introduction to modern german history 1. what‘s …...3.1 hildesheim: the empire in a nutshell 3.2...
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Introduction to Modern German History
3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power:1555 – 1618
Tobias Winnerling
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Europe in 1555
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Holy Roman Empire, 1555
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Hildesheim
City, part of theHochstift (diocese) HildesheimProtestant since
1542, with a Catholic bishopMember of the
HanseNot really a free
imperial city, but almost independentDiocese of
Hildesheim withinthe Empire
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Burgundy in 1477 Revolting Dutch provinces in 1582
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Hungary betweenHabsburgs and Ottomans
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
From 1568 bothHabsburg linesentangled in conflictsBoth main conflict
areas(Netherlands, Hungary) situatedat the fringes ofthe EmpireMost of the Empire
relatively free frommilitary conflict
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Council of Trent, engraving from 1565
EstablishesTridentineCatechismPositions
CatholicismagainstProtestantismStabilizes
papal authorityCatholic
confessiona-lization begins
Council of Trent 1545 – 1563
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Book of Concord (“Konkordienbuch”),
Dresden 1580, title pageKalendarium Gregorianum
Perpetuum, Rome 1582
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Ernest of Bavaria (1554–1612) asbishop of Hildesheim (Peter Weyher, 1573)
Gebhard, Freiherr zu Waldburg(1547–1601), Elector of Cologne
(Frank Hogenberg, 1584)
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Electorate of Cologne, 1583
Gebhard zu Waldburg tries tosecularize the Electorate ofCologeAs this would influence the
Imperial Election, war breaksout (1583–1588)Spain and Bavaria support
Ernest of Bavaria, the Dutchand the Elector Palatine support Gebhard
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Elisabeth
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death and Social Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Joachim Brandis‘ Family: A Typical Pattern of Mortality
MargaretheAnna
JoachimElisabeth
Anna
Konrad
Joachim KasparHenning
JohannesJoachim Jacob
ElisabethAnthonius
Ursula
[Son]
[Son]Second Marriage: with Anna Weidemeier, 1587 – 1611
First Marriage: withAnna Kleineberges,1577 – 1585
Joachim
[Son]
Joachim Brandis had 18 children, 10 sons and 8 daughters; only 5 survived, 4 daughters and 1 son.
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Persons in the Family
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death and Social Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Plague of 1597 Plague of 1608/9
Joachim Brandis‘ Family: A Typical Pattern of Mortality
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death and Social Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
1590s see an overall tightening of confessionaldiscipline
Example: In 1593, Joachim Brandis as mayor ofHildesheim is obliged to swear on the Book ofConcord and to sign a written vow:
„I Joachim Brandis the younger, mayor, avow with this my signature that I am devoted to the teachings set down in this Christian Book of Concord by heart, that I believe them in all points to be the salvific divine truth, and that I am determined by the help of God to stay true to them until my end and to profess so publicly for the glory of God. Given Hildesheim, September 27th 1593.”
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
The county of Hildesheim is composed of threeparties:City of Hildesheim (protestant)Estates of the bishopric (protestant)Bishop and cathedral chapter of Hildesheim
(catholic)
Problem: In case the county istaxed by the Empire (Imperial Contributions), who has to pay?Parties fight over the
contribution for about fiftyyearsThe Empire works slowly, but it
works
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
In 1588 the Imperial Chamber Court becomes blockedThe Aulic Court is
suspected of pro-Catholic judgementsThe Imperial Diet of
1597/8 almost endsinconclusivelyIn 1607 disputes
arise over theimperial executionagainst Donauwörth
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
United duchy ofJülich-Cleves-Berg
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Wolfgang Wilhelm of Pfalz-Neuburg (1578–1653)
Johann Sigismund, Elector ofBrandenburg (1572–1619)
Christian II, Elector ofSaxony (1583–1611)
In 1609 duke Wilhelm V of Jülich-Cleve-Berg dies heirless Three princes vie for succession The Emperor, Spain, the Dutch Republic, England, andFrance enter the conflict, almost causing a major war
3.1 Hildesheim: The Empire in a Nutshell3.2 North-West toSouth-East: Conflictson the Fringes3.3. ReligiousPolarization3.4 The Cologne War, 1583 – 15883.5 Life and Death andSocial Crises3.6. The workings ofthe Empire3.7. The Empire paralyzed: Confessio-nalization3.8. The Jülich-ClevesSuccession Crisis
Introduction to Modern German History: 3. Confession, Faith, and Princely Power: 1555 – 1618
Further Reading:
Thomas A. Brady Jr.: German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400-1650, Cambridge 2009
ULB: 02 his m 255 b 812