Introduction to Introduction to PathologyPathology

OPTOM FASLU MUHAMMEDOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED

Pathology –” Study and diagnosis of disease”

4 components of pathology 1. Cause /etiology 2. Mechanism of develop- Pathogenesis 3. Structural alteration of the cell- Morphologic

changes 4. Consequences of these changes – Clinical

Manifestations

一、一、 History of PathologyHistory of Pathology Autopsy → Organ pathology (1761)

Cellular pathology (1854)

Ultrastructural pathology with the application

of EM (20 century 60s)

Immunopathology, Molecular pathology,

Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology

2. Classification:2. Classification:

(1) Human pathology

(2) Experimental pathology

3. Position: It’s a bridging discipline involving both

basic science and clinical practice

AutopsyBiopsyCytology

4. Text of Pathology:4. Text of Pathology:(1) General pathology:

concerned with the basic reaction of

cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli

that underlie all diseases.

(2) Systemic pathology : dedcribe the specific responses of specialized

organs and tissues to defined stimuli.

三、三、 Techniques of PathologyTechniques of Pathology1. Human pathology

(1) Autopsy

(2) Biopsy: surgical or diagnostic pathology

(3) Cytology: smear, fine needle aspiration

2. Experimental pathology

(1) Animal experiment: animal model

(2) Tissue and cell culture

四、四、 Observation and New Observation and New Technique of Morphology Technique of Morphology（一） Gross appearance: size, shape weight color consistency surface edge, section

（二）（二） Histologic and cytologic Histologic and cytologic observation: observation:

most common and basic formalin fixed → HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained

Hemangioma of ventrical wall

（三）（三） Histochemistry and cytochemistryHistochemistry and cytochemistry

PAS→BM

（四）（四） ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry

1. Ag-Ab specific reaction2. Applications(1) Location analysis cytokeratin→cell membrane(2) Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing diagnosis of tumor histogenesis

Leiomyosarcoma Actin (+)

（五）（五） Ultrastructural observationUltrastructural observationTEM (transmitting electron microscope)

Filtering membrane

SEM (scanning electron microscope)

Podocyte

（六）（六） Flow cytometry (FCM)Flow cytometry (FCM)1. One kind of cells→quantitative

2. DNA ploidy analysis

3. Protein nucleus acid→quantitative

analysis

4. Selection of collection of cells

（七） Image analysis (IA) Nuclei: diameter; circumference; area;

volume; morphology

（八） Laser scanning confocal

microscope (LSCM)

a living cell→observation in situ or

development or quantitative

（九）（九） Molecular biology techniqueMolecular biology technique

1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

2. DNA sequencing

3. Biochip technique

(1) Gene chip (DNA chip)

(2) Protein chip (protein microarray)

(3) Tissue chip (tissue microarray)

Polymerase Polymerase chain chain reactionreaction (PCR) (PCR)