introduction to pulsed power - seoul national...
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High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018
Introduction to Pulsed Power
Fall, 2018
Kyoung-Jae Chung
Department of Nuclear Engineering
Seoul National University
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Introduction
Pulsed power technology is an area of interest to physicists and engineers in fields requiring high voltages and large currents.
Modern pulsed power runs the gamut from its historical roots in flash radiography, X-ray generation, and the simulation of weapons effects, such as nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP), to packaged pulsed power for directed energy weapons and biological and medical applications. New applications and techniques continue to emerge.
References
J. Lehr and P. Ron, Foundations of Pulsed Power Technology, IEEE Press (2017). P. W. Smith, Transient Electronics: Pulsed Circuit Technology, John Wiley and Sons
(2002). H. Bluhm, Pulsed Power Systems: Principles and Applications, Springer (2006). S. T. Pai and Qi Zhang, Introduction to High Power Pulse Technology, World Scientific
(1995). G. A. Mesyats, Pulsed Power, Springer (2005). F. T. Ulaby and U. Ravaioli, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Pearson
(2015).
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Plasma: energy compression in space
Heat / Energy
Generation of spatial region where energy state is higher than surroundings (tokamak, processing chamber, plasma jet)
Generation of energetic particles, chemically active species
Energy confinement (compression) in space
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Pulsed power: energy compression in time
Pulsed Power Technology: the storage of electrical energyover a relatively long time scale and its release in a shortduration to create very high power level
Example: E = 1 kW x 1 sec = 1 kJP = 1 kJ / 1 us = 1 GW
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Features of pulsed power
High Power (大電力) Short rise time
Short pulse width
Focusing of high power in a narrow space
Generation of high voltage and current
New application of electromagnetic energy
Pulsed power is a scheme where stored energy is discharged as electrical energy into a load in a single short pulse or as short pulses with a controllable repetition rate.
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Features of pulsed power
Pulsed power is a special power conditioning technique that transforms the characteristics of the prime energy source to the electrical requirements of the load.
Energy from a primary source is accumulated over a relatively long time scale and compressed into pulses of high instantaneous power.
Several stages may be needed to fully exploit the time dependence of breakdown of insulating materials to deliver energy with the required time dependence and amplitude for the application.
The resulting peak power delivered to the load has a large ratio of instantaneous-to-average power.
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Pulse shape parameters
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Typical waveform of repetitive pulses
𝐷𝐷(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) =𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
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RF pulse
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Generation of high power pulses
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Typical pulsed power systems
Capacitive
Inductive
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Applications of pulsed power
High Energy Density Plasma Nuclear fusion plasma, X-ray generation, Pinch plasma
High Power Pulse Laser Solid state laser (Nd:YAG), Gas laser (Excimer, CO2, Nitrogen)
Particle Beam Generation & Application
Electron (Ion) acceleration, Material processing, Surface treatment
Electromagnetic Acceleration Rail gun (EM gun), Electrothermal chemical gun (ETC gun),
Electromagnetic Forming
Electromagnetic Wave Generation High power microwave (HPM), Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
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Applications of pulsed power
Industrial applications Metal shaping (complex geometries)
Nano-sized particle fabrication
Rock blasting (at construction site)
Exhaust gas treatment
Thermal power plant (electric dust collector)
Waste water treatment (organic matter decomposition)
Ballast water treatment
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Examples of pulsed power
Lightning vs Pikachu
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Examples of pulsed power
High energy density plasmas (HEDP)
Plasma focusMIF
Pulsed IECSpheromak formation
Plasma thruster
Z-pinch plasma
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Examples of pulsed power
Z machine (SNL) : X-ray generator
The Z Pulsed Power Facility, informally known as the Z machine, is the largest high frequency electromagnetic wave generator in the world and is designed to test materials in conditions of extreme temperature and pressure. Since its refurbishment in October 1996, it has been used primarily as an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research facility.
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Examples of pulsed power
WDM (Warm dense matter) or HEDP research
Warm dense matter research using wire explosion
Electrical conductivity and wire temperature measurements
K. J. Chung et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 203301 (2016)
Intense X-ray generation by pulsed X-pinch
𝜎𝜎 = 𝜎𝜎(𝜌𝜌,𝑇𝑇)
Wide-range EOS model Exp. vs model
Shadowgraphy image of exploding wire
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Examples of pulsed power
Pulsed ion beam pulsed D-D beam-target fusion neutron source
Pulsed D-D neutron source (104 neutrons / 10 us)
Compact, sealed-type D-D neutron generator
8x104 n/pulse
• 150 keV, 500 mA pulsed D+ beam
Sealed-off
• Process for metal-hydride reservoir & target
Ion source
D2 gas reservoir (Zr powder) TiD2 target
D+
Ion source D+ TiD2 target
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0 Vc = 3.6kV
Outp
ut p
ulse
[kV]
Time [µs]
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Examples of pulsed power
Beam-plasma target fusion proton source
3He gas
MW (2.45 GHz)
Al foil
Proton (14.7 MeV)
D0 beamPump
D + 3He p + 4He
D2 gas
RF (13.56 MHz)
NeutralizerAccelerator
Ion source
Magnetic Mirror Coil
Plasma
Whole-body PET scan using 18F-FDG
p + 18O n + 18F
If we increase the electron temperature of target plasma by mirror-confinement,the slowing down time of the injected particle is greatly increased, increasingbeam-target interaction probability.
Neutron production is possible if D2 gas is used as a target. BNCT
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Examples of pulsed power
Fusion (MCF vs. ICF)
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Examples of pulsed power
VEST
Partial Solenoid
Partial Solenoid
VacuumChamber
TF Coils
Breakdown by Partial Solenoid
Breakdown by Partial Solenoid
Plasma Merging
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Examples of pulsed power
Laser fusion
NIF aims to create a single 500 terawatt (TW) flash of light that reaches the target from numerous directions at the same time, within a few picoseconds. The design uses 192 individual "beamlets", which are amplified in 48 beamlines containing 16 laser amplifiers per line, each one amplifying four of the beamlets.
Laser
Target chamber
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Examples of pulsed power
Railgun
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Examples of pulsed power
Coilgun
A coilgun is a type of projectile accelerator that consists of one or more coils used as electromagnets in the configuration of a synchronous linear motor which accelerate a magnetic projectile to high velocity.
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Examples of pulsed power
ETC (Electro-thermal Chemical) gun
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Examples of pulsed power
High Power Microwave or EMP
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Examples of pulsed power
EM forming
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Examples of pulsed power
EM blasting
o.o3 m3 concrete block
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Examples of pulsed power
Underwater shockwave generation
처리 전 처리 후
정경재외, 대한지질공학회지 23, 29 (2013)K. J. Chung et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 53, 330 (2013)K. J. Chung et al., Curr. Appl. Phys. 15, 977 (2015)S. G. Lee et al., J. Korean Phys. Soc. 66, 1845 (2015)K. Lee et al., J. Appl. Phys. 121, 243302 (2017)K. Lee et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 134101 (2018)
기술 상용화(지하수 관정 세정 기술)
10kV/5mm
수중 초음파 발생기
슬러지 처리
지하수 관정 세정
녹조 제거
지반 강화
암반 파쇄
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Examples of pulsed power
Water-bloom removal
w/o pulse w/ pulse
w/o pulse w/ pulse
Gas vesicles
NOx removal 40 kV, 4 MW, 0.15 J/pulse, 100 Hz 20% reduction of NOx with 15 W
Shock wave destroys gas vesicles to sink the water-bloom down to the bottom