introduction to interaction design
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DESCRIPTION
A half day course on Interaction Design taught by Mark Billinghurst from the HIT Lab NZ at the University of CanterburyTRANSCRIPT
An Introduction to An Introduction to Interaction Designg
Mark BillinghurstMark BillinghurstHIT Lab NZ
MarkPhD Electrical EngineeringPhD Electrical Engineering
University of WashingtonInteraction DesignInteraction Design
Museum experiencesTools for designersTools for designers
Augmented RealityMobile AR Evaluation Mobile AR, Evaluation, Multimodal Interfaces, Collaborative
CollaborationCollaborationEnhanced FtF and remote collaborationSocial networkingSocial networking
Workshop Overview
1. What is Interaction Design 2 Understanding Interaction 2. Understanding Interaction 3. Understanding User Experience4. Design and Prototyping 5 Evaluation 5. Evaluation 6. Design in the Real World7. Resources
Source MaterialInteraction Design: Beyond Human Computer-Interactionp
Rogers, Sharp, Preece
htt // id b k /http://www.id-book.com/
1. What is Interaction Design?
Mark BillinghurstMark Billinghurst
Preece Chapter 1
What to do?I iImagine
You’re bringing a new product to marketYour #2 competitor has been in the market for over a year, selling millions of unitsy gYour #1 competitor launches the same monthYour technology is slower than your competitorsYour technology is slower than your competitorsYour technology is older than your competitorsYour last product failed in the market
Do you compete on Price ?Do you compete on Technology ?Do you compete on Technology ?Do you compete on Features ?
Wrong: Compete on user experience !Wrong: Compete on user experience !
Nintendo Wii
Cheap - $500 Unique game playUnique game play
Wireless 3 DOF controllerPosition and orientation sensing
Aiming to broaden user basegCan play previous games/downloads
Sales to Sept 2011
“Th d i l “The product is no longer th b i f l Th the basis of value. The
experience is ”experience is.
Venkat RamaswamyThe Future of Competition.
Gil + Pi E i EGilmore + Pine: Experience Economy
E tiexperiences Emotion
services
productsproducts
components Function
Sony CSL © 2004
The Value of Experience
5050c
$3.50
20c
Good Experience DesignReactrixReactrix
Top down projectionC b d iCamera based inputReactive GraphicsNo instructionsNo training
Using the N-gage
SideTalking
www.sidetalkin.com
Interaction Design“Designing interactive products to support people
in their everyday and working lives”in their everyday and working livesPreece, J., (2002). Interaction Design
Design of User Experience with Technology
Goals of interaction designDevelop usable products
Usability means easy to learn, effective to use and y y ,provide an enjoyable experience
Involve users in the design processInvolve users in the design process
Bill Verplank
Interaction Design involves answering three questions:What do you do? - How do you affect the world?What do you do? How do you affect the world?What do you feel? – What do you sense of the world?What do you know? – What do you learn? y y
HCI and interaction design
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I D PInteraction Design Process
Identify needs/ establish
requirementsq
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive versionversion
Final productDevelop alternative prototypes/concepts and compare themAnd iterate iterate iterateAnd iterate, iterate, iterate....
2. Understanding Interaction
Mark BillinghurstMark Billinghurst
Understanding the problem space
What do you want to create?yWhat are your assumptions?What are your claims?What are your claims?Will it achieve what you hope it will? If so, how?
Analysing the problem spaceAre there problems with an existing product or user experience? pWhy do you think there are problems?How do you think your proposed design ideas How do you think your proposed design ideas might overcome these? When designing for a new user experience how When designing for a new user experience how will the proposed design extend or change current ways of doing things?y g g
Conceptual modelA t l d l i A conceptual model is: “a high-level description of how a system is organized and
operates.” (Johnson and Henderson, 2002, p. 26)operates. (Johnson and Henderson, 2002, p. 26)Need to first think about how the system will appear to users (i.e. how they will understand it)Not a description of the user interface but a structure outlining the concepts and relationships between themB fBenefits
Enables “designers to straighten out their thinking before they start laying out their widgets” (p. 28)y g g (p )Provides a working strategy and a framework of general concepts and their interrelations
Interface metaphorsD i d b i il h i l i b l h Designed to be similar to a physical entity but also has own properties
e g desktop metaphor search enginee.g. desktop metaphor, search engineExploit user’s familiar knowledge, helping them to understand ‘the unfamiliar’ Conjures up the essence of the unfamiliar activity, enabling users to leverage of this to understand more aspects of the
f ili f ti litunfamiliar functionalityPeople find it easier to learn and talk about what they are doing at the computer interface in terms familiar to themdoing at the computer interface in terms familiar to them
Example: The spreadsheetAnalogous to ledger sheetsheetInteractive and computationalpEasy to understandGreatly extending Greatly extending what accountants and others could do
www.bricklin.com/history/refcards.htm
Why was it so good?I l l d b h h It was simple, clear, and obvious to the users how to use the application and what it could do “i i j l ll h k h i “it is just a tool to allow others to work out their ideas and reduce the tedium of repeating the same calculations ”calculations.capitalized on user’s familiarity with ledger sheetsG h f f diff Got the computer to perform a range of different calculations in response to user input
Another classic8010 S ff d k 8010 Star office system targeted at workers not interested in computing per seS l b i i ki Spent several person-years at beginning working out the conceptual modelSi lifi d h l i ld ki i Simplified the electronic world, making it seem more familiar, less alien, and easier to learn
Johnson et al (1989)
Benefits of interface metaphorsM k l Makes learning new systems easierHelps users understand the underlying p y gconceptual modelCan be innovative and enable the realm of Can be innovative and enable the realm of computers and their applications to be made more accessible to a greater diversity of usersmore accessible to a greater diversity of users
P bl h f h Problems with interface metaphors (Nielson 1990)(Nielson, 1990)
Break conventional and cultural rulese.g., recycle bin placed on desktop
Can constrain designers in the way they conceptualize a problem Conflict with design principlesForces users to only understand the system in terms of the metaphorDesigners can inadvertently use bad existing designs and transfer h b d the bad parts over
Limits designers’ imagination with new conceptual models
Microsoft Bob
Summary pointsNeed to have a good understanding of the problem space
specifying what it is you are doing, why, and how it will support p y g y g, y, ppusers in the way intended
A conceptual model is a high-level description of a product what users can do with it and the concepts they need to
understand how to interact with it
D i i b l d i h ld b d b f Decisions about conceptual design should be made before commencing any physical designInterface metaphors are commonly used as part of a Interface metaphors are commonly used as part of a conceptual model
3. Understanding User Experience
Mark BillinghurstMark Billinghurst
What is a Bad Experience
??
Misleading Graphics
Cognitive Overload for Simple Taskg p
Cognitive Overload for Simple Task
Dangerously Undermining TaskMany people in Palm Beach, Florida that wanted to vote for y p pAl Gore, accidentally voted for Pat Buchanan
Estimated 4000 voted “wrong“wrong
Another 19,000 punched both holespunched both holes(invalid vote)
Interaction Design is User Centered
A methodology for ensuring good user experiences with products by getting experiences with products by getting feedback from users to inform the design.
1. User research and needs analysis
Identify needs/ establish
i trequirements
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive version
Final producta p oduct
What, How and Why?
•Why:•Why:Requirements definition: the stage
h f il t where failure occurs most commonly
Getting requirements right is crucial
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What, how and why?•What
1. Understand users, task, context2. Produce a stable set of requirements
•How:D t th i ti itiData gathering activitiesData analysis activitiesExpression as ‘requirements’
IterateExpression as requirements
•Why:yRequirements definition: failure occurs most commonly
Getting requirements right is crucial
Wh h R ?What are the Requirements?
FunctionalWhat should the system do? What has it done?
DataEnvironment or Context of useEnvironment or Context of use
Physical: dusty? noisy? light? heat? humidity? …. Social: sharing of files of displays work alone Social: sharing of files, of displays, work alone ..Organizational: IT support, hierarchy, training..
U Wh h ?Users: Who are they?Usability: learnability, throughput, flexibility..
Who are your Users?
Everyone!y
Who REALLY are your Users/Stakeholders?
•Not as obvious as you think:— those who interact directly with the product
— those who manage direct users
those who receive output from the product — those who receive output from the product
— those who make the purchasing decision
— those who use competitor’s productsthose who use competitor s products
•Three categories of user (Eason, 1987): — primary: frequent hands-onp y q
— secondary: occasional or via someone else
— tertiary: affected by its introduction, or will influence its purchase
Who are the Stakeholders?Check-out operators
• Suppliers• Local shop owners
C tManagers and owners CustomersManagers and owners
Understanding Specific Needs
Designing for Everyone
Designing for Everyone pleases No one
Consider the Whole User
Data Gathering Techniques (1) Questionnaires
Looking for specific informationLooking for specific informationQualitative and quantitative resultsGood for getting data from a large dispersed groupGood for getting data from a large, dispersed group
InterviewsGood for exploring issues, using propsStructured, unstructured or semi-structuredBut are time consuming and difficult to visit everyone
Data Gathering Techniques (2)W k h f Workshops or focus groups
Group interviews/activitiesG d i i i d/ Good at gaining a consensus view and/or
highlighting areas of conflictObservationsObservations
Spending time with users in day to day tasksGood for understanding task contextGood for understanding task contextrequires time and can result in a huge amount of data
DocumentationDocumentationProcedures and rules written down in manuals
A day in the Life of.. Cultural Probes.. Role Playing..A day in the Life of.. Cultural Probes.. Role Playing..
Case Study: Equator Domestic Probes
Some Basic Guidelines• Focus on identifying the stakeholders’ needs
• Involve all the stakeholder groups • Involve all the stakeholder groups
• Involve more than one person from each group
• Use a combination of data gathering techniques
S h i h h • Support the process with props such as prototypes
• Consider carefully how to record the data y
User Interactions =The Golden EggUser Interactions =The Golden Egg
Why?U l f f db k b h Users can give you lots of feedback about what your product does well and what it doesn’t do well.
Users can give you insight into their lives and needs h l i d d h i hi h helping you understand the context in which your product will be used
Users can inspire design solutions you haven’t h h fthought of.
Interviewing TechniquesGood interviewing is a skill and needs to be
done properly to ensure you maximize the p p y yopportunity you have with your users
Tips for interacting with end users:Tips for interacting with end users:1. Listen2. Watch3 C t T t3. Create Trust4. Inform Design g
1. ListenMost important part of interviewing.
You are not there to train the user or todemonstrate how much you know. Youare interviewing an expert to gain knowledge.
Treat them like a precious partner and rememberthey know a lot more about their work then you do.
2. WatchRemember users will tend to want to say whatthey think you want to hear.
Create opportunities to observe users rather thanask users.
Case StudyCase Study –
A usability professional is interviewing a user:A usability professional is interviewing a user:
Professional: “Do you know how to set the margins?”
User: “Oh yes, I do that all the time.”
Professional: “Could you show me how to do it?”
User: “Sure.” (user presses a series of buttons unrelatedto setting margins – the button sequence is actuallychanging a different setting).
“See it beeped so the margins are set ”See it beeped so the margins are set.
3. Create TrustUsers will be nervous that they will appearstupid or incompetent.
“We are testing design, not you”
To get good data, user must feel relaxedand trusting.
A user’s perspective:
Well okay, today’s the day. I have to report to some building on 14th street. I must admit I’m a bit nervous. When I spoke to the woman on the phone, she askedadmit I m a bit nervous. When I spoke to the woman on the phone, she asked me a whole lot of questions about my background and experience. She seemed particularly gleeful that I wasn’t competent using computers and equipment. I’m glad she is happy but for me it’s a recurring problem.q p g ppy g p
I’ve always felt intimidated with electronics. She wants me to use something on the computer while some people watch me. Well, it’s an easy $50 bucks and seeing that I don’t know the people, it can’t be too embarrassing…
On the other hand, what if I’m the first person in the world that doesn’t understand how to do whatever I’m supposed to do? What if I totally bomb? What if they ask me a question that is embarrassing and they find out how stupid I really am. Well, I’ll give it a go this time but I don’t think I can do this again.
4. Inform DesignUser research does not dictate your design butrather informs you so that you design better.
g
y y g
Woodblock Study Exampley pUsers were asked to place ti k ti f tistickers representing functions
On a block model.
Resulting design did not copy wordResulting design did not copy wordfor word where the users placedbuttons.
Resulting design was informed byhow users grouped buttons andby observation of users interactingby observation of users interactingwith the stickers.
SummaryFour basic activities in the design process
1. Establishing requirements2. Designing alternatives3. Prototyping4 Evaluating4. Evaluating
User-centered design rests on three principles1 E l f d t k1. Early focus on users and tasks2. Empirical measurement using quantifiable & measurable
usability criteria3. Iterative design
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4. Design and Prototyping
Mark Billinghurst
2 (R )D2. (Re)Design
Identify needs/ establish
requirementsq
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive versionversion
Final product
Design Inspiration
Discovering Unmet Needs
Digital Cameras for AppleLate 80s – What would happen if we married
a computer with a digital camera?
Many studies of current photography use.Uncovering of unmet needs in traditional experience
- not enough photos- not knowing whether photo good or not
bilit t dd d- ability to add sound- ability to organize
Features determined through research and designedFeatures determined through research and designedIteratively.
BrainstormingBest with interdisciplinary team
Other ProductsNotice all the iPod look-alikes?
Tools for Effective Design
PersonasScenarios Scenarios Storyboards (comic strip, movie technique)Wireframes and Mock-upsPrototypesyp
P T hPersona Technique
Personas are a design tool to help visualize who you are designing for and imagine how this you are designing for and imagine how this person will use the product
A persona is an archetype that represents the behavior and goals of a group of users
Based on insights and observations from customer researchcustomer research
How to Develop a Persona
BrainstormingImagining different people using the technology
Design ResearchEthnographic StudiesEthnographic StudiesContextual InquiryField StudiesField StudiesUsability Studies
Marketing ResearchFocus GroupsSales FeedbackSales Feedback
Gunther the Ad GuyGunther the Ad Guy
Gunther is from Germany. He Travels extensively for work andAs he is an advertising executivehe needs to present concepts toclients quickly and easily. He is a person very well-versed in newt h l i d i h h h dtechnologies and wishes he hadeasier portable solutions for hispresentations…..
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How to use your PersonasUse them to find real people for usability testing.Use them as a foundation to discuss any design
/f h issues/feature issues that come up.Use them to evaluate competitor’s products.Use them to keep you honest.Keep updating them as part of your continued user
hresearch.Use them to find real customers you can have on-going relationships withgoing relationships with.
ScenariosUsage Scenarios are narrative descriptions of how
the product meets the needs of a personathe product meets the needs of a persona
Short (2 pages max)Short (2 pages max)Focus on unmet needs of personaC Concrete storySet of stories around essential tasks, problems...Use to test ideas
Scenario Technique
Develop with personasDevelop with personasPrioritize experiences to supportFocus on top three experiences but support other Focus on top three experiences but support other
experiences
A business woman travels from SF to Paris on a business trip. On her way to the airport she narrowly misses a traffic delay She avoidsway to the airport she narrowly misses a traffic delay. She avoids the jam because her Smartphone beeps and send her a warning text message on her route from the office to the airport.
Upon arrival the location-sensitive Smartphone notifies the airline that she‘ll check in shortly and an airline employee finds her immediately and takes her baggage Her display shows that herimmediately and takes her baggage. Her display shows that her flight is on time and provides a map to her gate. On the way she downloads tourist information (maps, events) for Paris.
Symbian
O f d h t h b i t i th d l d dOnce found her seat, she begins to review the downloaded information. She books a ticket for an opera she wants to see. Her Smartphone makes the booking using her credit card number p g gstored in memory. The security software of the Smartphone protects her against fraud.
The Smartphone stores the opera booking along ith emails rittenThe Smartphone stores the opera booking along with emails written on the plane. As soon as she steps off the plane, it makes the calls and sends the emails. As she leaves the airport, a map appears on the display and guides her to her hotel
Symbian
Storyboarding
Sequence of sketches showing use of system in everyday use context
Concrete exampleEasier (faster) to grasp than text based storiesMeans of communication with users and system
developerspSketches, not drawings...Use to test interaction and make sure design works Use to test interaction and make sure design works
Turning Scenarios into Storyboards
1. Photographs to match personas(can be used to communicate environment or (can be used to communicate environment or profession)
2. Drawings
3. Draw-over acted photos
4. Detail not important – communicate the experience rather than specificsrather than specifics.
Example Storyboard
Example Storyboard p.2
Wireframes & Mock UpsRoughly sketched sequences exploring and validating
interaction design.
Focus is on navigation and functionality.
Usually explores one interaction but can also be used Usually explores one interaction but can also be used as the foundation for development of testing prototypes.p yp
Prototyping
Mark Billinghurst
D d PDesign and Prototyping
Identify needs/ establish
requirementsq
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive versionversion
Final product
Prototypes Redefined
Prototyping is common activity in product development.development.Traditional prototypes can take weeks or months.
RAPID prototyping is a design technique d d l f dto speed up development of ideas.
A rapid prototype can take as little as a few minutes to make.
Benefits of RAPID Prototyping
Fast and inexpensiveIdentifies problems before they’re codedIdentifies problems before they re codedElicits more and better feedback from usersHelps developers think creativelyHelps developers think creativelyGets users and other stakeholders involved
l i th early in the processFosters teamwork and communicationA id i i Avoids opinion warsHelps decide design directions
Types of Prototypes
Low Fidelity – quick and dirty, easy access materials like cardboard and paper.
High Fidelity – more involved electronic versions similar in materials to final product.
Paper Prototyping (Low Fidelity)
Quick and simple means of sketching interfacesU ffi t i lUse office materialsEasier to criticize, quick to changeCreative process (develop in team)Creative process (develop in team)Can also use for usability test (focus on flow of
interaction rather than visuals)interaction rather than visuals)Used a lot to test out concepts before real design begins.g
Paper Proto: Create Widgets
Paper Prototyping w/Hardware
Blank Model Prototypes
S M kU PScreen MockUp Prototypes
Interactive Role Play
Interactive Role Play in Environment
IDEO.com
Half-functional prototypes
More hi-fi
HTML ( HTML (or Powerpoint) ...
Mostly precodedflow, but allowsclicking and experiencing flow
Wi f i T lWireframing ToolsPidoco (websites mobile desktop)Pidoco (websites, mobile, desktop)
No programminghttp://www.pidoco.com
WireframeSketcherPlug-in for Eclipsehtt // i f k t h /http://wireframesketcher.com/
Omnigraffle (Mac)Digramming toolhttp://www omnigroup com/products/omnigraffle/http://www.omnigroup.com/products/omnigraffle/
Mobile Rapid Prototype Tools
Android: App Inventorhttp://appinventor.googlelabs.com/about/
iPhone – Meta collectioniPhone Meta collectionhttp://iphoneized.com/2009/11/21-prototyping-mockup wireframing tools iphone app development/mockup-wireframing-tools-iphone-app-development/
Tethered Prototypes (High Fidelity)
Goal: Communicate Vision
HIGH FIDELITY PROTOTYE
Rapid Prototyping
Speed development time with quick hardware mockupsSpeed development time with quick hardware mockupshandheld device connected to PCLCD screen USB phone keypad CameraLCD screen, USB phone keypad, Camera
Can use PC development tools for rapid developmentFl h Vi l B i Flash, Visual Basic, etc
‘Wizard-of-Oz’ PrototypingThe user thinks they are interacting with a • The user thinks they are interacting with a computer, but a developer is responding to output rather than the system. output rather than the system.
• Usually done early in design to understand users’ expectations
User
>Blurb blurb>Do this>Why?
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Typical Iterations for HW/SW Product:
1 Paper prototype to evaluate conceptual model1. Paper prototype to evaluate conceptual model2. Interactive computer-based prototype with rough
screens to evaluate feature placementp3. Tethered prototype to evaluate button + screen
interactions4. Real device prototyped with major features working5. Real device prototyped with all features working and
graphic design implemented
D d PDesign and Prototyping
Identify needs/ establish
requirementsq
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive versionversion
Final product
Design Case Study
ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS
Design(redesign)
PrototypeTest Design with Users Evaluate
( i ) (Note problems)(Fix Issues)
MOBILE AUGMENTED MOBILE AUGMENTED MOBILE AUGMENTED MOBILE AUGMENTED REALITY FOR SPATIAL REALITY FOR SPATIAL REALITY FOR SPATIAL REALITY FOR SPATIAL
NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
Sharon BrosnanSharon BrosnanSharon BrosnanSharon Brosnan06518690651869
Bachelor of Science in Digital Media DesignBachelor of Science in Digital Media Design
BUNRATTY FOLK BUNRATTY FOLK PARKSharon BrosnanSharon BrosnanPARKSharon BrosnanSharon Brosnan
06518690651869Bachelor of Science in Digital Media DesignBachelor of Science in Digital Media Design
BUNRATTY FOLK PARK
Irish visitor attraction run by Shannon Heritageg
19 h l f d19th century life is recreated
Buildings from the mid-west have been l t d t th 26 l d di B tt relocated to the 26-land surrounding Bunratty
Castle
30 buildings are set in a rural or village setting
AUGMENTED REALITY
In Bunratty Folk Park:Allows the visitor to point a camera at an Allows the visitor to point a camera at an exhibit, the device recognises its by it’s
f location and layers digital information on to the displayp y3- dimensional virtual objects can be positioned with real ones on displaypositioned with real ones on displayLeads to dynamic combination of a live camera view and information
NAVIGATIONAL AID
Smartphone PlatformMost people carry mobile phones and are Most people carry mobile phones and are
comfortable with themId l A d R li T h lIdeal Augmented Reality Technology
Global tracking toolsgWireless communication capabilities Location based computingLarge display for interactionLarge display for interaction
DESIGNINGFOR THE VISITOR
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGNG l f th N i ti l AidGoal of the Navigational Aid
Easy to use, clear and understandableUseful to visitorsUseful to visitorsCreating interaction between the visitor and the aid through the user interfaceE h i iEngage the visitor
To ensure this… It is necessary to understand the visitor of a navigational aid in It is necessary to understand the visitor of a navigational aid in Bunratty Folk ParkIdentify visitor motives and goals while going through the Folk P kPark.
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGNUnderstanding the technology and Related Understanding the technology and Related
WorksLiterature
Similar TechnologiesgElectronic Tours in Museum SettingsInteractions design in Outdoor Museumsg
Understanding the User over timeObObservationsInterviewste v ews
HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN
FindingsMost visitors do not use the mapMost visitors do not use the map
Most visitors have mobile phones
Visitors want more information
View the Folk Park at their own pace
Information should be straight to the pointInformation should be straight to the point
Large social interaction within groups g g p
NEXT STEPS FROM RESEARCH
Define Visitors Goals
D fi F ti liti f th AidDefine Functionalities of the Aid
Develop Personas – visitors who use the AidDevelop Personas visitors who use the Aid
Develop Scenarios – how the persona uses the p pnavigational aid in the Folk Park
Draw up Storyboards on scenarios
FUNCTIONALITYFUNCTIONALITYView Options
Camera View
Augmented Reality Features for
Map ViewList View
navigationText Information
Sub-Options
Text Information3D Objects3D Tour GuideSub Options
PlacesEvents
3D Tour Guide3D Placement of BuildingsEvents
Restaurants
g
STORYBOARD
ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS
ITERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS
Prototyping and User TestingLow Fidelity PrototypingLow Fidelity Prototyping
SketchesPaper PrototypingPaper PrototypingPost-It PrototypingPowerPoint PrototypingPowerPoint Prototyping
High Fidelity PrototypingWikitudeWikitude
INITIAL SKETCHESPros:• Good for idea generation• Cheap• Concepts seem feasible
Cons:• Not great feedback gained• Photoshop not fast enough for• Photoshop not fast enough for making changes
POST IT PROTOTYPINGCamera View with 3DCamera View with 3D
First Draft Second Draft Third Draft
• Selection • Home button added• Selection highlighted in blue
• Home button added for easy navigation to main menu
POWERPOINT PROTOTYPINGPOWERPOINT PROTOTYPINGBenefitsBenefits • Used for User Testing• Interactive• Functionalities work when following the• Functionalities work when following the story of Scenario 1• QuickE t f lid• Easy arrangement of slides
User Testing• Participants found• 15 minute sessions screen captured
• ‘Talk Allowed’ technique used• Talk Allowed technique used
• Notes taken
• Post Interview• Post‐Interview
WIKITUDE
Popular augmented reality browser for mobile devices
Mapping
Point of Interest abilities
M l i l fMultiplatform
Shows the points of interest Shows the points of interest of Bunratty Folk Park
Markers can be selected in and an Markers can be selected in and an information pop-up appears
WIKITUDE
User TestingApplication well receivedApplication well received
Understandable
Participants playful with the technology
FINAL CONCEPT DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN CONCEPTK IKey Issues
Fix issues found in previous sessions
Design with guidelines in mind
Appealing to the Mental ModelIcon Design
Aesthetic DesignColour/FontButtonsLook
VIDEO PROTOTYPEFlexible tool for capturing the use of an interface
Elaborate simulation of how the navigational aid will work
Does not need to be realistic in every detailevery detail
Gives a good idea of how the finished system will workfinished system will work
5. User Evaluation
Mark BillinghurstMark Billinghurst
4. Evaluation
Identify needs/ establish
i trequirements
Evaluate
(Re)Design
Build an interactive version
Final product
What is evaluation?
Evaluation is concerned with h i d b h bili f gathering data about the usability of
a design or product by a specified a design or product by a specified group of users for a particular activitywithin a specified environment or work contextcontext
When to evaluate?Once the product has been developed
pros : rapid development, small evaluation costp p p ,cons : rectifying problems
design implementation evaluation redesign &reimplementation
During design and development fi d d if bl lpros : find and rectify problems early
cons : higher evaluation cost, longer development
design implementation
Four evaluation paradigms
‘quick and dirty’qu c a tyusability testing (lab studies)field studiespredictive evaluation predictive evaluation
Quick and dirty
‘quick & dirty’ evaluation: informal feedback from users or consultants to confirm that their from users or consultants to confirm that their ideas are in-line with users’ needs and are liked.Quick & dirty evaluations are done any time.Emphasis is on fast input to the design process Emphasis is on fast input to the design process rather than carefully documented findings.
Usability TestingRecording typical users’ performance on typical tasks in controlled settings. Field observations may be used.g yAs the users perform these tasks they are watched & recorded on video & their key presses are logged. This data is used to calculate performance times, errors & help explain why the users did what they did. User satisfaction questionnaires & interviews are used to elicit
users’ opinions.
Laboratory-based studiesLaboratory-based studies
can be used for evaluating the design, or the can be used for evaluating the design, or the implemented systemare carried out in an interruption free usability labare carried out in an interruption-free usability labcan accurately record some work situationssome studies are only possible in a lab environmentsome tasks can be adequately performed in a labq y pare useful for comparing different designs in a controlled contextcontrolled context
Laboratory-based studies
Controlled, instrumented environment
Portable equipment for the field
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Field StudiesField studies are done in natural settingsThe aim is to understand what users do naturally and yhow technology impacts them.In product design field studies can be used to:In product design field studies can be used to:- identify opportunities for new technology- determine design requirements determine design requirements - decide how to introduce new technology- evaluate technology in use- evaluate technology in use.
Predictive EvaluationExperts apply their knowledge of typical users often guided by heuristics to predict users, often guided by heuristics, to predict usability problems. Can involve theoretically based models. A key feature of predictive evaluation is A key feature of predictive evaluation is that users need not be presentRelatively quick and inexpensive
Characteristics of approachesUsability testing
Field studies
Predictive
Users do task natural not involved
Location controlled natural anywhereLocation controlled natural anywhere
When prototype early prototype
Data quantitative qualitative problems
Feed back measures & descriptions problemserrors
Type applied naturalistic expert
Evaluation approaches and methods
Method Usability testing
Field studies
Predictive
Observing x x
Asking x xAsking users
x x
Asking x xAsking experts
x x
Testing xTesting x
Modeling x
Living labsPeople’s use of technology in their everyday lives can be evaluated in living labs.gSuch evaluations are too difficult to do in a usability labusability lab.Eg the Aware Home was embedded with a complex network of sensors and audio/video recording devices (Abowd et al., 2000).recording devices (Abowd et al., 2000).
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User Evaluation Process
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DECIDE: A framework to guide evaluationA framework to guide evaluation
- Determine the goals the evaluation addresses.Determine the goals the evaluation addresses.- Explore the specific questions to be answered.
Ch th l ti p di d t h i- Choose the evaluation paradigm and techniques- Identify the practical issues.- Decide how to deal with the ethical issues.- Evaluate, interpret and present the data.Evaluate, interpret and present the data.
DECIDE FrameworkD G l Determine Goals:
What are the high-level goals of the evaluation?H t th l ti d h ?How wants the evaluation and why?
Explore the Questions:Create well defined, relevant questionsCreate well defined, relevant questions
Choose the Evaluation ParadigmInfluences the techniques used, how data is analyzed
Identify Practical IssuesHow to select users, stay on budget & scheduleHow to find evaluators, select equipment
DECIDE FrameworkDecide on Ethical IssuesDecide on Ethical Issues
Informed consent formParticipants have a right to:
k th l f th t d d h t ill h t th fi di- know the goals of the study and what will happen to the findings- privacy of personal information
Evaluate, Interpret and Present Data, p
- Reliability: can the study be replicated?- Validity: is it measuring what you thought?y g y g- Biases: is the process creating biases?- Scope: can the findings be generalized?
E l i l lidit i th i t i fl i th lt ? - Ecological validity: is the environment influencing the results?
K Key points• Many issues to consider before conducting an • Many issues to consider before conducting an
evaluation study. • These include: goals of the study; involvment or not • These include: goals of the study; involvment or not
of users; the methods to use; practical & ethical issues; how data will be collected analyzed & issues; how data will be collected, analyzed & presented.Th DECIDE f k id f l h kli • The DECIDE framework provides a useful checklist for planning an evaluation study.
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Usability Testing
U b l TUsability TestingRecording performance of typical users doing typical tasksRecording performance of typical users doing typical tasks.Controlled settings. U b d d dUsers are observed and timed.Data is recorded on video & key presses are logged. The data is used to calculate performance times, and to identify & explain errors. User satisfaction is evaluated using questionnaires & interviews. Field observations can provide contextual understanding.
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Experiments & Usability Testing
Experiments test hypotheses to discover new knowledge by investigating the relationship between g y g g ptwo or more things – i.e., variables. Usability testing is applied experimentation. y g pp pDevelopers check that the system is usable by the intended user population for their tasks.p pExperiments may also be done in usability testing.
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U bilit T ti & R hUsability Testing & ResearchUsability testing Experiments for y g
Improve products
presearchDiscover knowledge
Few participantsResults inform designU ll l l
Many participantsResults validated statistically Usually not completely
replicableConditions controlled as
statistically Must be replicableStrongly controlled Conditions controlled as
much as possibleProcedure planned
Strongly controlled conditionsExperimental designp
Results reported to developers
p gScientific report to scientific community
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Pilot StudiesA small trial run of the main study.
Can identify majority of issues with interface designCan identify majority of issues with interface design
Pilot studies check:that the evaluation plan is viable- that the evaluation plan is viable
- you can conduct the procedureh i i i i i - that interview scripts, questionnaires,
experiments, etc. work appropriatelyIron out problems before doing the main study.
Controlled experimentsDesigner of a controlled experiment should carefully considery
proposed hypothesisselected subjectsselected subjectsmeasured variablesexperimental methodsdata collectiondata analysis
SubjectsTh h f b l h l d f The choice of subjects is critical to the validity of the results of an experiment
subjects group should be representative of the expected user population
In selecting the subjects it is important to consider things such as their g
age group, education, skills, cultureThe sample size should be large enough (10+) to The sample size should be large enough (10+) to be statistically representative of the population
V i blVariablesExperiments manipulate and measure variablesExperiments manipulate and measure variablesunder controlled conditionsThere are two types of variables
independent: variables that are manipulated to independent: variables that are manipulated to create different experimental conditions
- e g number of items in menus colour of the icons e.g. number of items in menus, colour of the icons
dependent: variables that are measured to find out the effects of changing the independent variablesthe effects of changing the independent variables
- e.g. speed of menu selection, speed of locating icons
“Other” VariablesControl variables
e.g. room light, noise…if controlled => less external validity
Random variables (not controlled)( )e.g. fatiguemore influence of random variable => less internal validityy
Confounding variables practicepracticeprevious experience
HypothesisA hypothesis is a prediction of the outcomeoutcome
what will happen to the dependent variables when the independent variables are changedthe independent variables are changedto show that the prediction is right- dependant variables don’t change by changing
the independent variables- rejecting the null hypothesis (H0 )
Experimental methodsIt is important to select the right experimental method so that the results of the experiment pcan be generalizedThere are mainly two experimental methodsThere are mainly two experimental methods
between-groups: each subject is assigned to one experimental conditionwithin-groups: each subject performs under all the different conditions
Experimental methodsBetween-groups Within-groups
Subjects
g p
Subjects
g p
Randomlyassigned
Randomlyassigned
erim
enta
l tas
k
Condition2
Condition3
Condition1
rimen
tal t
asks
Condition2
Condition1
rimen
tal t
asks
Condition1
Condition2
rimen
tal t
asks
Condition1
Condition3
Expe
data data data data data data
Expe
r
Condition3 Ex
per
Condition3 Ex
per
Condition2
Statistical data analysis
data data data
Statistical data analysis
data data data
Within vs. Between Subjectsbetween subjects design
each participant is tested on only one level/conditionp p ya separate group of participants is used for each conditioncondition
- one group uses HMD other group uses Handheld device
i hi bj d iwithin subjects designparticipant is tested on each level/condition
- e.g. participants use Handheld device and HMD
repeated measurementp
Between SubjectsSometimes a factor must be between subjects
e.g. gender, age, experience
Between subjects advantage: avoids interference effects (e.g. practice / learning effect)( g p g )
Between subjects disadvantage:Increased variability = need more subjectsIncreased variability need more subjects
Important: randomised assignment to conditions
Within SubjectsS ti f t t b ithi bj t Sometimes a factor must be within subjects
e.g. measuring learning effects
Within subjects advantagesless participants needed (all participants in all conditions)p p ( p p )differences (variability) between subjects the same across test conditions
Counterbalance order of presenting conditions A => B => C B => C => A C => A => BA => B => C B => C => A C => A => B
The order is best governed by a Latin Square
Latin Square Designeach condition occurs once in each row and column
Note: In a balanced Latin Square each condition b th d d f ll h th diti both precedes and follows each other condition an equal number of times
Data collection and analysisThe choice of a method is dependent on the type of data that needs to be collectedIn order to test a hypothesis the data has to be analysed using a statistical methodbe analysed using a statistical methodThe choice of a statistical method depends on h f ll d d the type of collected data All the decisions about an experiment should p
be made before it is carried out
Observe and MeasureObservations are gathered…
manually (human observers)y ( )automatically (computers, software, cameras, sensors etc )sensors, etc.)
A measurement is a recorded observationObjective metricsObjective metricsSubjective metrics
Typical objective metricsk l i itask completion time
errors (number, percent,…)percent of task completedpercent of task completedratio of successes to failuresnumber of repetitionsnumber of repetitionsnumber of commands usednumber of failed commandsnumber of failed commandsphysiological data (heart rate,…)…
Typical subjective metricsuser satisfactionsubjective performancesubjective performanceratingsease of useintuitivenessintuitivenessjudgments…
Data TypesSubjectiveSubjective
Subjective surveyLikert Scale condition rankings
How easy was the task
1 2 3 4 5- Likert Scale, condition rankings
Observations- Think Aloud
1 2 3 4 5Not very easy Very easy
Think Aloud
Interview responses
ObjectiveObjectivePerformance measures
Time accuracy errors - Time, accuracy, errors
Process measures- Video/audio analysisVideo/audio analysis
E erimental Meas resExperimental MeasuresMeasure What does it tell us? How is it measured?
Timings Performance Via a stopwatch, orautomatically by the device.
Errors Performance, Particular sticking points in a task By success in completing the task correctly. Through experimentercorrectly. Through experimenter observation, examining the route walked.
Perceived Workload Effort invested. User satisfaction Through NASA TLX scales and other i iquestionnaires.
Distance traveled and route taken
Depending on the application, these can be used to pinpoint errors and to indicate performance
Using a pedometer, GPS or other location-sensing system. By experimenter observation.
Percentage preferred walking speed
Performance By finding average walking speed, which is compared with normal walking speed.
Comfort User satisfaction. Device acceptability Comfort Rating Scale and other questionnaires.
User comments and preferences
User satisfaction and preferences. Particular sticking points in a task.
Through questionnaires, interviews and think-alouds.preferences sticking points in a task. think alouds.
Experimenter observations Different aspects, depending on the experimenter and on the observations
Through observation and note-taking
Statistical AnalysisOnce data is collected statistics can be used for analysisTypical Statistical Techniquesyp q
Comparing between two results- Unpaired T-Test (for between subjects – assumes normal distribution,
interval scale, homogeneity of variances)- Paired T-Test (for within subjects – assumes normal distribution, etc.)
Mann Whitney U test (between subjects if assumptions are not met)- Mann–Whitney U-test (between subjects – if assumptions are not met)
Comparing between > two results- Analysis of Variance – ANOVAAnalysis of Variance ANOVA- Followed by post-hoc analysis – Bonferroni adjustment- Kruskal–Wallis (does not assume normal distribution)
Case Study: A Wearable Information Space
Head Stabilized Body Stabilized
A AR i t f id ti l di d i lAn AR interface provides spatial audio and visual cuesDoes a spatial interface aid performance?
–Task time / accuracy
Task PerformanceT k Task
find target icons on 8 pagesb i f i remember information space
Conditions A - head-stabilized pagesB - cylindrical display with trackballC - cylindrical display with head tracking
SubjectsSubjectsWithin subjects (need fewer subjects)12 subjects used12 subjects used
Experimental MeasuresObObjective
spatial ability (pre-test) Manytime to perform taskinformation recall
kl d (NASA TLX)
Many Different
workload (NASA TLX)
SubjectiveMeasures
jPost Experiment Survey
- rank conditions (forced choice)( )- Likert Scale Questions
• “How intuitive was the interface to use?”
Post Experiment SurveyFor each of these conditions please answer:For each of these conditions please answer:
1) How easy was it to find the target?1 2 3 4 5 6 71=not very easy 7=very easy
For the head stabilised condition (A):For the cylindrical condition with mouse input (B):For the head tracked condition (C):
Rank all the conditions in order on a scale of one to three Rank all the conditions in order on a scale of one to three 1) Which condition was easiest to find target (1 = easiest, 3 = hardest)
A: B: C:
ResultsB d St bili ti I d P fBody Stabilization Improved Performance
search times significantly faster (One factor ANOVA)
Head Tracking Improved Information recallno difference between trackball and stack case
Head tracking involved more physical work
Subjective Impressions
3.54
4.55
1 52
2.53
Find Target
Enjoyable
00.5
11.5
A B C
Subjects Felt Spatialized Conditions (ANOVA):
A B C
j p ( )More enjoyableEasier to find target
Subjective Impressions
2
2.5
3
1
1.5
2EasiestUnderstandingIntuitive
0
0.5
A B C
Subject Rankings (Kruskal-Wallis)S l d h h d b l dSpatialized easier to use than head stabilizedBody stabilized gave better understandingHead tracking most intuitiveHead tracking most intuitive
Field Studies
F ld S dField StudiesField studies are done in natural settingsField studies are done in natural settings.“in the wild” is a term for prototypes being used freely in natural settingsfreely in natural settings.Aim to understand what users do naturally and how technology impacts themtechnology impacts them.Field studies are used in product design to:- identify opportunities for new technology;- identify opportunities for new technology;- determine design requirements; - decide how best to introduce new technology;gy;- evaluate technology in use.
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ObservationDirect observation in the fieldDirect observation in the field
Structuring frameworksD f ti i ti (i id t id )Degree of participation (insider or outsider)Ethnography
D b ll d Direct observation in controlled environmentsIndirect observation: tracking users’ activities
DiariesInteraction logging
Ethnography (1)• Ethnography is a philosophy with a set of techniques that include
participant observation and interviews• Debate about differences between participant observation and
ethnography• Ethnographers immerse themselves in the culture that they study• A researcher’s degree of participation can vary along a scale from
‘ d ’ ‘ d ’‘outside’ to ‘inside’• Analyzing video and data logs can be time-consuming• Collections of comments, incidents, and artifacts are made
Ethnography (2)
Co-operation of people being observed is requiredCo operation of people being observed is requiredInformants are usefulData analysis is continuousData analysis is continuousInterpretivist technique
Questions get refined as understanding growsQuestions get refined as understanding growsReports usually contain examples
Direct observation in a controlled settingg
Think-aloud techniqueq
Indirect observation
DiariesInteraction logsC lt l bCultural probes
Frameworks to Guide Observation- The person. Who? - The place. Where?
The thing What?- The thing. What?
The Goetz and LeCompte (1984) framework:The Goetz and LeCompte (1984) framework:- Who is present? - What is their role? - What is happening? - When does the activity occur?
Wh i it h i ? - Where is it happening? - Why is it happening? - How is the activity organized?
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How is the activity organized?
Predictive Evaluation
Predictive modelsProvide a way of evaluating products or designs without directly involving users.g y gLess expensive than user testing.Usefulness limited to systems with Usefulness limited to systems with predictable tasks - e.g., telephone answering systems mobiles cell phones etcsystems, mobiles, cell phones, etc.Based on expert error-free behavior.
Fitts’ Law (Fitts 1954)
Fitts’ Law predicts that the time to point at an object using a device is a function of the distance object using a device is a function of the distance from the target object and the object’s size. The further away and the smaller the object the The further away and the smaller the object, the longer the time to locate it and point to it.
GOMS ModelG l h h hi fi d Goals - the state the user wants to achieve e.g., find a website.Operators - the cognitive processes and physical actions Operators - the cognitive processes and physical actions needed to attain the goals
Eg moving mouse to select icong gMethods - the procedures for accomplishing the goals, e.g., drag mouse over icon, click on button.Selection rules - decide which method to select when there is more than one.
GOMS Response Times (Card et al., 1983)
Operator Description Time (sec)K Pressing a single key or buttong g y
Average skilled typist (55 wpm)Average non-skilled typist (40 wpm)Pressing shift or control keyTypist unfamiliarwiththekeyboard
0.220.280.08120Typist unfamiliar with the keyboard 1.20
P Pointing with a mouse or other device on adisplay to select an object.This value is derived from Fitts’ Law which is
0.40
P1discussed below.Clicking the mouse or similar device 0.20
H Bring ‘home’ hands on the keyboard or otherdevice
0.40device
M Mentally prepare/respond 1.35R(t) The response time is counted only if it causes
the user to wait.t
Expert InspectionsSeveral kinds.Experts use their knowledge of users and p gtechnology to review software usability.Expert critiques can be formal or informal reports.p q pHeuristic evaluation is a review guided by a set of heuristics.Walkthroughs involve stepping through a pre-planned scenario noting potential problems.p g p p
Nielsen’s heuristicsVisibility of system statusVisibility of system status.Match between system and real world.User control and freedomUser control and freedom.Consistency and standards.E Error prevention. Recognition rather than recall.Flexibility and efficiency of use.Aesthetic and minimalist design.gHelp users recognize, diagnose, recover from errors.Help and documentation.Help and documentation.
Three stages for doing heuristic evaluation
Briefing session to tell experts what to do.Evaluation period of 1-2 hours in which:
Each expert works separately;Take one pass to get a feel for the product;Take a second pass to focus on specific features.
Debriefing session in which experts work together to prioritize problems.g p p
No. of evaluators & problems
Advantages and problemsFew ethical and practical issues to consider because users not involved.Can be difficult and expensive to find experts.Best experts have knowledge of application Best experts have knowledge of application domain and users.Biggest problems:Biggest problems:
Important problems may get missed;Many trivial problems are often identified;Many trivial problems are often identified;Experts have biases.
Data Collection
OOverviewFi k i f d h i• Five key issues of data gathering
• Data recording• Data recording
• Interviews
• Questionnaires
• Observation
• Choosing and combining techniques• Choosing and combining techniques
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F K IFive Key Issues1. Setting goals1. Setting goals
- Decide how to analyze data once collected2. Identifying participants2. Identifying participants
- Decide who to gather data from3. Relationship with participants3. Relationship with participants
- Clear and professional- Informed consent when appropriatepp p
4. Triangulation- Look at data from more than one perspectiveLook at data from more than one perspective
5. Pilot studies- Small trial of main study
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Small trial of main study
Data recordingNotes, audio, video, photographs
Notes plus photographsAudio plus photographsAudio plus photographsVideo
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Interviews• Unstructured - are not directed by a script.
Rich but not replicable. St t d ti htl i t d ft lik • Structured - are tightly scripted, often like a questionnaire. Replicable but may lack richnessrichness.
• Semi-structured - guided by a script but interesting issues can be explored in more interesting issues can be explored in more depth. Can provide a good balance between richness and replicability.
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i Q iInterview Questions• Two types:Two types:
− ‘closed questions’ have a predetermined answer format, e.g., ‘yes’ or ‘no’
− ‘open questions’ do not have a predetermined format
• Closed questions are easier to analyzeA id• Avoid:− Long questions− Compound sentences - split them into two− Compound sentences - split them into two− Jargon and language that the interviewee may not
understand − Leading questions that make assumptions e.g., why do
you like …?− Unconscious biases e g gender stereotypes
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− Unconscious biases e.g., gender stereotypes
Enriching the interview process
• Props - devices for prompting interviewee, e.g., a prototype, scenario
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Questionnaires• Key Points• Key Points
• Can be administered to large populations• Paper email and the web used for dissemination• Paper, email and the web used for dissemination• Sampling can be a problem when the size of a
population is unknown as is common onlinepopulation is unknown as is common online• Design
• Provide clear instructions• Provide clear instructions• Questions can be closed or open
• closed easier to analyzeclosed easier to analyze
• The impact of a question can be influenced by order
219 www.id-book.com• Will phrases be positive, negative or mixed
Encouraging a Good ResponseMake sure purpose of study is clearPromise anonymityy yEnsure questionnaire is well designedOffer a short version for those who do not have time to complete a long questionnaireFollow-up with emails, phone calls, lettersProvide an incentive40% response rate is high, 20% is often acceptablep g p
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Online Questionnairesk• www.surveymonkey.com
• Good• Low cost• Responses are usually received quickly• Data automatically collected• Time required for data analysis is reduced
• Bad• Sampling is problematic if population size is unknown• Sampling is problematic if population size is unknown• Preventing individuals from responding more than once
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6. Design in the Real WorldMark Billinghurst
Product Development Balancing Act
MarketinggSoftwareHardwareHardwareIndustrial DesignInteraction DesignUsabilityUsabilityManufacturing
Obstacles to SuccessE h i i Everyone has an opinion
Design by committeeMisunderstanding user researchMisunderstanding user research
Too literal, not objectivePower strugglesPower struggles
Blue vs. Red InterfaceLosing focus of the end userLosing focus of the end user
Feature CreepRelying on assumptions/mythsRelying on assumptions/mythsFeaturitis = Requirements not well established
There is never only one design solution!!
Penny Wise = Dollar Poor
Software/Hardware development rewarded for fast work and low budgets.gInteraction design activities take some budget and some timeand some time.Investment at front end saves money overall.
Cost Justifying UsabilityCost of ChangesDesign Alternatives
Req.Phase
Dev.Phase
BuildPhase
Saving Development Costs
Cost Justifying Usability
Increase Revenue“IBM’s Web presence has traditionally been made up of a difficult-to-navigatelabyrinth of disparate subsidies but a redesign made it more cohesive andlabyrinth of disparate subsidies, but a redesign made it more cohesive anduser-friendly. According to IBM, the massive redesign effort quickly paid dividends. The company said in the month after re-launch that traffic to the Shop IBM online store increased 120 percent and sales went up 400%Shop IBM online store increased 120 percent and sales went up 400%.(Battey, 1999)
Increase SafetyIncrease Safety“Chapanis cites two independent studies that showed a 54% reductionIn rear-end accidents with the use of human factors improvement: the centered high-mount brake light on autos.”centered high mount brake light on autos.
More Value for Interaction Design
1. US trade magazines score products on usability along with features and cost.
2. 1/3 of new products fail in market place. (PDMA)3. Some big electronic chain stores do their own usability
review of products before they will stock them.4. Customers have become very sophisticated and
DEMAND highly usable products (as do distributors investors)DEMAND highly usable products (as do distributors, investors).5. Enables companies to develop on-going relationships with
customers to keep them current.p
Stories from the Field
Connectix for Boeing
Assumption that users wouldAssumption that users wouldprimarily be business travellerswanting to work.wanting to work.
Studies showed primary userwere indeed business travellersbut wanting to RELAX.
In Conclusion…
7. Resources
Books
Interaction Design by Jenny Preece, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharpg pAbout Face 2.0: The Essentials of Interaction Design by Alan Cooper and Robert M Reimann Design by Alan Cooper and Robert M. Reimann Mobile Interaction Design by Matt Jones and Gary Marsden Gary Marsden
Resources: More booksDesigning Interactions. Bill Moggridge
The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High-Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity. Alan Cooper
Interface Culture. Steven Johnson (history of the development of interfaces, well written, more on the ideas)
Th i i ibl C D ld NThe invisible Computer. Donald Norman
Rapid Contextual Design. A How-to Guide to Key Techniques for User-Centered Desi n Karen H lt blattCentered Design. Karen Holtzblatt
Design Research. Brenda Laurel
Resources: ConferencesOzCHIOzCHICHI (Computer Human Interaction, ACM)NordiCHI (Nordic CHI, ACM)MobileHCI (focused on mobile interaction/devices, ACM)IDC (Interaction Design and Children, ACM)Interact Interact HCI InternationalDIS (Designing Interactive Systems, ACM) - Design Research, open to
diff t h t d idifferent approaches to designDPPI (Designing Pleasurable Products) - Product Design ConferenceDUX (Designing the User Experience, ACM) - more practicionersCSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work)UbiComp
Onlinehttp://www.interaction-design.org/ Interaction Design online p g g gencyclopediahttp://www.baddesigns.com/ scrapbook of illustrated examples of things that are hard to useof things that are hard to usehttp://www.ixda.org/en/ Interaction Design Associationhttp://dev.uxmatters.com/ (User Experience Matters - blog and
l )newsletter)http://www.nathan.com/ed/index.html (Nathan Shedroff‘s website on Experience Design)website on Experience Design)Web-Based User Interface Evaluation with Questionnaires, by Gary Perlman http://www.acm.org/~perlman/question.htmlh // bili / US D Of H l h d H S ihttp://usability.gov/ US Dept. Of Health and Human Servicehttp://www.paperprototyping.com/ (adjunct homepage to book on paper prototyping)p p p yp g)
InstitutionsD-School - Stanford University (USA)D-School - Stanford University (USA)
http://www.stanford.edu/group/dschool/IIT Institute of Design (USA)
http://www.id.iit.edu/CMU School of Design (USA)
www.design.cmu.edu/ www.design.cmu.edu/ MIT Media Lab (USA)
www.media.mit.eduI i D i I i D A d (I l )Interaction Design Institute + Domus Academy (Italy)
http://www.interaction-ivrea.it/Interaction Design, Royal College of Art (UK)te act o es g , oya Co ege o t (U )
http://www.interaction.rca.ac.uk/University of Queensland (Australia)
htt // it d / id/http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~id/
More Information
• Mark Billinghurst– mark billinghurst@hitlabnz [email protected]
• Website– www.hitlabnz.org