introduction to life the science of biology. biology is… the study of life…
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Life
The Science of Biology
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Biology is…
• The study of life…
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…at all levelsFigure 1.6
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Life is…
• a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as
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Life is…
• a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as
– metabolism by individuals
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Life is…
• a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as
– metabolism by individuals
– reproduction among individuals
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Life is…
• a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as
– metabolism by individuals
– reproduction among individuals
– evolution of populations through time
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Paradigm
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Paradigm
• a pattern or an example of something
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Paradigm
• a pattern or an example of something
• a mental picture or pattern of thought
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Paradigm
• a pattern or an example of something
• a mental picture or pattern of thought
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
• [Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
– an organizing concept
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
– an organizing concept
– a principle
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
– an organizing concept
– a principle
– an assumption
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Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences
• the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge
– an organizing concept
– a principle
– an assumption
– a presupposition
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Dueling Paradigms
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in
the Modern State
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth Ancient Earth
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth Ancient Earth
Recent Origin of Life
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth Ancient Earth
Recent Origin of Life Ancient Origin of Life
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth Ancient Earth
Recent Origin of Life Ancient Origin of Life
Discrete Species
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Dueling Paradigms
Static Creation in vs. Evolution from a
the Modern State Less-complex State
Young Earth Ancient Earth
Recent Origin of Life Ancient Origin of Life
Discrete Species Intergrading Species
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The Puzzle of Nature
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal
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All Organisms Share DNA LandmarksFigure 1.8
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal Genomes Differ
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal Genomes Differ
Eukaryotic
metabolism
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal Genomes Differ
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
metabolism metabolism
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal Genomes Differ
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
metabolism metabolism
Structural
homologies
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Vertebrate Forelimb HomologiesFigure 1.2
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The Puzzle of Nature
Similarities Differences
DNA is universal Genomes differ
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
metabolism metabolism
Structural Functional
Homologies adaptations
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Functional Adaptations Figure 1.7
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
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The “Evolution” of Evolution“Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”
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The “Evolution” of Evolution“Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”
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The “Evolution” of Evolution“Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”Darwin
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The “Evolution” of Evolution“Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”Darwin,Erasmus (1731-1802) The Temple of Nature
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-
1788)Perhaps structural similarities are due to
descent from a common ancestor with similar characteristics
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-
1788)Perhaps structural similarities are due to
descent from a common ancestor with similar characteristics
• Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)Organisms change from generation to
generation as they inherit characteristics that their parents acquired during their lives
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources
Populations of organism exhibit heritable variations in their characteristics
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources
Populations of organism exhibit heritable variations in their characteristics
Some characteristics make certain individuals more likely to survive than others
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival:
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival: The characteristics of a population change over time
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The “Evolution” of Evolution• Charles Darwin
Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival: The characteristics of a population change over time
This pattern of “natural selection” is superimposed on the random processes of survival and death
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
• Mid 18th century - evolution was “in the air”
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
• Mid 18th century - evolution was “in the air”
• Mid 19th century - natural selection
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
• Mid 18th century - evolution was “in the air”
• Mid 19th century - natural selection
• Mid 20th century - The Modern Synthesis
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
• Mid 18th century - evolution was “in the air”
• Mid 19th century - natural selection
• Mid 20th century - The Modern Synthesis
– genetics, biochemistry, embryology, comparative anatomy, physiology, etc.
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The “Evolution” of Evolution
• Mid 18th century - evolution was “in the air”
• Mid 19th century - natural selection
• Mid 20th century - The Modern Synthesis
– genetics, biochemistry, embryology, comparative anatomy, physiology, etc.
– mutation, neutral genetic change, genetic drift, gene flow, catastrophe
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Scientific Methods
• Science is objective and naturalistic
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Scientific Methods
• Science is objective and naturalistic
– scientific explanations are based on observations of nature that are available to anyone
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Scientific Methods
• Science is objective and naturalistic
– scientific explanations are based on observations of nature that are available to anyone
– scientific explanations assume that events in nature occur without external intervention
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific endeavors may be
– exploratory
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific endeavors may be
– exploratory
– historical/“forensic”
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific endeavors may be
– exploratory
– historical/“forensic”
– experimental
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven
– Observations lead to questions
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven
– Observations lead to questions
– Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses)
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven
– Observations lead to questions
– Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses)
– Hypotheses lead to predictions
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Scientific Methods
• Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven
– Observations lead to questions
– Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses)
– Hypotheses lead to predictions
– Predictions are tested by collection and analysis of data (natural, historical, experimental)
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life
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Life Began Early
in Earth’s History
Figure 1.3
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis
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An oxygenic cyanobacteriumFigure 1.4
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Life Occurred Without Oxygen
for 13 Days
Figure 1.3
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis• Increased variability
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis• Increased variability• Eukaryotic cells
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A compartmentalized eukaryotic cellFigure 1.5
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All Organisms were
Prokaryotic for
19 DaysFigure 1.3
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis• Increased variability• Eukaryotic cells• Multicellularity
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All Life was
Unicellular for
23 DaysFigure 1.3
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis• Increased variability• Eukaryotic cells• Multicellularity• Invasion of Land
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All Life was
Aquatic for
27 DaysFigure 1.3
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Landmarks in the Evolution of Life• Life from non-life• First cells• Oxygenic photosynthesis• Increased variability• Eukaryotic cells• Multicellularity• Invasion of Land• Human Influence
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Recorded Human
History Began a Few Seconds
AgoFigure 1.3