introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living...
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Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and
function of all living organisms
Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
• Principle Elements
• Ratio of Various Elements
• Special Functional Groups
Hydroxyl ( -OH )
Carboxyl ( -COOH )
Carbonyl (C=O)
O H
C O
C
O
O H
Alcohols
Aldehydes, Ketones
Carboxylic acids
NH
HAminesAmino ( -NH2 )
Phosphate ( -H2PO4)
O
H
P O
OH
O
S HSulfhydryl ( -SH)
Organic phosphates
Thiols
Monomer
• Subunits that serve as building blocks
• Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers
• Covalent bonding occurs• Solubility in Water
Monomer
Polymer
Polymer
Monomers
H HO
H HO
H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
H2O
Monomers
H HO
H2O
Principle Elements: C, H, & O
H:O = 2:1
Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)
Monomers: Monosaccharides
Polymers: Polysaccharides
Water Soluble
• Energy Metabolism• Structural Components• Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition• Elimination of wastes (fiber)
APT cell
Helper-T cell
Chemical FormulasC6H12O6
C6H12O6
From corn syrup
Chemical FormulasC5H10O5 C5H10O4
deoxyribose
MaltoseMaltose
SucroseSucrose
glucose + fructose
glucose + glucose
LactoseLactose
glucose + galactose
glycogen
• Principle Elements: C, H, & O
• Some With P & N
• H:O >>> 2:1
• Diverse Group of Biological Molecules
• Water Insoluble
• Energy Storage
• Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs
• Structural Components of Membranes
• Chemical Messengers (hormones)
• Triglycerides (neutral fats)• Phospholipids• Sterols• Waxes• Vitamins (D, E, K)
GlycerolGlycerolFatty AcidFatty Acid
GlycerolGlycerol
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
• Saturated with H+
• Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter• Solid at room temp
• Has one or more double bonds between carbons• Most vegetable fats• Liquid at room temp
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
phosphorous
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil
Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water
cholesterolBacon grease
• Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl• Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl• HDL: >35 • LDL: <130• Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5
indicates heart disease
• Family history of vascular disease • High levels of blood cholesterol • Smoking • Diabetes • Hypertension • Obesity
• Eat healthy• Exercise• Lose wt.• Quit smoking• 1 glass wine or beer• Medication• Surgery
• Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N
• Monomers: Amino Acids
• Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins
• Generally Water Soluble
Functional Groups of Amino Acids
• Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
• Amine (-NH2)
• R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)
• Enzymes
• Structural Proteins
• Chemical Messengers (Hormones)
• Contractile
• Antibodies
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quarternary structure
Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids
Levels of Protein Structure
Alpha helix
H-Bonds
Secondary structure:
Beta Pleated sheet
NH3 Leu Cys Val Asp Phe COO
Levels of Protein Structure
Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains
Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)
Peptide bond
Dipeptide Water
AA1 AA2
GLY SER ALA TYR ILE GLNLEUMET
GLY SERASP GLUILE GLN HISASN
Enzymatic reactions are affected by:
Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc.
• Catalysts- speed up a reaction• Not used up by reaction• Decrease activation energy of a reaction
(activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)
Are very specific for their substrate
Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds)
Lock and key
Specificity of enzyme:
Active site
Enzyme (sucrase)
Substrate(sucrose)
The Functioning of EnzymesThe Functioning of Enzymes
active site
Enzyme
Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & PPrinciple Elements: C, H, O, N, & P
Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides
Polymers: Nucleic AcidsPolymers: Nucleic Acids
Generally Water SolubleGenerally Water Soluble
Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base
• Genetic Instruction Set (DNA)
• Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA)
• Energy Metabolism (ATP)
Polymers made up of individual nucleotides
Nucleotides contain• Phosphate group• Five carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogen base
DNA contains information for almost all cell activities
ATPATP
Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism
ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + Energy + Energy
Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism
INQUIRY1. Describe the difference
between saturated and unsaturated fats.
2. Where are phospholipids found?
3. Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids?
4. Name a polysaccharide used to store energy.
5. Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.