introduction to medical terminology. objectives at the completion of this chapter students should be...
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![Page 1: Introduction to Medical Terminology. Objectives At the completion of this chapter students should be able to: Briefly define roots, prefixes, suffixes,](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bff71a28abf838cbea9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Medical Terminology
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Objectives
• At the completion of this chapter students should be able to:
• Briefly define roots, prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, and combining vowels
• Analyze medical terms by identifying the root, prefix, and suffix.
• Build medical terms using roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining vowels.
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Learning Medical Terms
• Learning medical terminology is like learning a foreign language.
• You learn by studying the rules of the language
• Progress to learning words• Move on to putting the words together to
form sentences• Finally develop the ability to communicate
using the language
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3 Parts of a Medical Term
• Most medical terms are derived from Greek and Latin.
• Medical words are made up of three parts• Roots• Prefix• Suffix• Various combinations of these
components determine the meaning of the word
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Root
• For example: the root word cycle takes on a new meaning when combined with the prefixes bi, tri, and uni.
• Bicycle, tricycle, or unicycle are vehicles with wheels that require person power to move.
• Combine the root word cycle with another root, motor, results in the word motorcycle.
• Motorcycles are vehicles with wheels that are powered by a motor or engine.
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Rules for combining word parts or word elements
• Root is the foundation of a medical term• Medical terms usually have at least one
root.• Roots usually identify a part of the body or
a color and always keep the same meaning.
• Some common roots• Arthr-joint Derm/Dermat-skin• Cardi-heart Gastr-stomach
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Rules for combining word parts or word elements
• All medical term roots have a combining form that is created when a root is combined with a vowel.
• The vowel is called the Combining Vowel.• Combining vowels are usually an o and occasionally an i or e.• The combining vowel is used to join word elements and helps ease
the pronunciation of medical terms.• The combining root is written with a slash followed by the combining
vowel• Arthr/o-joint• cardi/o-heart• Dermat/o-skin• Gastr/o-stomach • The combining form of a root is used when joining roots with roots
or combining roots with suffixes that begin with a consonant.
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Roots That Identify Color
• Cyan/o- blue eosin/o-red
• Erythr/o-red leuk/o-white
• Melan/o-black xanth/o-yellow
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Prefix
• Prefix is a word element or part that is added to the beginning of the word root.
• All medical terms do not have a prefix.• Prefixes are written with a hyphen after the
prefix.• Ante- before neo- new• Hemi- half sub- under,below• Multi- many• Prefixes are added to a word root without
additional vowels or combining forms.
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Suffix
• Suffix is a word element or part that is added to the end of the word root.
• All medical terms must have a suffix to complete the terms.
• Rare cases a root can stand alone.• Suffixes are written with a hyphen preceding the
suffix.• Suffixes change the meaning of the medical
term.• Suffixes indicate whether a medical term is a
noun or adjective.
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Suffixes
• Examples of adjective suffixes:
• -ac, -al, -ar, -ary = pertaining to; like
• -ic, -iac = pertaining to
• -oid = resembling
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Suffixes
• Examples of Noun Suffixes:
• -ectomy – surgical removal or excision
• -itis – inflammation of
• -megaly – enlargement
• -pathy – disease
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Exercise 1
• Fill in the blank:• Word parts that make up medical terms
are also called ________ ____________.• A/an ___________ is the foundation of a
medical term.• ____________ are added to the end of
words.• A/an __________ is added to the
beginning of a word.
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Exercise 1
• Most medical terms have a/an _________ and a/an _____________.
• The ______________ __________ is used to join word elements and help the pronunciation of medical terms.
• A/an ___________ _________ is created when a root is combined with a vowel
• Suffixes indicate whether a medical term is a/an ____________ or a/an ___________.
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Exercise 2
• Write the meaning of the listed word part• arthr/o• gastr/o• ante-• multi-• -oid• -megaly• -pathy
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Combining Rules
• When combining more than one root in a medical term, the combining form of the root is usually used between the roots.
• Example
• Cardiogastric- pertaining to the heart and the stomach.
• Note that the combining form cardi/o is used to join the roots cardi and gastr
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Combining Rules
• When combining a root with a suffix that begins with a consonant, the combining form of the root must be used to connect the suffix and the root.
• Example: gastromegaly – enlarged stomach. • The root gastr means stomach, and the suffix
megaly means enlarged. Using the combining form gastr/o aids in the pronunciation of this term.
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Combining Rules
• When combining a root with a suffix that begins with a vowel, the combining form is not used.
• Example: gastrectomy – surgical removal of the stomach.
• Because the suffix –ectomy begins with a vowel, the root gastr is used to create the medical term. Pronunciation is much smoother.
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Combining Rules
• There will always be some exceptions to these rules.
• For example; when combining word roots and one of the roots begins with a vowel, the combining form is retained.
• Example: gastroenterology – the study of the stomach and the small intestine. The root gastr means stomach and the root enter means small intestine. The combining vowel is retained is aid in pronunciation.
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Pronunciation Rules
• Medical terms with 2 syllables are usually accented on the first syllable; example gastric, GASS-trik.
• Medical terms with more than 2 syllables are usually accented on the 3rd to last or next to last syllable; example gastritis, gassTRYtis, example gastromegaly, gass trohMEGahlee
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Pronunciation Rules
• The vowel in the accented syllable is pronounced with the long vowel sound when the syllable ends with the vowel.
• Example- gastritis gassTRYtis• The vowel in the accented syllable is
pronounced with the short vowel when the syllable ends with a consonant.
• Example- cardiomegaly kardeeohMEGahlee; the accented syllable meg is pronounced with the short e sound.
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Singular and Plural• Singular Plural Example• a ae papilla-papillae• en ina lumen-lumina• ex,ix ices apex-apices• ies ietes paries-parietes• is es diagnosis-diagnoses• is ides epididymis-epididymides • nx nges larynx-larnges• on a ganglion-ganglia• um a atrium-atria • us i bronchus-bronchi • us era vicus-viscera• us ora corpus-corpora
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Medical Terminology
• Now you are ready to begin creating medical terms.
• You will be amazed at how many and how quickly you learn these terms.
• Study your word parts each night and you will be extremely successful in this class!
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Analyzing Medical Terms
• To analyze a medical term first identify the word parts: root, prefix, and suffix.
• To define a medical term start with the suffix, then move on to the prefix, then the root.
• Example:• Pericardial; -al means pertaining to, peri
means surrounding, cardi means heart; Pertaining to around the heart.
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