AN INTRODUCTION

LOGIC

INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY

According to Socrates, Philosophy started

from a simple process called “WONDERING”

The curious nature of the ancient people of

Greece has helped them to initiate studies

and researches to feed their doubting and

perplexed minds with philosophical ideas.

With the growing intensity to understand

everything that they encountered and

experienced in life, hey gradually became

lovers of true wisdom.

THALES

Regarded by Aristotle to be the first to make a

philosophical articulation regarding the basic

stuff of the universe.

His idea of water or moist was the first

principle of life which inspired other Greeks to

find more answers and formulated new

concepts which were solely based on the

dictum popularized by Socrates.

PHILOSOPHY

Etymologically, it is derived from two greek

words “philos” which means loving and

“sophia” which mens wisdom.

Thus, philosophy is the love of wisdom.

A science of the ultimate awareness of things

with reference to their causes and effects.

It opens man’s intellectual cravings.

It makes man know more about himself and

the rest of the world.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY1. Epistemology – studies the nature of human

knowledge

2. Metaphysics – studies the nature of being and beings

3. Ethics – studies the morality of human act

4. Psychology – studies the human mind and its condition

5. Cosmology – studies the nature of the universe

6. Social Philosophy – studies man and his society

7. Theodicy – studies the nature of God and the defense of God’s goodness

LOGIC

It demands that all activities corresponding to

man’s line of thinking must be correct. But the

correctness or incorrectness of thinking is not

the sole concern of logic but also the rules

and guidelines that go with it.

HISTORY OF

LOGIC

ARISTOTLE

Regarded as the Father of Logic.

He became successful in separating logic

from the totality of philosophy.

His six treatises which were collectively

known as Organon became the bible for

logical study duting the Medieval and up to

the modern times.

Aristotle’s legacy extended all the way to the

writings of his student named Theophrastus of

Lesbos

THEOPHRASTUS OF LESBOS

He added a treatise entitled Hypothetical

Reasoning.

PORPHYR

Was the Neoplatonist who wrote an introduction

to the Categories of Aristotle which is sometimes

referred to as Isagoge.

BOETHIUS

Translated the Organn of Aristotle from Greek

to Latin and as such has made a profound

influence on the medieval study of logic.

Other proponents of Aristotelian logic worthy

of mentioning were Avicenna and Averroes

who both wrote some commentaries about the

nature of the traditional logic.

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

Most influential figure in conncection to the

development of logic.

He was named as the Angelic doctor of the

Church

He introduced the logical ideas of Aristotle to

the Christian world.

FRANCIS BACON, JOHN STUART

MILL

Made some negative criticism regarding the

traditional logic of Aristotle.

They both claimed that Aristotle’s logic is

outdated and is needed of a facelift.

Novum Organum is a manifestation of

Bacon’s criticism to Aristotelian’s logic.

Bacon introduced a new tool for rational mind

which is called Inductive reasoning which he

referred to as Scientific Method.

Mill, through his work entitled System Logic

made an explanation by using the same kind

of reasoning and eventually provided the

empirical sciences with sets of formula and

criteria to serve their purpose.

PEDAGOGICAL NATURE OF

LOGIC

Logic as a branch of philosophy is considered

by many t be the foundation of philosophy

since is function is to train the thinking mind

toward the formulation of arguments

necessary for the study of their coherence,

truthfulness, and validity.

Logic guides the mind toward the attainment

of correct and valid inferences.

Aristotle claims that logic prepares man to a

more comprehensive study of other sciences.

OBJECTS OF LOGIC

1. Material Object – refers to the content of the

mind known as the thought. Everything that

the mind grasps whether sensible or

intelligible is connected to the material object

of logic.

2. Formal Object – refers to the correctness of

the thought. The mind in its desire to study

the correctness of the thought ultimately will

succumb to the scrupulous study of logical

analysis.

STRUCTURES OF LOGIC

Mental

Operation

Mental Product External Sign

Simple

Apprehension

Concept Term

Judgment Enunciation Proposition

Reasoning Argument Syllogism

LOGIC AS THE ART OF ART

Bachubber claims that Logic is the art of art.

Perpendicular to this principle is the thought

that art deals with basic skill, as in making a

chair or table, or I a much more complex

manner, erecting a building or painting a

scenery.

If arts concerns skills, then logic is an art

since it deals with correct use of inferential

thinking by following the rules and principles

that go with it.

LOGIC AS SCIENCE

If science is understood to be a systematized

body of knowledge then logic is the science of

science since it presents some principles

which are necessary for the attainment of

correct and valid inferences in a systematic

way.