal and external stimuli.external stimuli.

– This is when it analyses and This is when it analyses and processes information. It decides if processes information. It decides if the information is important enough the information is important enough to act on.to act on.

– Also known as integration, and can Also known as integration, and can happen in the brain or spinal cord.happen in the brain or spinal cord.

NervesNerves

• Nerves (neurons) are the Nerves (neurons) are the basic units of structure and basic units of structure and function for the nervous function for the nervous system.system.

• Nerves are capable of Nerves are capable of sending electrical messages sending electrical messages called impulses.called impulses.

Types of NervesTypes of Nerves

• Sensory nerves which detect Sensory nerves which detect changes and carry impulses to changes and carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord from the brain and spinal cord from the sense organs.the sense organs.

• Interneurons which are located Interneurons which are located between sensory and motor between sensory and motor nerves and carry impulses nerves and carry impulses between those nerves.between those nerves.

• Motor nerves which detect Motor nerves which detect changes and carry impulses away changes and carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to from the brain and spinal cord to muscles. muscles.

Nervous System DivisionsNervous System Divisions

Nervous System DivisionsNervous System Divisions

• The largest division is between the The largest division is between the CNS (Central Nervous System) and CNS (Central Nervous System) and the PNS (Peripheral Nervous the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)System)– The CNS contains the Brain and The CNS contains the Brain and

Spinal CordSpinal Cord– The PNS contains all the nerves as The PNS contains all the nerves as

they exit the spine and run they exit the spine and run throughout the bodythroughout the body

Nervous System DivisionsNervous System Divisions

• The Peripheral Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System can be broken down further into:can be broken down further into:– The Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System

(ANS) which has(ANS) which has• the Sympathetic the Sympathetic • the Parasympatheticthe Parasympathetic• This system does most of the This system does most of the

involuntary functions in the bodyinvoluntary functions in the body

– The Somatic Nervous SystemThe Somatic Nervous System• This system controls the voluntary This system controls the voluntary

functions in the bodyfunctions in the body

The BrainThe Brain

• The brain contains approximately The brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons. The brain 100 billion neurons. The brain weighs about 3 pounds. About weighs about 3 pounds. About 20% of blood leaving the heart 20% of blood leaving the heart circulates through the brain. circulates through the brain.

• The brain is responsible for The brain is responsible for analyzing information, analyzing information, processing information and processing information and relaying messages to the rest of relaying messages to the rest of the body. It is the main control the body. It is the main control center of the body. center of the body.

Parts of the BrainParts of the Brain

• CerebrumCerebrum– FrontalFrontal– ParietalParietal– TemporalTemporal– OccipitalOccipital

• CerebellumCerebellum• DiencephalonDiencephalon

– ThalamusThalamus– Hypothalamus Hypothalamus

• Brain StemBrain Stem– Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata– PonsPons– MidbrainMidbrain

The CerebrumThe Cerebrum

• The cerebrum is the largest part of The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It has two distinct halves the brain. It has two distinct halves called hemispheres. They are called hemispheres. They are connected by a band of tissue called connected by a band of tissue called the corpus callosum. The cerebrum the corpus callosum. The cerebrum has many folds and grooves (called has many folds and grooves (called sulci and gyri) on the brain to sulci and gyri) on the brain to increase the surface area and the increase the surface area and the number of nerves found in the brain.number of nerves found in the brain.

• The cerebrum is divided into four The cerebrum is divided into four lobes.lobes.

Cerebral LobesCerebral Lobes

• Frontal Lobe- Frontal Lobe- associated with associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving movement, emotions, and problem solving

• Parietal Lobe- Parietal Lobe- associated with associated with movement, orientation, recognition, movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli perception of stimuli

• Occipital Lobe- Occipital Lobe- associated with visual associated with visual processing processing

• Temporal Lobe- Temporal Lobe- associated with associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speechmemory, and speech

Cerebral LobesCerebral Lobes

• Notice the division Notice the division between the between the hemisphereshemispheres

• The sulci and gyri are The sulci and gyri are obvious, notice that the obvious, notice that the two hemispheres are two hemispheres are not mirror imagesnot mirror images

Midsagittal Cut of the BrainMidsagittal Cut of the Brain

CerebellumCerebellum

• The cerebellum is the second largest The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. In fact, cerebellum part of the brain. In fact, cerebellum means the “little cerebrum.” It is means the “little cerebrum.” It is located inferior to the occipital lobe. located inferior to the occipital lobe.

• It functions to coordinate muscular It functions to coordinate muscular movements and helps the muscles movements and helps the muscles move gracefully and efficiently. It also move gracefully and efficiently. It also helps with the body’s ability to helps with the body’s ability to balance.balance.

• The arbor vitae is the tree like The arbor vitae is the tree like structure seen when the cerebellum is structure seen when the cerebellum is dissected. dissected.

The Diencephalon The Diencephalon

• Main structures include theMain structures include the  – HypothalamusHypothalamus

• Maintains homeostasis and controls the regulation of Maintains homeostasis and controls the regulation of hunger, thirst, body temperature, breathing, internal hunger, thirst, body temperature, breathing, internal organ activity, and sleep.organ activity, and sleep.

– Thalamus Thalamus • Vision, touch (including pain, temperature, pressure), Vision, touch (including pain, temperature, pressure),

taste, hearing, and is critical for awareness.taste, hearing, and is critical for awareness.

• Relays sensory information between brain Relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic regions and controls many autonomic functions of the PNS.functions of the PNS.

• It also connects structures of the endocrine It also connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system.system with the nervous system.

The Diencephalon The Diencephalon

BrainstemBrainstem

• The brain stem is located The brain stem is located anterior to the anterior to the cerebellum and inferior to cerebellum and inferior to the cerebrumthe cerebrum

• The brain stem is The brain stem is composed of three composed of three structuresstructures–Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata–PonsPons–MidbrainMidbrain

The Medulla OblongataThe Medulla Oblongata

• Controls autonomic functions such as Controls autonomic functions such as breathing, heart and blood vessel breathing, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, sneezing function, swallowing, sneezing coughing, vomiting, and gagging. coughing, vomiting, and gagging.

• Helps in the transferring of messages Helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.and the spinal cord.

The PonsThe Pons

• In Latin, the word pons literally In Latin, the word pons literally means bridge.means bridge.

• It regulates the rate and depth of It regulates the rate and depth of breathing.breathing.

• It also serves as a communications It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. two hemispheres of the brain.

• Helps in the transferring of messages Helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.and the spinal cord.

The MidbrainThe Midbrain

• Is the nerve pathway to the Is the nerve pathway to the hemispheres.hemispheres.

• Deals with vision, hearing, eye Deals with vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement.movement, and body movement.

The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord

• Along with the brain, it is part of Along with the brain, it is part of the Central Nervous System.the Central Nervous System.

• It is the major communication It is the major communication link between the brain and the link between the brain and the rest of the body.rest of the body.

• It can process many reflexes – It can process many reflexes – unconscious, automatic unconscious, automatic responses to stimuli.responses to stimuli.

• There are 31 pairs of spinal There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which branch from the nerves which branch from the spinal cord to control such spinal cord to control such processes as breathing, arm processes as breathing, arm movement, and leg movement.movement, and leg movement.

• The true spinal cord The true spinal cord ends in the upper ends in the upper lumbar region, after that lumbar region, after that it turns into what is it turns into what is called the cauda equina called the cauda equina or horses tail.or horses tail.– Many small individual Many small individual

nerves bundled togethernerves bundled together

• The spinal cord is The spinal cord is composed of both grey composed of both grey and white matterand white matter– Grey matter does not Grey matter does not

have a myelin sheathhave a myelin sheath– White matter does have a White matter does have a

myelin sheathmyelin sheath

Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid

• CSF is a clear, watery fluid which CSF is a clear, watery fluid which bathes the brain and the spinal bathes the brain and the spinal cord to protect it by acting as a cord to protect it by acting as a shock absorber.shock absorber.

• CSF allows for the exchange of CSF allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products nutrients and waste products between the blood and the between the blood and the nervous tissue.nervous tissue.

• CSF circulates between the two CSF circulates between the two layers of the meninges, through layers of the meninges, through the center of the spinal cord, and the center of the spinal cord, and through large openings in the through large openings in the brain (ventricles).brain (ventricles).

MeningesMeninges

• A set of three layers of A set of three layers of connective tissue that enclose connective tissue that enclose the brain and spinal cord. The the brain and spinal cord. The are located under the skull and are located under the skull and attach directly to the brain.attach directly to the brain.

• Meninges help to provide a small Meninges help to provide a small amount of protection to the brain amount of protection to the brain and spinal cord.and spinal cord.

• Cerebrospinal fluid circulates Cerebrospinal fluid circulates between two layer of the between two layer of the meninges.meninges.

Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous SystemSystem

• MeningitisMeningitis– Meningitis is an infection that causes the Meningitis is an infection that causes the

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord inflammation of the brain and spinal cord coverings. coverings.

– There are two typesThere are two types• Bacterial MeningitisBacterial Meningitis• Viral MeningitisViral Meningitis

EpilepsyEpilepsy

• Epilepsy is a Epilepsy is a brain disorder brain disorder involving involving repeated seizures repeated seizures of any kind. of any kind. Seizures are Seizures are episodes of episodes of disturbed brain disturbed brain function that function that cause changes in cause changes in attention or attention or behavior. behavior.

Traumatic Brain InjuryTraumatic Brain Injury

• A brain injury is any A brain injury is any trauma that leads to trauma that leads to injury of the scalp, injury of the scalp, skull, or brain. The skull, or brain. The injuries can be minor injuries can be minor or major. A closed or major. A closed injury means that you injury means that you have received a hard have received a hard blow to the head and blow to the head and an open injury means an open injury means that the skull has been that the skull has been broken and the brain is broken and the brain is exposed. There are exposed. There are several millions of several millions of head injuries annually. head injuries annually.

HeadacheHeadache

• A headache is a pain or discomfort in the A headache is a pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. head, scalp, or neck.

• Most people can find relief from headache by Most people can find relief from headache by making lifestyle changes, learning to control making lifestyle changes, learning to control stress, and occasionally, by the use of stress, and occasionally, by the use of medications. medications.

• There are several types of headaches include There are several types of headaches include tension headaches and migraines tension headaches and migraines

StrokeStroke

• Stroke, also known as a CVA or Stroke, also known as a CVA or cerebrovascular accident, occurs cerebrovascular accident, occurs when there is an interruption of when there is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the the blood supply to any part of the brain. brain.

Careers Associated With Careers Associated With the Nervous Systemthe Nervous System

• Occupational Therapist- OTOccupational Therapist- OT– Help people improve their ability to perform Help people improve their ability to perform

tasks in their daily living and working tasks in their daily living and working environments.environments.

– They work with individuals who have conditions They work with individuals who have conditions that are mentally, physically, developmentally, or that are mentally, physically, developmentally, or emotionally disabling. emotionally disabling.

– Is Occupational Therapy for youIs Occupational Therapy for you– Is Occupational Therapy for YOUIs Occupational Therapy for YOU– Masters Degree + State LicensureMasters Degree + State Licensure– Work in Clinics, Rehab Centers, Hospitals, Home Work in Clinics, Rehab Centers, Hospitals, Home

Health, Nursing Homes and SchoolsHealth, Nursing Homes and Schools– Salary- $60-74,000Salary- $60-74,000

Occupational Therapist AssistantOccupational Therapist Assistant

• Work under the direction of Work under the direction of occupational therapists occupational therapists

• Provide rehabilitative services to Provide rehabilitative services to persons with mental, physical, persons with mental, physical, emotional, or developmental emotional, or developmental impairmentsimpairments

• The ultimate goal is to improve clients’ The ultimate goal is to improve clients’ quality of life and ability to perform quality of life and ability to perform daily activities daily activities

ToxicologistToxicologist

• Conduct laboratory tests to determine Conduct laboratory tests to determine the effects of chemicals on humans, the effects of chemicals on humans, animals and the environmentanimals and the environment– Forensic Toxicologist- determine cause of Forensic Toxicologist- determine cause of

deathdeath– Clinical Toxicologist- determinate the Clinical Toxicologist- determinate the

effects of drugseffects of drugs– Environmental Toxicologist- determine the Environmental Toxicologist- determine the

pollutants on animals and environmentpollutants on animals and environment• Masters- PhD (Doctorate) degreeMasters- PhD (Doctorate) degree• Work in Research Facilities, Federal Work in Research Facilities, Federal

Government, Pharmaceutical, Government, Pharmaceutical, Universities and Private Companies Universities and Private Companies

• Salary- $55-82,000Salary- $55-82,000

PharmacistPharmacist

• What Pharmacist DoWhat Pharmacist Do• Dispense prescription medication to patients• Provide information about the drugs their

doctors have ordered for them• Explain doctors' instructions to patients so

that these individuals can use these medications safely and effectively.

• Doctor of Pharmacy Degree + License Exam• Salary- $105,000

Pharmacy TechnicianPharmacy Technician

• Help licensed pharmacists provide medication Help licensed pharmacists provide medication and other health care products to patients. and other health care products to patients.

• Perform routine tasks to help prepare Perform routine tasks to help prepare prescribed medication for patients, such as prescribed medication for patients, such as counting tablets and labeling bottlescounting tablets and labeling bottles

• What Pharmacy Technicians DoWhat Pharmacy Technicians Do• Technicians refer any questions regarding Technicians refer any questions regarding

prescriptions, drug information, or health prescriptions, drug information, or health matters to a matters to a pharmacistpharmacist

• 11 month program at11 month program atATC’s ATC’s $8-20 / hour$8-20 / hour

Social WorkerSocial Worker

Social Worker HelpSocial Worker HelpThe Faces of Social WorkersThe Faces of Social Workers

Help improve peoples lives by helping them cope Help improve peoples lives by helping them cope and solve issues in their everyday livesand solve issues in their everyday lives Issues such as disabilities, disease, financial, unemployment, Issues such as disabilities, disease, financial, unemployment,

substance abuse, domestic abuse, relationship issues, social substance abuse, domestic abuse, relationship issues, social skillsskills

Bachelors- Masters degree + LicensureBachelors- Masters degree + Licensure $35-55,000$35-55,000

PsychologistPsychologist

• Study the human mind and human Study the human mind and human behaviorbehavior

• Research psychologists investigate the Research psychologists investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavioraspects of human behavior

• Provide mental health care in Provide mental health care in hospitals, clinics, schools, or private hospitals, clinics, schools, or private settingssettings

• Areas of specialtyAreas of specialty– Family and Marriage, Substance Abuse, Family and Marriage, Substance Abuse,

Tramatic, School, Sports, Research, Tramatic, School, Sports, Research, Developmental, Geropsyschology, Developmental, Geropsyschology, Neuropsychology, Emotional, Neuropsychology, Emotional,

• Difference between a Psychologist and Difference between a Psychologist and PsychiatristPsychiatrist

• Doctoral Degree (PhD) + LicensureDoctoral Degree (PhD) + Licensure• Salary $57-70,000Salary $57-70,000• Guided Relaxation ExerciseGuided Relaxation Exercise

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

• cephal/o – head cephal/o – head – cephalad-toward the headcephalad-toward the head

• cerebr/o – cerebrumcerebr/o – cerebrum– Cerebrospinal- pertaining to brain and spinal cordCerebrospinal- pertaining to brain and spinal cord

• encephal/o – brainencephal/o – brain– Encephalitis- inflammation of brainEncephalitis- inflammation of brain

• neur/o – nerveneur/o – nerve– Neurology- study of the nervesNeurology- study of the nerves

• psych/o - mindpsych/o - mind– Psychology- study of the mindPsychology- study of the mind

• -plegia - paralysis -plegia - paralysis – quadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremitiesquadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremities

• sub- under or belowsub- under or below– subcutaneous- tissue under the skinsubcutaneous- tissue under the skin

• -scopy -visual examination-scopy -visual examination– arthroscopy- visual examination of a jointarthroscopy- visual examination of a joint

Abbreviations Abbreviations

• CNSCNS– Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

• PNSPNS– Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

• CSFCSF– Cerebral Spinal FluidCerebral Spinal Fluid

• OTOT– Occupational TherapyOccupational Therapy

• HAHA– Head AcheHead Ache

• CVACVA– Cerebral Vascular AccidentCerebral Vascular Accident

VocabularyVocabulary

• Reflexes-unconscious automatic reactions Reflexes-unconscious automatic reactions to stimulito stimuli

• Cerebrum- largest part of brain contains 4 Cerebrum- largest part of brain contains 4 lobeslobes

• Cerebellum- small brain, controls balance Cerebellum- small brain, controls balance and movementand movement

• Brain Stem- continuous with spinal cord, Brain Stem- continuous with spinal cord, controls reflexes, heart rate and breathingcontrols reflexes, heart rate and breathing

• Neuron- nerves has 3 parts- axon, cell body Neuron- nerves has 3 parts- axon, cell body and dendriteand dendrite

• Meninges- protective covering of the brain Meninges- protective covering of the brain and spinal cordand spinal cord

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

• Hemisphere- 2 halves of brain- right and Hemisphere- 2 halves of brain- right and left hemisphereleft hemisphere

• Corpus Callosum- bundle of nerves that Corpus Callosum- bundle of nerves that connect the right and left hemispheres of connect the right and left hemispheres of the brainthe brain

• Epilepsy- brain disorder involving Epilepsy- brain disorder involving seizuresseizures

• Meningitis- inflammation of the Meningitis- inflammation of the meningies meningies

• Arbor Vitae- tree like structure inside the Arbor Vitae- tree like structure inside the cerebellumcerebellum

• Cauda equina- “horses tail” the lower Cauda equina- “horses tail” the lower end of the spinal cord bundled together end of the spinal cord bundled together