AGNES LLAMASARES-CASTILLO, MS Pharm, RPh

PHARMACY Art and science of preparing from natural and

synthetic sources, suitable materials for distribution and use in the Tx and prevention of diseases

Ex. Willow bark aspirin, senna- Senokot

PHARMACY It embraces knowledge of identification, selection,

pharmacologic action, preservation, analysis, standardization of drugs and medicines

It includes their proper and safe distribution and use, whether dispensed on the Rx or sold directly to consumer

Classification of drugs? Ethical / Prescription drugs

Use for Mx / Tx of diseases

Require prescription form

Over the counter/ Non-Rx

Use for the prevention of self-limiting or minor ailments

No Rx form needed

Pharmacists Expert on drugs

Responsible for dispensing/compounding of medicines

Control of drugs use

What is a drug?

Pharmaken

Articles recognized in the official USP, NF

Articles intended for use in the Dx, cure, mitigation, Tx, prevention of disease in man and animals

Articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of body of man/animals

Articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in the first 3 but doesnt include devices, or their components, parts or accessories

Active ingredient exerting therapeutic effect

What is a medicine? Drug as the active ingredient + excipients formulated

into a suitable dosage form with complete packaging

What is a Device? Instruments, apparata, contrivances, components used

in prevention, Dx, Tx, cure , mitigation of diseases or affect the structure or function of body of man or animals

What are the scopes of Pharmacy? Community pharmacy

Retail Pharmacy

Activities: dispensing, compounding, selling, storage and handling, advising of patients,selecting product for inventory, identifying fast moving products, administers, supervise the pharmacy ( managerial function), entrepreneural function

Types of community pharmacy Independent drugstore vary in size and merchandise

Pharmaceutical Centers

Keep family health information center, prof. Library, extensive reference files

Direct pt- pharmacist relation

Pharmacist as frontliners

Ex: Med-Xpress

Types of community pharmacy

Group Practice- formal association of pharmacists serving different fields of specialties; income is divided accdg to pre-arranged plan

Types:

Geriatrics nursing homes, dosage adjustment requirement

Mental Health Phar/ Psychopharmacy

Oncology Services protocol devt, data management, inventory control, handling and disposing of cytotoxic materials at home

Radiopharmacy - radiopharmaceuticals

Types of community pharmacy Chain Drugstore/ Multiple Pharmacy

Profitable, more than 2 branches

1966

Phil Setting: urban vs rural areas

consignment

pharmacy aids/ trained helpers

Scopes of Pharmacy Industrial Pharmacy

Research ( R &D)

Formulation

Reformulation

Drug-excipient Compatibility Testing

Determine proper route of administration of drug

Products stability including the proper packaging material

innovations

Scopes of Pharmacy Industrial Pharmacy

Production

Conversion of raw materials to finished products

Supervises the operation, CGMP must be observed, planning for production

RAW MATERIALS

PRODUCTION PROCEDURE

FINISHED PRODUCTS

Scopes of Pharmacy Industrial Pharmacy

Quality Control

Qualitative/quantitative checks of RM, intermediate and finished products

Tests are performed on products

Assay det the % purity of active ingredient

Scopes of Pharmacy Industrial pharmacy

Drug distribution or Marketing

Detailmen

contact prescribers regarding companys products

Explain product in detail

The Phil. Drug Industry 1900 Hizon Lab

1913 Manuel Zamora Lab ( Tiki-tiki)

1918 Phil-American Drug Co. ( Botica Boie)

Arambulo Prod., Inc.

Santos Ocampo Inc

Farmacia de San Fernando

Lexal Lab

Existing Unilab, Pascual,GSK, Euromed, Pfizer

Industrial Pharmacy Drug establishment manufactures, imports, repacks,

distributes pharmaceuticals

Drug manufacturers

With manufacturing facilities, engaged in production operations

Propagation and

processing

compounding finishing filling

Packing /repacking labelling sale

Storage/distribution

Industrial Pharmacy Drug Trader

Registered owner of drug product

Procures the RM and packaging components

Provides production monograph, QC standard, procedures

Subcontracts a manufacturing lab

Ex: Wyeth (Robitussin) manuf. By Interphil

Pediatrica (Dolan) - Unilab

Bristol-Myers Squibb (Tempra) Mead Johnson

Biomedis (Biogesic) - Unilab

Industrial Pharmacy Drug Distributor/ Importer

Imports RM, active ing, finished product for its own use or for wholesale distribution

Vitacolor, MDLD

Drug Distributor/ Exporter

Exports RM, active ing, finished product to other country

Industrial Pharmacy Drug Distributor/ Wholesale

Procures RM, active ing, finished product from local establishment for local distribution on whole sale basis

Zuellig Pharma, Metrodrug, Marsman & Co.,Dyna

Small manufacturers under FIDA ( Fil. Drug Ass) & CFDM ( Chamber of Fil. Drug Manuf)

Marginal manufacturing facilities

Serve only generic drug placed by DOH

Drugmakers, AM Europharma

Industrial Pharmacy Federated Phar. Industry of Phil (FPIP)

Composed of CFDM, Phil Phar manufacturers Ass., Drug Ass of Phil

Solve the common problems of industry

Direct dialogue with govt agencies

Scopes of Pharmacy Hospital Pharmacy

A department or service in hospital under the direction of competent pharmacist

Pharmacists work with physiscians, nurses, patient and other hospital personnel

From which all medications are supplied to nursing units

Part of the health care team

Activities: Compounding, provides stock medication, performs moderate scale

manufacturing (dermatologicals, TPN)

Responsible for Drug control system in hospital

Responsible for the professional care of the pt regarding drug use

Mx of hospital pharmacy

Part of PTC, manning Drug Information Service

Scopes of Pharmacy Hospital Pharrmacist must be knowledgeable on

Drugs and their action

Phar. Manuf. Program

Control procedure regarding

QC (prep of TPN/ admixtures)

Drug distribution through out the hospital

Research activities both medical and pharmaceutical

Teaching Techniques ( inservice training programs)

Pharmacy administration in hospital

Scopes of Pharmacy Phil society of Hospital Pharmacist

1962, promotes interest of hospital pharmacist

Provides quartly seminars

Scopes of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy

Recent innovation in Pharm. Practice (1970)

Patient oriented profession

Activities: Makes rounds with doctor, maintains patient histories, monitors

drug therapy, advises pt on drug use, side effects, and drug interactions, ADR

Direct pt involvement ( conducting admissions, discharge, interviews

Reviews drug utilization, education to improve drugs use

US : Doctors do Dx; pharmacists prescribe the medicine

Important that clin. Pharmacist is familiar with different lab tests and interpretation of results

Scopes of Pharmacy

Clinical Pharmacy

Associated with decreased hosp mortality rates, decreased drug cost, decreased length of stay of pt

Founder: Dr. Siopin Co

Makati medical center

Pharmaceutical care optimal use of medications to achieve specific outcomes that improve a patients quality of life

Scopes of Pharmacy Patient-oriented pharmacist considers:

Knowledge of drugs

Communication Drug Info. Skill

Skill

CARING

Before After

physician

pharmacist

patient

Rx

physician

pharmacist

patient

RX interaction

dispensing

DUR

Scopes of Pharmacy Barriers to Clinical pharmacy practice

Lack of interest of top mgnt on the concept

Higher cost

Other professionals are unhappy

Lack of incentive to pharmacist

Lack of training/ specializing areas to develop expertise

Scopes of Pharmacy Drug Wholesaling

Important part of distributive scheme, provide mechanism to obtain various products manufactured by different labs from single agency

Less hazards in stock handling, record keeping and bill paying for the retailer

Drug Manufacturers

Wholesaler Retailer

Scopes of Pharmacy Education

Most important segment of pharmacy

Represented by colleges of pharmacy

Responsible for the nature and quality of pharmaceutical education

Knowledge of diffrent physical, biological sciences qualifies a pharmacist to teach

Masteral/ Doctoral degree

Scopes of Pharmacy Research

discovery/isolation of new drugs for Tx of diseases

The development of better drugs through chemical modification

Examples: Amoxicillin Co-amoxiclav

Diuretics K sparing diuretics

Scopes of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Journalism

Gifted with writing and editing talents

Magazines, brochures, newsletter about different drugs for marketing purposes

Scopes of Pharmacy Oraganization Management

Pharmacist as officer of diffrent recognize associations

PPhA, PAPPI, PACOP, PSHP, CPAP

Provides seminars to keep pharmacist abreast with latest technology

Scopes of Pharmacy Medical Communications

Newest/ rapidly developing field Computer handling of medical data

Pharmacist in Government Service Officer in Army, Navy, Air force BFAD (licensing , inspection, registration) DOH ( research on tropical diseases, public health) BPI (analyst, microbiologist) NBI,DDB (toxicologist, chemist) PRC ( board examiner) Consultant ( mental health, family planning, pollution,

poisons, self-medication, immunization)