introduction to information systems and informatics

Prof. Carlos OrtizCILC 6205RCM-UPR

University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus

Introduction to Information Systems and Informatics

What is Information Technology?

Study, design, development, implementation, support or management of a computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.

Prof. Carlos Ortiz - (2009)

What is Information Systems?

Information System is a combination of people, hardware, software, communication devices, network and data resources that processes data and information for a specific purpose including research, analysis and decision making.


Types of Information Systems?

Transaction Processing Decision Support Systems Knowledge Management Systems Database Management Systems


Origins of the Term: Informatics

informatics- informa-tiks.[Russ. “Informatika”, French. “Informatique”]-OED.

1967 – “Informatics” is the discipline of science which investigates the structure and properties (not specific content) of scientific information, as well regularities of scientific information activity, its theory, history and organization”- OED.

1977 – “Informatics” change to “Medical Informatics” refers to the application of computer technology to all fields of medicine, medical care, medical research and medical teaching”- Collen, 1977.

1990- “Medical (Health) Informatics” is the scientific field that deals with biomedical and clinical information, data and knowledge, storage, retrieval, analysis and optimal use for problem-solving and decision-making”- Shortliffe and Blois, 1990.

See also: http://www.amia.org

Prof. Carlos Ortiz - (2009) 5

What is Informatics?

What is Informatics?

Informatics is the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the design, structure, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process, access and communicate information (Example: Databases).


Related Definitions

Bioinformatics- The development and application of novel informatics techniques in the biological (especially genomic) sciences.

Computational Biology - A field of biology concerned with the development of

techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions.


Clinical research is a component of medical and health research intended to produce knowledge valuable for understanding human disease, preventing and treating illness, and promoting health.


(AAMC, 1998)

Related Definitions

Informatics in clinical research is concerned with the use of computers and communication technology (CIS) to acquire, store, analyze, communicate, and display medical information and knowledge to facilitate understanding and improve the accuracy, timeliness, and reliability of decision-making.


(Warner, Sorenson and Bouchaddou, 1997)

Related Definitions

Laboratory Information Systems

is part of an integrated informatics solution which involves many applications. Use of an Laboratory Information Systems is a critical piece of the clinical IT spectrum of systems and contributes significantly to the overall care given to patients.


Informatics Organizations

International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) established 1968 in France

Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC) founded in 1976 in Washington DC

American Association for Medical Systems Informatics (AAMSI) founded in 1981 from Society of Computer Medicine (SCM-1972) and Society for Advanced Medical System (SAMS-1975)

American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) established in 1984

American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) founded in 1990 by merger of AAMSI, ACMI and SCAMC.


Contributions of National Library of Medicine

A major source of innovation in Informatics MEDLARS, MEDLINE and MeSH Informatics Training Programs Grants since

1972 IAIMS UMLS Visible Human MEDLINE Access


This is Medical (Health) Informatics

Bioinformatics1. Biological structure informatics2. Computational biology3. Expression profiling and microarrays4. Genomic ontologies5. Genomics6. Linking the genotype and phenotype7. Neuroinformatics8. Pharmacogenomics9. Proteomics

Clinical Informatics10. Barriers to clinical system implementation11. Clinical systems in ambulatory care12. Clinical systems in high intensity care13. Careflow and process improvement systems14. Disease management15. E-health and clinical communication16. Evaluation of health information systems17. Health data warehousing18. Health information systems19. Integrated health and financial systems

Education and Training20. Computer-assisted medical education21. Consumer health information22. E-learning or distance learning23. Education and training24. Library information systems25. Medical informatics teaching26. Patient education and self-care27. Professional education

Human Information Processing and Organizational

Behavior28. Cognitive models and problem solving29. Data visualization30. Natural language understanding and text generation31. Human factors and usability32. Human factors and user interfaces33. Human-computer interaction34. Models of social and organizational behavior35. Natural language processing


Imaging and Signal Analysis36. Image processing and transmission37. Image recognition, registration, and segmentation methods38. Imaging and signal standards39. Knowledge representation and ontologies for imaging40. Model-based imaging41. Signal processing and transmission42. Virtual reality and active vision methods and applications

Innovative Technologies in Health Care43. Computer-communication infrastructures44. Internet applications45. Mobile computing and communication46. Portable patient records47. Security and data protection48. Software agents and distributed systems49. Telemedicine50. Virtual reality51. Wireless applications and handheld devicesKnowledge Management52. Automated learning and discovery53. Clinical guidelines and protocols54. Controlled terminology, vocabularies, and ontologies55. Intelligent data analysis and data mining56. Decision support systems57. Knowledge management58. Knowledge representation59. Neural network techniques60. Pattern recognition/classification

Nursing Informatics61. Nursing informatics62. Nursing care systems63. Nursing vocabulary and terminology64. Nursing education/Curriculum in nursing informatics65. Nursing documentation

Organizational Issues66. Careflow management systems67. Care delivery systems68. Cooperative design and development69. Economics of care70. Ethical and legal issues71. Health services evaluation: performance and quality72. Organizational impact of information systems73. Quality assessment and improvement74. System implementation and management issues75. Technology assessment

Patient Record76. Cryptography, database security, and anonymization77. Database access and delivery78. Database design and construction79. Data standards and enterprise data sharing80. Patient record management81. Privacy, confidentiality, and information protection82. Standard medical vocabularies83. Standards for coding84. Standards for data transfer

Public Health Informatics85. Administrative/financial systems86. Biosurveillance87. Consumer health informatics88. Emergency and disaster response89. Genetic epidemiology90. Health intervention systems91. Health promotion systems92. Health outcomes assessment93. Patient self-care and patient-provider interaction

Topics Related with Informatics Decision Support Systems

Clinical Research and Simulations Human Computer Interactions Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems Database Design and Management The Electronic Health Record Wireless Computing Applications Genomics E-Health The “Medical Errors” Problems


Decision Support Systems

Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information system that supports organizational decision-making activities. DSS components will include; Databases and Analytical Models.


Benefits of DSS

Improve Efficiency/Productivity Facilitates communication Improve quality/consistency of

decision: Precise problem formulation Relevant input information Established analysis/solution approach Sensitivity analysis


Building a DSS

DSS architecture Representational Models (Simulations) Optimization Models (Linear Programming)

SDLC approach Prototyping Software Tools


Artificial Intelligence- AI

AI is the branch of computer sciences for the study and design of “Intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.

18Prof. Carlos Ortiz - (2009)

Research and Applications of Artificial Intelligence Nanotechnology Expert Systems

(MYCIN) Robotics and

Planning Machine Learning Game Playing Pattern Recognition

Systems


Expert Systems

Use human knowledge captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise.

Imitate reasoning process of experts Propagate the knowledge throughout

the organization for improved and consistent results.

Used by experts as knowledgeable
