introduction to metabolism chapter 6. metabolism u the totality of an organism’s chemical...
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Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 6
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Metabolism
The totality of an organism’s chemical processes.
Concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell.
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Catabolic Pathways
Pathways that break down complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
Example: Respiration
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Anabolic Pathways
Pathways that consume energy, building complex molecules from smaller ones.
Example: Photosynthesis
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Energy
Ability to do work. The ability to rearrange a
collection of matter. Forms of energy:
Kinetic Potential Activation
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Kinetic Energy
Energy of action or motion.
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Potential Energy
Stored energy or the capacity to do work.
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Activation Energy
Energy needed to convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
Activation Energy
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Energy Transformation
Governed by the Laws of
Thermodynamics.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Also known as the law of Conservation of Energy.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Each energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
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Entropy
Measure of disorder.
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Summary
The quantity of energy in the universe is constant, but its
quality is not.
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Question?
How do living organisms overcome Entropy?
By using energy from the environment or external sources (e.g. food, light).
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Free Energy
The portion of a system's energy that can perform
work.
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Free Energy
G = H - TS
G = free energy of a system
H = total energy of a system
T = temperature in oK
S = entropy of a system
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Free Energy of a System
If the system has: more free energy it is less stable
It has greater work capacity
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Chemical Reactions
Are the source of energy for living systems.
Are based on free energy changes.
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Reaction Types
ExergonicExergonic: chemical reactions with a net release of free energy.
EndergonicEndergonic: chemical reactions that absorb free energy from the surroundings.
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Exergonic/Endergonic
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Biological Examples
Exergonic - respiration Endergonic - photosynthesis
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Cell - Types of Work
Mechanical - muscle contractions
Transport - pumping across membranes
Chemical - making polymers
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Cells use ATP as their energy source
AAdenosine denosine TTriripphosphatehosphate Made of:
- Adenine (nitrogenous base)
- Ribose (pentose sugar)
- 3 phosphate groups
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Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates
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Key to ATP
Is in the high energy bonds between the three phosphate groups.
Negative charges on the phosphate groups repel each other and makes the phosphates unstable.
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ATP Cycles
Energy released from ATP drives anabolic reactions.
Energy from catabolic reactions “recharges” ATP.
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ATP CycleATP ADP + P + Energy
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ATP in Cells
A cell's ATP content is recycled every minute.
Humans use close to their body weight in ATP daily.
No ATP production equals quick death.
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Redox reactions
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Oxidation - definitions
LossLoss of electrons. of electrons. LossLoss of energy. of energy. LossLoss of Hydrogens from Carbons. of Hydrogens from Carbons.
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Reduction - definitions
GainGain of electrons. of electrons. GainGain of energy. of energy. GainGain of Hydrogens to Carbons. of Hydrogens to Carbons.
Comment - be careful not to use Comment - be careful not to use “reduction” in lay terms.“reduction” in lay terms.
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Redox reactions
Reactions are usually paired or linked together.
Many of the reactions will be done by phosphorylation.
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Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.
The phosphate group adds “energy” to the molecule for chemical reactions.
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ATP
ATP energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups to them….. The process is called phosphorylation.
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Phosphorylation