introduction to particle physics (for non physics students) 4. unified universe
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Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached). Feynman rules: If energy E flows through the transmitted “virtual” particle (photon; Z) it costs 1/(E^2+M^2). If E >> M the cost is 1/E^2….like the case of the photon. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students)
4. UNIFIED UNIVERSE (no strings attached)
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Feynman rules:
If energy E flows throughthe transmitted “virtual”particle (photon; Z)it costs 1/(E^2+M^2)
If E >> M the cost is 1/E^2….like the case of the photon
Only appears weak at low energy. Unified at high energy
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WEAK
STRONG
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WEAK
STRONG why sun hasshone for 5 Byr…Intelligent lifedeveloped
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The weak force is feeble in the Sun…
..because 10,000,000K ~ 1 keV << 80 GeV
The weak force is feeble in the Sun
…this is why the sun has stayed active long enough for us to have evolvedand be having this conversation.
We exist because m(W) is not zero
Mass matters
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Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
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Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
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Heisenberg:
E ->0t ->infinity
“Universe erupted as quantum fluctuationout of nothing”
(what/where/how encodedHeisenberg in “nothing”?
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
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Heisenberg:
E ->0t ->infinity
“Universe erupted as quantum fluctuationout of nothing”
(what/where/how encodedHeisenberg in “nothing”?
Mc^2 >0Gravity PE <0Total E =0 (?!)
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Quarks “freeze” into protons/neutrons
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Nuclear Physics
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symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
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symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
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symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
Atoms
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3K microwave bgnd now seen to have structure
COBE 2000
WMAP 2003
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5byr ago accelerated expansion= Dark Energy. What? Why?......
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One further symmetry??
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Whole new families to be found
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Finale: A glimpse of the futurerecall from lecture 1…..
TemperatureEnergy andTime
The Universe
in
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…and the nature of matter
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…and patterns (that change)
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symmetry
pattern
Temperatureand symmetry in the universe
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The Idea
(I will tell you when to be cautious about inhaling)
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Symmetrywhen warm(high energy)
patterns and structureswhen cold(low energy)
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GrandUnifiedForce
ElectromagneticWeakStrong
ElectroWeakStrong (QCD)
FORCES 1955-2005
COLD
WARM
HOT
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Standard Model of Quarks Leptons and
forces
= pattern based on mass “cold” =“low” energy= below 1 TeV
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superSymmetrywhen “warm”(= high energy > 1TeV)
Higgs BosonSupersymmetryNature of Reality
Standard Model of Quarks Leptons and
forces
= pattern based on mass “cold” =“low” energy= below 1 TeV
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symmetry
pattern
symmetry
pattern
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5. symmetries can disappear or change
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We like symmetry and when its absent wewant to know why
?
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Buridan’s Ass
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The problem ofthe symmetricdinner party
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symmetry
Broken symmetry
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Why is this a peak and not a trough?
Broken symmetry
Answer: random chanceBut given it’s a peak hereit dictates where the other peaks are
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Symmetrywhen warm(high energy)
patterns and structureswhen cold(low energy)
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… “froze” into structures …. And patterns
Such as Atoms ……. Mendeleev’s periodic table,And particles …. Quarks, forces and the Standard Model
As the universe cooled after the hot big bang…..We think that an elegant symmetry……..
… which is a pattern based on MASS
2008: heat up to energies above 1000 GeV = “1 TeV” and discover the origin of MASS (= Higgs?)
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Next….
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