introduction to oracle lynnwood brown president system managers llc database creation & end user...
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INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE
Lynnwood BrownPresident System Managers LLC
Database Creation & End User Management – Lecture 3
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
• Define the administrative user
• Place the administrative user in the DBA group (UNIX) or the ORA_DBA group (NT/2000)
• Windows NT/2000 service OracleService<SID> must be created using the ORADIM utility which will create the Oracle service and modify the server's registry
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATIONCreating the Instance
C:\> ORADIM -NEW -SID <YOUR_SID> -INTPWD <password> -STARTMODE <mode>-PFILE <pfile>
• <YOUR_SID> - Database SID
• <password> - Password for database administrative user
• <mode> - Startup mode for the services, either AUTO or MANUAL
• <pfile> - Path and name of the INIT<sid>.ORA file
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Deleting the Instance
C:\> ORADIM -DELETE -SRVC <service_name>
NOTE: SERVICE_NAME = SID
For Oracle 8.1 and 9.x ORADIM ERRORS ARE IN THE
DIRECTORY:
<ORACLE_HOME> \DATABASE\ORADIM.LOG
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATIONStarting The Instance
• Ensure that the environmental variables have been set and the services have been started (NT/2000).
• Log into SQL*PLUS as the system user with administrative privileges
C:\> sqlplus “system/manager as sysdba”
SQL> startup nomount – Start the Oracle instance but do not mount or open the database. On UNIX this starts the Oracle processes and allocates the SGA
Other startup options include MOUNT and EXCLUSIVE
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Creating The Database
• Must have at least one tablespace (SYSTEM)
• One or more data files is specified for the SYSTEM tablespace
• Must have at least one log group or two log files
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Creating The Database 8i
SQL > create database test logfile group 1 (‘c:\oradata\test\redo01.log',
‘c:\oradata\test\redo02.log') size 5M, group 2 (‘c:\oradata\test\redo03.log', ‘c:\oradata\test\redo04.log') size 5Mmaxlogfiles 9datafile ‘c:\oradata\test\system01.dbf' size 150Mmaxdatafiles 255maxinstances 1noarchivelogcharacter set WE8ISO8859P1/
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATIONCreating The Database
catalog.sql - Script that creates the basic Oracle Data Dictionary objects
catproc.sql - Script that creates the Oracle Data Dictionary objects for procedural option (PL/SQL)
Create Additional Tablespaces (TEMP, INDEX, DATA)
create tablespace DATAdatafile ‘c:\oradata\test\data01.dbf' size 50M reuse default storage (initial
1M next 1Mminextents 1 maxextents unlimited pctincrease 0)
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Creating The Database (Rollback Segments) 8i
create tablespace RBS datafile 'd:\oradata\test\rbs01.dbf' size 50M reuse default storage (initial 1M next 1M
minextents 2 maxextents unlimited pctincrease 0)/
create rollback segment RBS01 storage (initial 1M next 1M minextents 2 maxextents unlimited) tablespace RBS
/
alter rollback segment RBS01 online/
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Creating The Database 9i
CREATE DATABASE testMAXLOGFILES 9 MAXINSTANCES 1 MAXDATAFILES 256 MAXLOGHISTORY 256 DATAFILE 'c:\test\system_01.dbf' SIZE 150MUNDO TABLESPACE "UNDOTBS" DATAFILE 'c:\test\undotbs_01.dbf' SIZE 150M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE UNLIMITED CHARACTER SET WE8ISO8859P1LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('c:\test\redo1_01.dbf‘) SIZE 50M, GROUP 2 ('c:\test\redo1_02.dbf') SIZE 50M;
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
UNDO Tablespace
• New in Oracle 9i
• Replaces rollback segments
• RDBMS manages undo segments automatically:
• New init<SID>.ora parameters:
– UNDO_MANAGEMENT AUTO or Manual (use roll back segments)
– UNDO_TABLESPACE = <Undo tablespace name>
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
UNDO Tablespace (cont)
Creating an UNDO tablespace after the database has been created:
SQL> create undo tablespace UNDO_TS1 datafile ‘c:\oradata\undorbs1.dbf' size 100m;
SQL> alter system set undo_tablespace=undo_ts1;
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Creating And Enlarging Tablespaces
Automatically increase tablespace sizes using “AUTOEXTEND”
CREATE TABLESPACE DATA DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/rbdb1/users01.dbf' SIZE 300M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 1500M;
Add another data file if not using AUTOEXTEND
SQL > alter tablespace DATA add datafile '/u01/oracle/rbdb1/users02.dbf' size 20M;
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MANUAL DATABASE CREATION
Shutting Down the Database
Must be the administrative user:
SQL> shutdown normal Other SHUTDOWN options include:
• IMMEDIATE – Allow transactions to complete and then log off all users
• ABORT – Log off all users (no grace period)
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END USER MANAGEMENT
• Create database users by using the CREATE/ALTER USER commands.
• Create database objects (tables, views, synonyms and indexes).
• Control database access/security by granting access privileges: grant update on emp to scott;
• Grant database access so that users can/cannot pass the privilege on to other users: grant update on emp to scott with admin option;
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END USER MANAGEMENT
To create a user named SCOTT with password TIGER:
SQL > Create user scott identified by tiger
SQL > Default tablespace users
SQL > Temporary tablespace temp
SQL > Quota 15m on users;
Give SCOTT the privilege to connect to the database and create objects.
SQL > Grant connect, resource to scott;
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END USER MANAGEMENT
End User Profiles – Resource Control
SQL > CREATE PROFILE new_userLIMIT sessions_per_user 10 connect_time 30 idle_time 10;
Altering User Access To Resources
SQL > ALTER USER <userID> IDENTIFIED BY <pw>profile new_user;
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END USER MANAGEMENT
• Create roles to automate the security/access process:
SQL > create role manager;SQL > grant update on emp to manager;SQL > grant manager to scott;
• Oracle has several pre-defined roles. One of the pre-defined roles is called DBA.
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END USER MANAGEMENT
• How to determine the privileges a user or role has:
SQL > select grantee, privilege from sys.dba_sys_privs;
• How to determine which users are in which roles:
SQL > select grantee, granted_role from sys.dba_role_privs;
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OBJECT CREATION
Database objects include:
Tables – Used to store records (rows of data)
Views – Like a table but takes up no disk space. Is based on an underlying table.
Indexes – Use to speed retrieval of data from a table.
Synonyms – Used to reference objects owned by another user without having to reference the object owners name/schema.
Sequence – Used to generate a unique number
Database links – Used to access data in one database from another database.
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OBJECT CREATION
Create Table:
Create table dept(deptno number,Creation date,Dname varchar2(10)Dloc varchar2(20);
Create View:
Create view DVIEW as select deptno, dname, dloc from dept;
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OBJECT CREATION
Create Index:
Create index i_dept on dept(deptno);
Create Synonym:
Create public synonym dept on dept;
Create Sequence:
Create sequence dept_num start with 1 increment by 1;
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OBJECT MANAGEMENT
System and Object Management
ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (COLx NUMBER(7,2)…..);
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY (COLx NUMBER(8,2));
ALTER SESSION <userID> IDENTIFIED BY <pw>;
ALTER SYSTEM SET LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS/USERS
LICENSE_SYSTEMS_WARNINGS;
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THE DATA DICTIONARY
SOME ORACLE DATA DICTIONARY TABLES/VIEWS FOR MANAGING END USERS:
Table/View Name Description DBA_USERS Names of all users of the databaseDBA_TABLES Names of all tables in the databaseDBA_INDEXES Names of all indexes in the databaseDBA_SYNONYMS Names of all indexes in the synonymsDBA_SEQUENCES Names of all sequences in the databaseDBA_VIEWS Names of all views in the database
There are many other tables/views in the Oracle data dictionary. Refer to the Oracle Administrators Guide for a complete list/description
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THE DATA DICTIONARY
DATA DICTIONARY VIEWS ACCESSIBLE TO END USERS:
• DBA_<name> - End users must be granted the privilege to access the DBA views
• ALL_<name> - Objects that the end user has access to but did not create
• USER_<name> - Objects created by the end user
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