introduction to microbiology march 2013 fn [compatibility mode]
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Overview of Medical
Microbiology in relation to
human health 2
Dr F Noordeen
Department of Microbiology
Faculty of Medicine
Peradeniya
March 2013
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Development of the Microscope
1590 First compound microscope
1660 Robert Hooke
1676 Anton Leeuwenhoek
1833 Carl Zeiss
1931 Ernst Ruska
Short History of Microbiology
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
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Spontaneous Generation Controversy
BELIEF
Living material formed spontaneously
REFUTED
1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678)
1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)1861: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
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Experiment which disproved theory of
spontaneous generation
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Year Event
1664
Robert Hooke is the first to use a microscope to
describe the fruiting structures of molds. He alsocoined the term cell when using a microscope to
look at cork, as the dead plant material in cork
reminded him of a jail cell.
1673
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and
skil led lens maker, is the first to describe microbes
in detail.
1872
Ferdinand Julius Cohn publishes landmark paper on
bacteria and the cycling of elements. In it is an early
classification scheme that uses the name Bacillus.
1872
Oscar Brefeld reports the growth of fungal colonies
from single spores on gelatin and the German
botanist Joseph Schroeter grows pigmented
bacterial colonies on sl ices of potato.
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Year Event
1877
Robert Koch develops methods for staining bacteria,
photographing, and preparing permanent visualrecords on slides.
1881Koch develops sol id culture media and the methods
for obtaining pure cultures of bacteria.
1882 Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in Koch'slaboratory develop the use of agar as a support
medium for solid culture.
1884Hans Christian Gram develops a dye system for
identifying bacteria [the Gram stain].
1887 First report of the petri plate by Julius R. Petri.
1915
M. H. McCrady establishes a quantitative approach
for analyzing water samples using the most probable
number, multiple-tube fermentation test.
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Proof that microorganisms cause disease
1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) the first knowndiscussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection.
1835 Agostino Rassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkwormswas caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to berecognized as a contagious agent of animal disease.
1847 Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who
decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreadingchildbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcingdoctors under his supervision to wash their hands beforetouching patients.
1857: Louis Pasteur
1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist who studied thethe anthrax bacterium; first to cultivate these bacteria outside thebody using blood serum at body temperature.
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Puerperal fever (after child bir th) due to somethingcarried from cadavers to patients
Louis Pasteur
Cause of souring of wine
Robert Koch
Discovered Bacillus antrhacis.
Developed techniques and standard protocols for
defining the cause of a disease.
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Hungarian physician
Worked in ViennaRealized that asepsis inobstetrical wards could prevent
transmission of childbir th fever
from patient to patient.
All attending physicians had towash their hands with chloride of
lime (a mixture of calcium chloride
hypochlorite, CaCl(OCl); calcium
hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2; and
calcium chloride, CaCl2) between
patients.
This innovation dropped themortality rate from 18% to 2.4%.
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1822 - 1895
French ScientistDiscredited theory ofspontaneous generation
Introduced vaccinationto treat rabies
Solved industrial
problems related to
spoilage of foods
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Robert Koch
1843 - 1910
Pioneered studies inmedical microbiology
Developed methods
essential for studyof microbiology
Kochs postulates-Causation of disease
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Proving
Causation
Proving
Causation
Kochs
postulates
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Joseph Lister
Studied the coagulation of blood ininjuries and surgical wounds.
Noted that there was a very highincidence of infection in wounds
Spray carbolic acid on surgicalinstruments, on wounds, and surgical dressings.
He reduced surgical mortality to 15% by the year 1860.
His work with antiseptics met with initial resistance inthe medical community but were soon widely
accepted.
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Viruses
1886 John Brown Buist was the first toobserve a virus, the cowpox virus,although he did not realize it.
1892 Dmitr ii Ivanowski discovered that thecause of tobacco mosaic disease
could pass through a procelin fi lter 1898 Martinus Beijerinck correctly
deduced that the particle causing thedisease was too small to be abacteria and would later be known as
a virus (poison)
1915/17 Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelleeach discovered bacteriophage,viruses that infect bacteria
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Edward Jenner 1796
Louis Pasteur 1876
Vaccination
" In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind."
Fowlcholera
Smallpox
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Era of antimicrobial drugs
Fleming and Waksman Penicill in - 1928
With Chain and Florey Nobel Prize in 1945
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Proving
Causation
Proving
Causation
Kochs
postulates
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"Molecular Koch's Postulates" :
Stanley Falklow (1988)
Identi fy gene (or gene product) responsible for virulence
determinant
Show gene present in strains of bacteria that cause the disease
Not present in avirulent strains
Disrupting the gene reduces virulence
Introduction of cloned gene into avirulent strain confersvirulence.
The gene is expressed in vivo
Specif ic immune response to gene protects
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What is Medical Microbiology?
The study of microorganisms (bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites) which are
capable of causing diseases in humans
What organisms cause infection?
How they cause infection?
How to identify them?
How to treat them?
How to prevent infection?
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Y2S2 Module: Infection 1
Module coordinator Dr. F. Noordeen, Department of Microbiology
Examiners
1. Dr. F. Noordeen
2. Dr. D. Iddawela
3. Dr. R. Morel
Lecturers
1. Dr. F. Noordeen
2. Dr. C. Ratnatunga
3. Dr. D. Iddawela4. Dr. R. Morel
6. Dr. DN. Atapattu
7. Dr. S Wickramasinghe Examination
Duration 3h (Theory)MCQ (20) 1 h
SAQ (8) 2 h
Practicals 2 h