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INTRODUCTION TO PHYTOBACTERIOLOGY1

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Dr. Jaap D. Janse

Department Laboratory Methods and Diagnostics

Dutch General Inspection Service (NAK) Emmeloord, The Netherlands

jjanse@nak.nl

Observation, assimilation and sharing of knowledge

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Mastaba of Nefermaat and Atet at Maydum Egypt (c. 2620 BC)

Huang Quan (ca.903-965 AD), Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Nature in its different habitats and forms put (cultivated) plants and animals under different forms of stress

Mediterraneanclimatenear AdanaTurkey

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Beeka valley Libanon

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Plains in Anatolia, TurkeyCOST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Mountain climate in FranceCOST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Beauties and/ortheir offspringmay attack:Cabbage whitebutterfly (Pieris brassicae)

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Another beauty: Corn companion (Agrostemma githago)but seeds are poisenous

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Deadly holyness: Mantis

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

In biology: observation and surprise

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Useful plants:Walnut (Juglans regia)

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Unwanted plants -weeds:Tall globe thistle (Echinops exaltatus)

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Useful and unwanted plants are attacked:gall mite (Aceria macrorhyncha=Phytoptus aceris) on Acer

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Manipulation of plants: galls of a gall-wasp (Diplolepsis rosae) on rose (Rosa villosa)

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Blocking of transport ofvital liquids:

Wilt caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearumin potato

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Bacteria are everywhere but you do not see themCOST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Bacteria can be present on insects

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

Honey bee(Apis mellifera)

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Bacteria can be present on birds

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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Bacteria can be transported by man

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Bacteria on root surface of elder (Alnus glutinosa)

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

INTRO: history

Bacteria were first seen by Anthoni vanLeeuwenhoek, dutch merchant in 1683

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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INTRO: history

Robert Koch (1843-1910) proved that bacteria can cause disease: experiments with Bacillus anthrax in sheep

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

INTRO: historyKOCH’S POSTULATES

1. The suspected pathogenic organism (here: the bacterium)must always be present in lesions of the diseased tissuesof an organism in question and absent in healthy organisms(here: plants).

2. The suspected organism must be isolated from thediseased tissues and grown in pure culture.

3. When the pure culture of the organism is inoculated into ahealthy host (here: plant) in the laboratory it must producea similar disease in this host.

4. The same organism must be found and reisolated from theexperimentally inoculated host (here: plant) in whichdisease developed.

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

INTRO: history

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - fermentation,spoilage,

spontaneous generation

Winogradski (1856-1953) - autotrophic bacteria, iron and sulfur cycles

Waksman (1888-1973) - streptomycin

Avery (1877-1953) - DNA (1944)

first complete genome of bacterium 1995

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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Major lineages (kingdoms) of bacteriaas determined by 16S rRNA sequences

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

Place of bacteria in living world

Macro

organisms

Eukarya or

eukaryotes

Animals, man

plants (including

algae

and certain fungi)

Micro

organisms

Eukarya or

eukaryotes

Animals

(protozoa)

Plants (algae)

Most fungi

Prokarya or

prokaryotes

Bacteria Cyanobacteria

('blue-green

algae')1)

True bacteria

Rickettsias,

FXLB, FPLB and

chlamidias2)

incl. Liberibacter

Mycoplasmas, Phytoplasmas

Spiroplasmas3) Archaea4)

(Bacteria-like

micro organisms

living in extreme

environments)

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

TABLE

Differences between Prokaryotes

(Bacteria and Archaea) and

Eukaryotes

Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria ArchaeaProkaryotic cell

structure

+ + -

DNA covalently

closed, circular

+ + -

Membrane-enclosed

nucleus

- - +

Peptidoglucan based(Muramic acid) cell

wall

+ - -

Ribosomes 70S 70S 80S

Plasmids + + rare

Sensitivity to

chloramphenicol,

streptomycin and

kanamycin

+ - -

Methanogenesis - + -

Nitrogen fixation + + -

Chlorophyll-basedphotosynthesis

+ - +

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse

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TABLEDifferent energy and carbon sources used by

bacteria

Bacterium: Energy source C-source

photoautotrophic light CO2

photoheterotrophic light organic compounds

chemoautotrophic anorganic compounds byoxidation-reductionreactions

CO2

chemoheterotrophic organic compounds organic compounds

1. INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA

COST FA1104 Training School

Molecular diagnostics of bacterial diseases, Zürich, Switzerland, 2015-09-21-25 – Jaap D. Janse