Introduction to limbs

Sanjaya AdikariDepartment of Anatomy

Main topics covered

• Skeleton

• Superficial nerves/veins – only the important

ones

• Dermatomes

• Muscle compartments – attachment & action

of muscle groups and their innervation

• Brachial plexus & lumbosacral plexus

Main topics….

• Special regions: axilla, cubital fossa, carpal

tunnel, snuff box, femoral triangle, cubital

fossa, gluteal region etc.

• Joints with ligaments

• Arterial anastomoses

• Lymph drainage

Skeleton• Axial

• Skull

• Vertebral column & ribs

• Appendicular

• Limb girdles

• Bones of the limbs

Upper limb

Skeleton

Shoulder/pectoral girdle

Arm

Fore arm

Wrist

Hand

(humerus)

(radius, ulna)

(carpal bones)

(metacarpals, phalanges)

Superficial veins & nerves

Dermatomes

Muscles of the shoulder

• Flexors

• Extensors

• Internal/medial rotators

• External/ lateral rotators

• Abductors

• Adductors

Compartments of the right arm• Anterior

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

N:

musculocutaneo

us

C5, C6• Posterior

Triceps

N: Radial nerve

C7, C8

Contents of

the right arm

compartments

Compartments of the right forearm

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum profundus

Pronator quadratus

Pronator teres……….

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Brachial plexus

Axilla

Anterior wall

Posterior wall

Medial wall

Lateral wall

Apex

Floor

Transverse section

Cubital fossa

Anterior aspect of wrist

• Median and ulnar

nerves

• Radial and ulnar

arteries

• Tendons of flexor

muscles

• Flexor retinaculum

Carpal tunnel

Palmar branch of median nerve

Anatomical snuffbox

Hand

• Dorsum

• Palm

Joints with ligaments

Anastomosis around the elbow

Scapular anastomosis

Arterial anastomoses

Axillary lymph nodes

lateralapical

central

anteriorposterior

supraclavicularTo thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

Lower limb

Skeleton

Thigh

Leg

Ankle

Foot

(femur)

(tibia, fibula)

(tarsal bones)

(metatarsals, phalanges)

Pelvic girdle

Skeleton of the foot

Superficial veins & nerves

Posterior arch vein

Adductor canal perforator

Below knee perforator

Lateral perforatorUpper medial perforator

Middle medial perforator

Lower medial perforatorLevel of medial malleolus

Dermatomes

Fascia Lata

Femoral sheath

Compartments of the right thigh

Fascia lata

Innervation

Anterior

compartment

Femoral nerve

Medial

compartment

Obturator nerve

Posterior

compartment

Sciatic nerve

Compartments of the right leg

Anterior

compartment

Deep peroneal

nerve

Lateral

compartment

Superficial

peroneal nerve

Posterior

compartment

Tibial nerve

Innervation

Lumbosacral plexus

Femoral triangle

Gluteal region

Popliteal fossa

Right

BicepsSeMemSeTend

GastrocGastroc

Popliteal surface of femur

Popliteus muscle

Foot

• Dorsum

• Sole

Arches of the foot

Medial longitudinal arch

Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch:

Joints with ligaments

Ligaments at the knee joint

Ligaments at the ankle

Trochanteric & Cruciate anastomoses

Inguinal lymph nodes

• Deep inguinal nodes

• Superficial inguinal

nodes

‐ Vertical group

‐ Horizontal group