1.1 The Early History Of Malaysia•Ancient (kuno) history-Paleolithic-Mesolithic-Neolithic-Metal Age

Paleolithic

The characteristics:- Exist 35,000 years ago- Lived in caves- Main activity- collecting product & hunting- Started using stone tools- The tools simple & crude- Area- Tampan Estuary, Badak cave (Perak),

Niah Cave(sarawak) & Tingkayu (sabah).

Mesolithic

The characteristics:- Exist 11,000 years ago- Live in caves, along rivers & lake- Started farming- Used more refined stone tools- Able to make earthenware- Area- Cha cave (Kelantan), Kecil cave

(Pahang), Kepah Cave (Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor)

Neolithic

• The characteristic:- Exist 5,000 years ago- Used more sophisticated stone tools.- Started rearing livestock- Started communicating with communities in

other places- Started creating object and using accessories- Area- Cha cave(Kelantan), Madai

cave(Sabah), Gamantang cave(Sabah), Tengkorak cave(sarawak)..etc

Metal Age

• The characteristic:- Exist 2,500 years ago- Population grew- Developed residential- Areas in wide open land near rivers- More orderly & sedentary lifestyle- Practices social customs- Area- Lang River(Selangor), Muar river(Johor),- Tembeling River(Pahang), Terengganu River

(Trgnu)

1.2 Protohistory AgeArise on early kingdoms in the Malay

ArchipelagoIt proves by founding of archaeological

evidence & some record from Yunan, Arab, Persians, China & India.

What is Malay Archipelago???• Largest group of islands in the world• located off the southeastern coast of Asia

between the Indian and Pacific oceans• It consists of the more than 13,000 islands of

Indonesia and some 7,000 islands of the Philippines

• Principal islands include the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes), the Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

Malay kingdoms in Malay ArchipelagoFunan- located in Kampuchea, influence by

Old Kedah religion. E.g. Pengkalan Bujang Old Kedah- monarchy system, strategic

location, important entreport, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism.

Gangga Negara – port & trade centreLangkasuka, Patani- trade centre, influence

by Hinduism & Buddhism

cont’d…Chih-tu, Kelantan- influence by Buddhism,

strong relationship with ChinaSrivijaya, Sumatera- well-known trade

centre, strong relationship with China & India, centre of Buddhism & Sanskrit language, own several vassal States.

Majapahit, Jawa- Owned several vassal states, trade centre, strong relationship with China, India & the Middle East.

Majapahit..Is the strongest kingdom in 13 century..but..Its GOLDEN ERA ends after the existence of

the Malay Kingdom of Malacca.

The GOLDEN AGE of Malacca.Known as The Venice of The EastSpread of IslamVast territoryStrong trade relations with China & IndiaEmpire of advance civilization

PROSPERITY OF MALACCA EMPIRE•Geographic- strategic location midway

the trade routes between China & India, its port hidden from south-west & north-west monsoon wind, natural deep port.

•Economy- centre of maritime, rich with natural resources, cheap price, low & orderly tax collection, lots of facilities

•Political Administration- centre of the spread of Islam, diplomatic ties with China, efficient administrative system, Malay is lingua franca, strong military

Develop The Early Integration..Existence of plural societyExistence of plurality societyPlurality in nature.. British Colonization- Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’(separation between county & religion)-

Effects of ColonizationBritish Colonization- Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’(separation between country & religion)- Separation of Power ( judiciary, executive &

legislative)- Education – 3M

Fall of the Malacca EmpireFactors decline of Malacca Empire

internal external

Internal Sultan Mahmud Syah was a weak rulerWeak administration & lack of efficient

leaderFight between Malays and Indian-

Muslims.Merchant activities decreasedSea people do not help Malacca

against Portuguese

External Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in south Africa

Bad attitude from outsidersMalacca was taken by Portuguese

Internal conflicts

MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY

Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population

- Chinese and Indian immigrants came to Malaya after the development of the tin ore industry in 1848.

- Chinese comprised merchants who settled in Malacca, Kuala Terengganu and the estuary of the Johor and Pahang rivers, while Indians were labourers in sugar cane and coffee plantations in Penang Island and Province Wellesley.

Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population (Cont’d)

According to 1870 statistics, the total population in Malaya was less than half a million

In 1921, the figure increase to 3.3 million.In 1931, the total population of non-Malays

exceeded the total population of Malays; Malays was 44.7%, non-Malays were 53.2% where 39.0% was Chinese.

By the time independence, Malays was 49.8%, Chinese was 37.2%, and Indians was 11.3% and others, 1.8%.

Main inhabitants of Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia Malay BanjarBoyanBugisJawaKamparKerinciMendalingMinangkabauRawaJohor-Riau

ChineseHokkienChuan-ChewChin-ChewEng-HuaEng-ChoonHok-ChewKwantungKantonTeochewHakkaHailam

Main inhabitants of Malaysia (cont’d)IndianMalayaliPunjabiCeyloneseTamilTelegu

IndigenousNegritoSenoiMelayu Asli (each of

the stocks consists of a tribal community)

Sabah & Sarawak SabahBajauDusunMurutBisayaKadayunOrang SungaiOrang LautBrunei

SarawakBidayuhBisayaIbanKayanKedayanKelabitKenyahMelanauMalaysMurutPenanPunan

The Malays

History of the Malays in Malaya

Most of the Malay people in Peninsular Malaya today were the descendants of people who originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.

Javanese

The great migration resulting from the Dutch transmigration policy, that is, the moving of people from the Island of Jawa.

The majority of them consisted of coffee and rubber plantation workers and labourers in newly opened land. It was estimated that i1930, there were 170,000 Jawa people in Singapore.

In Malaya, most of the Jawa people were concentrated in Johor (Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian), Selangor (Kelang, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Langat) and Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar)

Banjar

The Banjar people originated from the district of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan

Most of them were involved in paddy plantingIn 1931, the Banjar population in Malaya

totalled 45,382 peopleMost Banjar people lived along the coast and

in river valleys such as Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak), Sabak Bernam (Selangor) and Batu Pahat (Johor)

BugisThe Bugis people originated from the

Sulawesi IslandsThey were the business groups and in

Malaya, many of them lived in Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Johor

In Johor, the Bugis people were mostly found in the Benut, Kukup and Rengit (Batu Pahat district) areas, while in Selangor, they were mostly found in the Langat Valley, In Perak, the Bugis people were mainly merchants.

BoyaneseThe Boyan people originated from Boyan

IslandThe majority of them migrated to Singapore,

Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Penang Island.

They concentrated in cities because they were experts in horse-rearing.

MinangkabauThe Minangkabau people originated from

SumatraIn Malaya, they were found mainly in Negeri

Sembilan and Malacca, where they were known as followers of Adat Perpatih.

They were mostly involved in business and agriculture.

Economy

Malays were the poorest compared to Chinese and Indians.

Many of the Malays were involved in the agricultural and traditional industries sectors that were said to have low productivity.

Most Malays live in the rural areas where the standard of living is low.

Malays are not exposed to similar opportunities as other communities living in urban areas.

The British policies had ultimately left the Malays in the rural areas and involved in traditional economic activities.

The British denied the Malays an involvement in modern economic activities largely participated by the non-Malays.

Politics

Malays were strong in the political sense but weak economically.

Malay and pro-Malay parties always have the most elected representation in Parliament.

Malay organization – the United Malay National Organization (UMNO).

Sosiocultural

Majority of Malays live in villages which the community has strong ties and strict social control.

The Malays like and have a high regard for consensus and family is the important institution fro social security.

All Malays are Muslims, but not all Muslims are Malays.

The ChineseThe majority of the Chinese in the country

today are descendants of the Chinese immigrants who came in the nineteenth century.

Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi in South China.

The factors that led the Chinese to migrate to Malaya

Cluster &Population number in 1921

- Hokkien380,656Consist of businessmen and shopkeepers- Cantonese332,307Consist of miners and craftsmen (carpenter,

cobbler and iron smith)-Hakka218,139Consist of miners

Cluster &Population number in 1921(cont’d)-Teochew130,231Consist of shopkeepers and farmers who

started sugar cane plantations in Wellesley Province and Penang Islands, and Gambier plantation and black pepper in Johor

-Hailam68,393Consist of restaurant owners and suppliers of

household needs

Economy

Many of them were involved in business as merchants, businessmen, and craftsmen.

They are based on sub-ethnic groups; the Hokkiens controlled the rubber estates, while the Hainanese concentrated more on the coffee shop business.

PoliticsMCA-the Malayan Chinese Association to

protect their interests and also for self-government.

The poor Chinese began to voice their feelings through Labour Party, the People Progressive Party and the People’s Action Party.

Sociocultural

In Malaysia, most of the Chinese are Buddhists.

They celebrate festivals based on their roots in the history and culture of society in China such as The New Year is celebrated based on the rotation of days related to planting activities.

 

The IndiansThere was an Indian settlement in Malacca

known as Kampung Kling. The Indians were also recognized as propagators of Islam.

The Indian population in Malaya consisted of those originating from South India (Tamil Nadu).

They Indian labourers migrated to Malaya to work in rubber and sugar cane plantations, constructing building and roads, and as a domestic helper.

The factors that encouraged the migration of Indians to Malaya

Tamil

Originated from Tamil NaduThe largest ethnic group in Malaya (80% of

the whole Indian population in Malaya)Mostly worked in the rubber and oil palm

plantations. Others worked in government offices.

Malayali

Originated from the Malabar Coast. Also known as Malabari.

Formed 7% of the total Indian population in Malaya consisting of the working and middle class.

The working class is mostly found in the plantations and the middle class, in clerical and professional employment, they are also famous for their restaurants.

TeleguOriginated from Andhra PradeshFormed 4% of the total Indian population in

MalayaMostly worked as labourers in plantations

Sikh

Originated from PunjabMostly worked as police and railway station

officers, security guards. Also involved in the rearing of cows. It was said that the Sikh’s bullock cart service was an important form of transport in the tin mines.

Starting from the 1920s, there were many Sikhs involved in business and the professionals fields.

Economy

The Chettiar groups came to Malaysia as loan providers and were not involved in other businesses. However, many of them started businesses like restaurants, hairdressing and cloth stores.

The majority of the Indians in Malaysia had low income, and was involved in low-skilled or unskilled occupations.

Politics

The main Indian political party in Malaysia is the MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress).

The opposition by the citizens of India against the British colonialists greatly influenced the political activities of the Indians in Malaya before World War One.

Sociocultural

Majority of the Indians in Malaysia from South Indian descent speak Tamil.

Every group has its own dialect, societies and religion. Most of the temples in Malaysia are Saivite temples.

The religious festivals celebrated are Thaipusam in Penang and Kuala Lumpur and Sithraparuvam in Teluk Intan and punggal or New Year festival.

INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF SABAH AND SARAWAK

KadazanThe largest community, also known as the

Dusun people.Originally from Kalimantan and most of them

live in the hinterland.Concentrated in the areas of the Ranau and

Tambunan Valley.

BajauThis community was originally from Mindanao and Sulu Island and was known as the sea people and Samal people.

Concentrated in Semporna, Kota Belud and Timbang Island in Sandakan Bay.

MurutLive mostly in the interior such as Tenom,

Rundu, and PensianganA small number among them still live in long

houses and are nomads

SuluOriginally from the Sulu Archipelago and now

concentrated in Sungai Sugut Muslims- BruneiOriginally from Brunei and now settled in

Sabah, in Beaufort, Kimanis and PaparMuslims

Malay Originally from Sumatra, they have been there since the 15th

centuryLive mostly along the coastal areaMuslimsMelanauLive mostly along the Igan, Oya and Mukah rivers.MuslimsAssimilated with the Malays and practice the Malay culture.IbanOriginally from Kalimantan (River Kapuas)Also known as the Sea DayaksThe largest community and live in inland areas such as along

the Sungai Sekrang, Sungai Batang Lupar and Sungai Rejang

PenanMost of them live as nomads in the woods.Kelabit Settled mainly in the area of the rivers Baram and RejangThe most famous of their villages is BarioSome of them still live in long houses

Negrito

-Kensiu , Kintak , Jahai , Lanoh , Mendriq , Bateq

Found in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Pahang.

Small body Frame, Dark colored skin, Large nose,Curly hair

Activities: Cultivation and collecting forest products

Live near the edge of the jungle, along the banks of rivers

Senoi

Semai, Temiar, Jahut, Che Wong , Mahmeri, Semoq Beri

Found in Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu

Taller than Negritos, Dark colored skinActivities: Shifting cultivationSettlement areas: Hills, away from the coast.

Melayu Asli

Temuan , Semelai, Jakun, Kanaq People, Kuala People, Seletar People

Found in Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore.

Larger and taller than Negritos, Dark colored skin, Straight and black hair

Farming,FishermanSettlements areas: Close to Malay villages

Concepts of Unity and Integration

National unity generally refers to the uniting of various groups that have different social and cultural backgrounds, into one physical entity.

Ethnic Relations in Malaysia

The country is a multi-racial society that has successfully created peace and become a model of a calm and peaceful plural society for other countries.

The Theory of Racial Relations

The relation between races can be seen from the degree of ‘nearness’ beginning with relations that are apart to relations that are close.

The processes portray how minority groups become part of the main stream of a society.

The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)

Segregation – Split the area of the residence, the school system, transportation, public facilities and others among the ethnic groups in a country by law (de jure) or not based on law (de facto).

Accomodation – The ethnic groups aware of each other’s norms and values but they continue to safeguard their own living culture. Each ethnic group sends a representative who represents his own group and sometimes they are mutually dependent on one another.

Acculturation – Known as cultural assimilation. Process of borrowing or accepting the cultural elements of the majority group, without changing the original cultural elements.

The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)

Assimilation – Known as structural assimilation. The concept of assimilation is about the entry into a dominant society through friendship and close connection.

Amalgamation – Happens when culture or race mixes to form types of new culture and race. e.g.: inter-marriage between ethnic groups or races.

History of Ethnic RelationsBefore a society achieves the stage of integration,

it usually goes through five stages of change.- Stage of co-existence:The people in same area rarely communicate and

contact between them is limited to matters of necessity only.

-Stage of frequent external contact:Gradually frequent contact among the

communities occurred, but the contact was still unable to establish an understanding among them.

History of Ethnic Relations- Stage of compromise:Communities’ conscious of their common interest

and usually compromise takes place in the economic and political area.

- Stage of unity:The communities in the society compromise and

cooperate as much as possible, there is the tendency for them to live unite in many ways

- Stage of integration:Cooperation among races and they share the

same values create a sense of belonging and strong ties among them.

National Integration Problems

PrejudicePre-judgment action or attitude towards

other groups or races.CommunalismAttitude of favouring one’s own ethnic

community. Lead to social gaps between ethnic.

EthnocentrismBelief that one’s own culture is superior to

that of others.

Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to IntegrationIgnorance of other ethnic groupsLimited or lack of understanding of the way of

life, the living conditions and the problems of other races.

Socialization only within ethnic groupsProcess of socialization of one ethnic group

cannot be exposing to other cultural elements.Communal PoliticsEach community still has their own racial

political party to voice the feelings and demands of their community.

Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration( Cont’d)Socio-economic differenceThe socio-economic differences among the

ethnic groups still obvious and led to jealousy and suspicious.

Cultural DifferencesDifferent cultures could spark off feelings of

prejudice, racism, and ethnocentricism.Segregation or Physical SeparationPhysical segregation results in an ethnic

group not knowing another ethnic group.

THE STRIFE TOWARDS UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION

Political EffortsActions through the legislative system – laws and

acts are made by Parliament to settle the problem related to unity.

The Constitution contains a number of clauses oriented towards racial equality, such as allocations that provide protection to certain communities.

Political Efforts (Cont’d)

The Seditions Act aimed at preventing an individual from raising sensitive issues in public.

The Internal Security Act (ISA) is aimed at protecting the country’s interests and internal security.

The Alliance, the Barisan Nasional unites all the parties into one bigger multi-racial organization.

Economic Efforts

Government took some measures and recorded in the five-year plan and government development policies to have economic equity among the races and to reduce the identification of race by economic activity.

Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans, license and work contracts.

Economic Efforts (Cont’d)Government encourages the bumiputra

community to buy government shares and property like MARA.

Creating industrial zones to give employment opportunities to the bumiputra community.

Government encourages foreign investors to invest in the country.

Social and Cultural Efforts

The government encourages the sharing of values among the races.

In 1971, the government introduces the concept of National Culture to create a national identity for the plural society of Malaysia.

The Malay language was used as the official language and also the national system of education.

The government sets up agencies and organizations such as KEMAS to develop racial unity.

 

Methods for Socio-psychological Development

Methods for Socio-economic Development