introduction to materials€¦ · material selection • material selection is based upon...
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Introduction to Materials
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What Are Materials?
Currently MatWeb Material Property Data
website lists over 76,000 individually
unique materials.
Substances out of which all things are made.
What materials are present in the classroom?
http://www.matweb.com
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Material History
Throughout history cultures have been
defined by their ability to select and modify
materials.
Can you think of a time in America when
material availability played a critical role in
defining culture?
Is American culture currently being defined
by availability and demand for materials?
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Material History
Advancements in materials, technology,
and science create continuing possibilities for
each sector.
Materials continue to change the world.
Technology
Advancements
Science
Advancements
Materials
Advancements
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Material Composition
Consist of only one type of particle or atom.
Cannot be broken down.
Criteria for element classification:
Based on individual properties.
Grouped according to shared properties.
Amount of substance is irrelevant.
Elements:
What Makes a Material?
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Material Composition - Elements
Physical Properties – Boiling point, melting point,
density, color, hardness, and texture.
Chemical Properties – Reactivity to acid, oxygen,
and flammability.
Classification of Elements
Elements
Metals Nonmetals Metalloids
Divided into three categories based on:
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Material Composition - Elements
Metal Elements
Good conductors of heat and electricity,
hard, shiny, reflect light, malleable, ductile,
typically have one to three valence electrons.
Distinguishing Characteristics:
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Material Composition - Elements
Non-Metal Elements
Most are gases at room temperature.
Solids are dull, brittle, and powdery; electrons
are tightly attracted and restricted to one atom;
poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Distinguishing Characteristics:
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Material Composition - Elements
Metalloids
Possess both metallic and nonmetallic
properties.
Distinguishing Characteristics:
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Material Composition - Compounds
Compounds are created when two or more
elements are chemically combined.
Properties are different than the elements
from which the compound was created.
Most substances are compounds.
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Material Composition - Compounds
Element combinations are not random but
based upon specific mass ratios, such as
H2O – 1 g of hydrogen to 8 g of oxygen.
Compounds can only be broken down
through chemical processes, not physical
processes.
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Material Composition - Mixtures
Elements within the mixture retain their identity.
Non-chemical combination of any two or
more substances.
Mixtures can be physically separated.
Mixtures do not have a definite ratio.
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Material Classification
Metallic Materials
Ceramic Materials
Organic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Composite Materials
Based upon material composition and
distinguishable properties.
Common material classification categories:
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Metallic Materials
Pure metal elements (Not commonly found or used)
Thermal and electrical conductors.
Mechanical properties include
strength and plasticity.
Metal element compounds (alloys) (Commonly used due to the engineered
properties of the compound)
Distinguishing Characteristics:
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Compounds consisting of metal
and nonmetal elements.
Thermal and electrical insulators.
Mechanical properties include
high strength at high
temperatures and brittleness.
Ceramic Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics:
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Ceramic Materials Applications:
Clay – Shaped, dried, and fired
inorganic material.
Examples: Brick, tile, sewer pipe,
chimney flue, china, porcelain, etc.
Refractory – Designed to provide
acceptable mechanical or chemical
properties while at high temperatures.
Example: Space shuttle all-silica
insulating tiles.
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Ceramic Materials Applications:
Rectifiers – Allow current to
flow in one direction.
Heating elements for furnaces.
Electrical
Resistors – Create desired voltage
drops and limit current.
Thermistors – Application of
heat regulates current flow.
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Are or were once living organisms.
• Consist of mostly carbon and
hydrogen.
• Renewable
• Genetically alterable
Organic Materials Distinguishing Characteristics
• Sustainable
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• Compounds consist of mostly
organic elements.
• Low density.
• Mechanical properties include
flexibility and elasticity.
Polymeric Materials Distinguishing Characteristics
Polymeric Subgroups
• Plastics
• Elastomers
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Plastics
Polymeric Materials
Formed into a desired shape by
applying heat and pressure and
being cooled.
Thermoplastic
May be heated and remolded.
Thermosetting Formed into a desired shape by
applying heat and pressure and
being cooled.
May not be heated and remolded.
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Elastomers
Polymeric Materials
Can be stretched 200 percent of their
length at room temperature and can
return quickly to original length after
force is released.
Natural or synthetic material.
Vulcanization Chemical process used to form
strong bonds between adjacent
polymers to produce a tough, strong,
hard rubber (automobile tires).
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Composite Materials
Composed of more than one material.
Designed to obtain desirable properties
from each individual material.
Distinguishing Characteristics
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Composite Materials Layer Composites:
Alternate layers of materials
bonded together.
Particulate Composites: Discrete particles of one material
surrounded by a matrix of
another material.
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Composed of continuous or
discontinuous fibers embedded in
a matrix of another material.
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Material Selection • Material selection is based upon application,
required material properties, and budget.
• Initial material property considerations consist of
product function, environmental conditions, and
material degradation.
• Applications can vary from electrical
components to construction of large-scale civil
engineering projects.
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Refined material selection based upon:
• Technical and structural analysis and…
• Examination of known and desired
properties, such as:
Material Selection
Mechanical
Physical
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Chemical
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Mechanical Properties
Deformation and fracture as a response to
applied mechanical forces.
Material Selection
Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Stiffness
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Thermal Properties
Affected by heat fluxes and temperature
changes.
Material Selection
• Thermal Capacity – Heat storage
capacity of a material.
• Thermal Conductivity – Capacity of a material
to transport heat.
• Thermal Expansion – How a material
expands or contracts if the temperature is
raised or lowered.
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Electrical Properties:
Material response to electromagnetic fields.
Material Selection
• Electrical Conductivity – Insulators,
dielectrics, semiconductors, semimetals,
conductors, superconductors.
• Thermoelectric – Electrical stimuli
provoke thermo responses; thermo
stimuli provoke electrical responses.
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Chemical Properties:
Response and impact of environment on
material structures.
Material Selection
• Oxidation and Reduction – Occur in
corrosion and combustion.
• Toxicity – The damaging effect a
material has on other materials.
• Flammability – The ability of a
material to ignite and combust.
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Material Selection – Alternative
Material selection and development is currently
focused on alternative materials.
Alternative materials are being designed to solve
socioeconomic problems such as sustained
economic development and depletion of
natural resources.
• Fullerenes
• Liquid Crystals
• Biocompatible Materials
• Microelectronics
Alternative materials include: