introduction to led lighting -...
TRANSCRIPT
September 29, 2011
Introduction to LED Lighting
Angela Plusquellic Mark Farrell Mike Carter
Meet Your Panelists
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Lighting Fundamentals
How It Works
Lighting Comparison
Specific Applications
Best Applications
LED Checklist
Questions and Wrap Up
Agenda for Today’s Webinar
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Helps you understand the bottom-line cost savings before you embark on a new project.
Gives you knowledge of terms and pros/cons before starting a project.
Provides awareness of energy efficiency opportunities.
Lighting Webinar Benefits
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Average Electric Usage Large Office Buildings
5
Average Electric Usage Small Office Buildings
6
Average Electric Usage Lodging
7
Average Electric Usage Grocery/C-Stores
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Incentives for energy-saving lighting is part of the following PNM commercial programs:
Retrofit Rebates
New Construction Rebates
QuickSaver™
PNM Business Energy Efficiency Program
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Option #1: Pre-set menu with rebates on per unit installed basis ◦ Lighting
◦ Grocery Refrigeration
◦ HVAC
◦ VSDs and motors
Option #2: Custom option - rebates on equipment not included on the pre-set menu. Rebates calculated using $0.06 per estimated first-year kWh saved.
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Retrofit Rebates
Option #1 – Pre set menu
◦ Lighting – Lighting Power Density above code usage
◦ HVAC
◦ VSDs and motors
Option #2 – Custom Option
◦ Rebates for projects more energy efficient than current building code (ASHRAE 90.1-’07).
◦ Facilities that are 10% more efficient than code receive $0.08 per estimated first-year kilowatt hours saved.
◦ Facilities that are 20% more efficient than code receive $0.10 per estimated first-year kilowatt hours saved.
◦ Enhanced commissioning incentives are also available at $0.03/ft2.
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New Construction Rebates
Small Business Rebates –
◦ Small Power customers eligible
◦ General Power customers whose demand is less than 100 kW are eligible
Lighting
Grocery Refrigeration
Turn-key program: ◦ Contractors
Conduct energy assessment Produce detailed proposal with all financials Install products and handle all paperwork Provides labor and equipment warranties
◦ PNM Conducts pre- and post- inspections Pays rebates directly to contractor
◦ Typical Payback is 1 year or less ◦ Average lighting project 65% paid for by rebate
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PNM QuickSaver
Interior ◦ LED lamp (screw-in or bi-pin) replacing an
incandescent, halogen or HID up to 100 watts $8/lamp
◦ LED recessed fixture - $10/fixture
Exterior or Garage ◦ LED replacing HID - $40-$60/fixture ◦ Bi-level parking lot or wallpack fixture -
$60/fixture
All other ◦ $0.06/kWh ◦ Must pass Total Resource Cost Test and ◦ Meet LED Lighting Specifications
LED Lighting Rebates
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Option A: Must appear on one of the following
qualified product lists
◦ Design Lights Consortium (DLC)
◦ Energy Star
Option B: Provide documentation that shows
product meets DLC minimum criteria ◦ Manufacturer’s product information sheet
◦ LED fixture specification sheet
◦ Justification for product lifetime estimates
◦ Complete IESNA LM79-08 test reports
◦ Lumen maintenance report
LED Lighting Specifications
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Things you may see on your bill:
• Kilowatt (kW) is a measure of power (demand).
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure of energy consumption.
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Energy Efficiency Basics
Lumens—a measure of the perceived power of light. ◦ Constant output regardless of distance from source
Foot-candle—one lumen of light distributed over a square foot area. ◦ Depends on the distance from the light source
◦ Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps
◦ Can be measured using a light meter
Lighting Fundamentals
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The higher the number, the more likely the light
source will render object colors well.
20 40 60 70 80 90 100
Poor Fair Good Excellent
LED 70-90
Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a Measure of the light quality of a light source as compared with sunlight. The closer a light-source's CRI is to 100, the better its ability to show true colors.
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
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Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) is a measure of warmth or coolness of the color of an artificial light source. It is expressed in Kelvin.
• Low CCT Orange/Yellowish Warm
• High CCT Bluish Cool
WHITE LED
3000-6500K
Fundamentals of Light
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White light is a mix of many different colors across the visible lighting spectrum.
Source: EERE
Lighting Fundamentals
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Two types of LEDs ◦ Low power
About 0.1 watt
◦ High power Around 1 watt
Source: Philips LumiLEDsTM
How It Works
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90% heat; 10%
light
20% heat; 80%
light
20% heat; 80%
light
Source: ENERGY STAR
Heat loss in LEDs is through conduction, not radiation
Heat is the enemy of performance for LEDs • Tested at 25°C (77°F) ambient
but operated at 60°C (140°F) junction temperature
• Typically 110°F maximum ambient temperature
• Enhanced by cold temperatures
• Excessive heat and cold diminish fluorescent performance
Lighting Comparison
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Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast
LED efficacy (lpw) decreases with higher CRI or lower CCT (warm shift)
Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents
Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy
2,700 K 3,500 K 4,000 K 5,000 K
70+ CRI 0.93 Baseline 1.06 1.25
90+ CRI 0.68 0.75 0.81 0.87
Source: Prescolite D6LED Specifications
Lighting Comparison
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Very compact and low-profile
Nothing to break
No abrupt failure mode
Instant on (no warm-up time required)
Does generate harmonics, but no reported problems
Some built-in surge and noise protection
ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75% less energy than conventional incandescent lights
Source: EERE
Lighting Comparison
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Dimming ◦ Bulbs and Lamps
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR)
◦ Solid State LEDs Pulse Width Modulated (PWM)
Constant Current Reduction (CCR)
Time
Curr
ent
Time
Curr
ent
Rated Current Rated Current
PWM @25% CCR @25%
Lighting Comparison
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Dimming Problems ◦ Pop-on
◦ Drop-out
◦ Dead-travel
◦ Audible noise
◦ Shimmer
Lighting Comparison
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Comparison with traditional lighting
DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) program benchmarks LED products
Type
Rated Life, hours
Lumens per Watt
CRI
Lumen Maintenance
LED 50,000 35-100 70-90 95-98%*
Fluorescent 10,000-20,000 60-100 80-86 90-95%
Incandescent 750-1,500 10-17 100 95%
*At 40% fluorescent rated life; 70% to 90% at 50,000 hours
Lighting Comparison
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CALiPER tested a 60 watt incandescent A-lamp against two LED A-lamps
LEDs efficacy competitive with higher wattage CFLs ◦ LEDs $25 to $50 each
Type Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K)
CRI
A-lamp 61 823 14 2771 100
CFL 13 825 63 2700 85
LED 8 557 72 3951 84
A-lamp 40 387 9.9 2700 100
Source: Round 11, CALiPER
Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement
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Source: LEDzworld Source: GE Lighting
Brand Name Wattage Lumens CCT Life (Hrs)
LEDzworld Professional LED Bulb CTA
6.5W 250 2500K 35,000
GE Energy Smart LED 9W 450 3700K 25,000
Philips AmbientLED 12.5W 800 2700K 25,000
Sylvania LED A-Line 12W 810 2700K 25,000
Switch 100 16W 1,700 4,200K 20,000
Source: Switch Bulb Co.
Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement
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CALiPER tested two different MR16 LED products ◦ Best now matches lumen output of halogen lighting
◦ Compatibility with low-voltage transformers can be an issue
◦ LED cost is $15 to $20 compared to halogen cost of $4 to $6
Source: NIST
Type Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI PF
LED (Old) 4 90 25 3961 78 0.63
LED (New) 7 267 42 3067 84 >0.70
Halogen (16) 29 263 13 2862 99 1.0
Halogen (2) 35 550 16 3000 99 1.0
Source: Round 11, CALiPER
MR16 Reflector Lamp Replacement
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Competition from reflector-rated CFLs from 15 to 26 watts that deliver 720 to 1,300 lumens
Directional nature of LEDs is an advantage
Removing heat from the can is a real challenge for R-CFLs and LEDs
Cree LED Lighting LR6 6" LED Recessed Downlight at 12 watts and 650 lumens costs around $100
Source: EERE
Recessed Downlights
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LED performance generally matches R-CFLs
65W BR-30 Flood*
15W R-30 CFL
LED*
Luminaire light output, initial (lumens) 570 675 730
Luminaire wattage (W) 65 15 12
Luminaire efficacy (lm/W) 9 45 60
CCT (Kelvin) 2,700 K 2,700 K 2,700 K
CRI 100 82 95
Center beam candlepower (candela) 510 cd 200 cd 280 cd
Beam angle (degrees) 55° 120° 105°
Average luminance at 45° (cd/sq meter)
27,267 17,500 16,439
Dimmable Y N Y
*Data Source: EERE
Recessed Downlights
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CALiPER tested seven different directional LED PAR and AR products
◦ Much better than halogen bulbs
◦ Not quite competitive with CMH
Type Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI
LED PAR30 12 594 49 2,642 64
LED PAR38 18 959 52 4,056 87
CMH PAR38 25 1,504 60 3,012 86
HIR PAR38 75 1,060 14 3,500 100
Source: Round 11, CALiPER
Directional PAR Lamps
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CALiPER tested two different High-Bay LED products
◦ Efficacy still lags fluorescent
◦ Narrow light beam pattern
◦ Life claims are suspect
Type Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI
F32T8(4) 114 10,800 95 5,000 86
Pulse CMH 150 9,750 65 4,200 93
LED 111 7,822 71 5,593 71
Source: Round 11, CALiPER
High-Bay Lighting
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Annual cost of ownership for LED exit signs is much less than for fluorescent exit signs
Wattage
Rated Life, yrs
Initial Cost
Annual Energy Cost
Annual
Maintenance Cost
Total Annual
Ownership Costs
Incandescent 40 0.5 $6 $25 $10 $47
Fluorescent 11 1-1.5 $22 $7 $5 $30
LED 5 6-10 $22 $3 0 $6
Sources: Stock Exchange and DOE
Incandescent Fluorescent LED
Exit Signs
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Lumen maintenance higher for LEDs versus HID lighting
Color rendering/uniformity for LEDs are better than HPS
◦ Minimum illuminance levels equal to HPS (perceived as better)
◦ LEDs are Dark Skies compliant
Simple payback of 6 to 10 years minimum ◦ Capital cost of $850 for LED versus $250 for HPS or
CMH cobra head
◦ Energy savings of 30% to 50%
Data Source: EERE
LED (left) vs HPS (right)
Source: Beta Lighting & EERE
Street Lighting
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LED performance matches HPS and CMH
150W HPS
150W CMH
LED
Luminaire (system) watts 183W 167W 153W
CCT 2,000 K 3,000 K 6,000 K
CRI 22 80 75
Rated lamps lumens, initial 16,000 11,900 10,200
Downward luminaire efficiency 70% 81% 100%
Downward luminaire lumens, initial
11,200 9,639 10,200
Luminaire efficacy (lumens per watt)
61 lpw 58 lpw 67 lpw
Data Source: EERE
Street Lighting
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Source: Progress Energy Before (HPS) After (LED)
Type (tested)
Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI
LED 44 3,994 90 4,947 66
HPS 117 6,540 56 2,042 21
Induction 67 3,960 59 3,906 75
Source: Round 11, CALiPER
Street Lighting
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Before (HPS) After (LED) Source: Progress Energy
Type Watts Lumens LPW CCT (K) CRI
LED 86 6,765 79 6,000 75
HPS 120 11,400 95 2,042 21
Parking Garage Lighting
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Omnidirectional Decorative Directional
CRI ≥ 80 ≥ 80 ≥ 80
Power Factor (>5W) ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.7
Efficacy (lpw)
<10W ≥ 50 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 40 lpw (≤20/8˝Ø)
≥10W ≥ 55 lpw ≥ 40 lpw ≥ 45 lpw (<20/8˝Ø)
Lumens (min.) at replacement wattages
10W -- 70 100
25W 200 150 250
60W 800 500 600
100W 1,600 -- 1,000
Lumen Maintenance @ 25,000 hours
≥ 70% ≥ 70% ≥ 70%
ENERGY STAR LED Criteria
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LED Payback Period by End-Market, Application (Years)
Application Incandescent Halogen CFL LF MH
Office Low Intensity Directional Lighting (<500 Lumens)
1.8 1.7 4.5 -- --
Office High Intensity Directional Lighting (>500 Lumens)
3.3 3.4 12.5 8.1 7.8
Office Omnidirectional Lighting
1.8 -- 5.9 21.5 --
Retail Low Intensity Directional Lighting (<500 Lumens)
2.3 2.2 5.0 -- --
Retail High Intensity Directional Lighting (>500 Lumens)
3.4 3.5 6.9 -- 7.8
Source: Cleantech Approach, Solid State Lighting: Benchmark Report
Best LED Applications
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Exit signs
Undercabinet lighting
In-cabinet accent lighting
Adjustable task lighting
Refrigerated case lighting
Outdoor area lighting
Elevator lighting
Recessed downlights
Art display lighting
Source: EERE
Best LED Applications
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Accent lights
Step and path lighting
Cove lighting
Spaces with occupancy sensors
Food and preparation areas
Retail display cases
To what quality standards has the product been tested? ◦ UL 8750 Safety Standard for LED Equipment for Use
in Lighting Products
◦ IESNA LM-79-08 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of SSL Products
◦ IESNA LM-80-08: Testing Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources
What quality accreditations apply? ◦ ENERGY STAR
◦ Lighting Facts Label
◦ Next Generation Luminaires
Whose LED chips are used in the luminaire? ◦ Nichia, Samsung, OSRAM Opto, Philips Lumileds,
Seol, Cree, LG Inotek, and Sharp
LED Checklist
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What color characteristics are specified? ◦ Color Rendering Index (CRI)
◦ Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
What efficacy is specified?
What is included in the product warranty? ◦ Maximum number of diode failures
◦ Acceptable color change
◦ Power supply requirements
◦ Dimmer use/type
◦ Maximum LEDs per circuit
LED Checklist
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What is the acceptable lumen output and depreciation? ◦ Consider the directional nature of LED luminaires
◦ IESNA LM-80-08: Testing Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources
What Light Loss Factor (LLF) should be applied? ◦ Optical losses
◦ Ambient temperature
◦ Diode failures
◦ Lumen depreciation
◦ Dirt depreciation
What dimming characteristics are required?
What impact will LED in-rush have on your lighting system?
Source: Ledzworld
LED Checklist
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DOE Building Technologies Program
◦ Solid State Lighting
CALiPER Program
Outdoor Lighting Resources
◦ Lighting Facts Program
EPA ENERGY STAR ◦ Commercial LED Lighting
Illuminating Engineering Society
◦ IESNA LM-79-08
PNM Business Energy Efficiency Program
www.PNMEnergyEfficiency.com
PNM.com/powersource to sign up for newsletters and online tools
1-877-607-0741
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Questions?