Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Terminology and Divisions

Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy =• Physiology =

Organization of the Human Body

• Axial:

- Contains body cavities

• Appendicular:

- Extremities

Body Cavities & Viscera

Body Cavities: Contain and protect viscera

Axial Portion: Two Major Cavities

1. Dorsal Cavity2. Ventral Cavity

Dorsal Cavity: Posterior

• Cranial Cavity = Contains Brain• Vertebral Cavity = Contains Spinal

Cord

Ventral Cavity: Anterior

• Thoracic Cavity = Trachea, Bronchi, Heart, Lungs, Esophagus, Thymus Gland

Heart (Pericardial Cavity)Lungs (Pleural Cavity)

Separated by…

- Abdominal Cavity= Stomach, small intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, upper large int., kidneys

- Pelvic Cavity = Lower large intestines, bladder, reproductive organs

Organ Systems & Applications in Sports Medicine

- Integumentary - Cardiovascular

- Skeletal - Lymphatic

- Muscular - Respiratory

- Nervous - Urinary

- Endocrine - Reproductive

- Digestive

Organ Systems: Integumentary

Structures:- Hair- Nails- Skin- Sweat & Sebaceous GlandsFunctions:- Protection- Temperature Regulation- Sensation

Organ Systems: Skeletal

Structures:- Bones- Cartilage- Joints- LigamentsFunctions:- Framework- Muscle Attachment- Protection- Blood Cell Production

Organ Systems: Muscular

Structures:- Muscles- Tendons

Functions:- Movement- Maintain Posture- Heat Production

Organ Systems: Nervous

Structures:- Brain- Spinal Cord- Nerves

Functions:- Sends impulses- Allows for motor/sensory function

Organ Systems: Cardiovascular

Structures:- Heart- Blood vessels- Blood

Functions- Pumps blood- O2 transport- Waste removal

When Referring to a Part of the Human Body…

Anatomical PositionStandardized method of observing the body when referencing anatomical structures

• Standing Erect• Facing Forward• Upper Limbs at Sides • Palms Forward

Terms of Relative Position

Describe location of a body part in respect to another

• Superior/Inferior: Above or below• Anterior/Posterior: Front or back• Medial/Lateral: proximity to midline• Proximal/Distal: proximity to trunk or axial

skeleton• Bilateral/Ipsilateral: both sides/same side• Contralateral: opposite side• Superficial/Deep: proximity to surface

Anatomical Terminology Lying Down

• Supine: Face up or palms up- Lying on your back

• Prone: Face down or palms down- Lying on your stomach

Implications for injuries?

Body Sections• Sagittal: cuts body in

half lengthwise (rightand left portions)

• Transverse: cuts body in half horizontally (top and bottom portions)

• Coronal: cuts body into front and back portions

How would this be useful in medicine?

Case Scenario

• Athlete comes into the athletic training room complaining of medial knee pain.

• What do you think the injury is?

Assessing an Injury: HOPS Method

• History: Ask patient ?’s to find out what happened

• Observation: What you see…– body language, swelling, deformity, discoloration, compare

bilaterally

• Palpation: “Feeling” or “Touching”– Could notice…

• Special Tests: Determine what specific structures are injured: range of motion, muscle testing, stress tests of ligaments, functional tests, etc.

History: What should we ask?

- What happened? (Mechanism)- When did it happen? (Acute vs. Chronic)- What type of pain is it? (radiating/burning, etc.)- Is there a history of injury to that area- Sound or sensation at time of injury- Specific location of pain- Extent of pain (0-10)- Activities that increase/decrease pain- Did you keep participating?- Impact on daily activities/sport

History: What happened?• Mechanism of Injury: (MOI) force which resulted

in the injury (push or pull acting on the body)• Yield Point: Elastic limit---injured tissue

structures

Axial: Force along long axis of structure (directed at trunk)

Compressive: Squeezing/Crushing force

Tensile: Pulling force

Shear: Sliding against object or body part

History: How long has it been hurting?

- When specifically did it occur? -Acute vs. Chronic

Acute: Rapid onset/One likely cause

Chronic: Long onset/duration, many potential contributing factors

- Insidious vs. Immediate onset

Examples?

History: What type of pain is it?

• Somatic: Arises from skin, ligament, muscle or bone

• Visceral: Pain from a disease or injury to organ– Will cause other systemic symptoms

• Referred: Pain perceived at a different location than site of injury

• Radiating: Pain from injury to nerve---pain moves along nerve pathway---”tingling, numbness, burning”

Case Scenario: Medial Knee Pain?

• Athlete comes into the physician’s office complaining of medial knee pain.

• Indicates injury occurred yesterday at practice• Was hit in the inside portion of the knee

with a baseball during practice• No history of injury• No tingling or numbness, no pop, snap, or

crack• Minimal swelling • Able to walk, sore to run,• Sore to touch• Pain is a 2/10

Athlete comes into the physician’s office complaining of medial knee pain.Indicates injury occurred yesterday at practiceWas running around 3rd base, stopped quickly and turned to run backFelt an immediate “pop”No history of injuryModerate swelling mediallyCould not continue participatingWas carried off the fieldPain is a 7/10

Other Considerations

• Indications: A type of treatment that is appropriate for an injury

• Contraindications: A type of treatment that is NOT appropriate for an injury

Examples?

Anatomic Properties of Skin

First layer of defense/Has 3 layersMost Superficial = EpidermisKeratinocytes = skin cells

- Provide a barrier- Constant sloughing

Inner Layer = Dermis - Collagen & Elastin Proteins- Contains blood vessels and nerves- Sebaceous Glands- Sweat Glands- Arrector pili muscle

Layer DEEP to dermis = Subcutaneous Fat: Conserve Heat/Shape

Damage to dermal layer vs epidermal layer?

Skin Injury Classification• Abrasion: Shearing force where skin

is scraped against a rough surface• Chafing: Epidermal irritation from

pressure or friction• Incision: Split in skin with smooth

edges• Laceration: Irregular tear in skin• Puncture: Penetration of skin/tissues• Avulsion: Separation of skin from

source

Skin Injuries and Treatment

• Blister: Repeated shearing force in one or more directions over epidermal layer of skin

• Blood can build up if between dermal and epidermal layers

• Care?

General Skin Injury Care

• Irrigate with water/saline• DON’T use hydrogen peroxide or

(dilute)• Use topical antibiotic once a day• Keep wound moist----healing---scar?• Avoid scab formation---DON’T PICK• Sutures/dermabonding must be

done w/in 24 hours