introduction to real-time pcr · introduction to real-time pcr and applications . 15 ... •...
TRANSCRIPT
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The world leader in serving science
Sergio Vaira, Ph.D.
Field Application Scientist
Introduction to Real-Time PCR and Applications
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How is Real-Time PCR similar to Traditional PCR?
•Reactions are cycled in a temperature block:
• Denaturation of dsDNA template
• Annealing of primers to template
• Extension of primers new amplicon
1 cycle of PCR
PCR theoretically doubles target after each cycle
Example:
40 cycles
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How does Real-Time PCR work?
• The QuantStudio™ has a thermal block, a bright
white LED to excite fluorescence, filters, and a
high-resolution CMOS to detect signal.
Thermal cycling block
CMOS
Excitation filters
Bright white LED
Emission filters
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor- Integrated circuits that
create an image sensor
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Supported Fluorescent Chemistries
SYBR® Green I Dye 5’-Nuclease Chemistry
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SYBR® Green I
• SYBR® Green I is a dye that binds to the
minor groove of double-stranded DNA.
• Like gel-based PCR, SYBR® Green
assays consist of only two primers without
a probe.
forward primer reverse primer
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SYBR® Green I dye
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SYBR® Green I dye
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Binds non-specifically to any double-stranded DNA
Incorrect quantitative results
Signal from non-specific
products
Problem with SYBR® Green I Dye
• If not well designed and optimized, SYBR® Green assay results will
include signal from all PCR products, target or non-target.
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Non-Target PCR Amplification
• Non-target amplification is commonly observed in gel-based PCR.
• SYBR® Green amplification plots usually look the same whether
they are derived from target, non-target or a mixture of the two.
• Additional data are required to determine whether SYBR® Green
assay results are derived solely from target or not.
Gel electrophoresis separates
non-target products from target
if there is a size difference.
There is no opportunity in real-
time PCR to separate non-
target products from target.
Target
Non target
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Additional data are required to determine whether SYBR® Green assay results are derived from target or not
Sequencing the assay products
Gel analysis
Dissociation analysis
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Temperature
Flu
ore
scence
Check Specificity of Reactions Using a Melt Curve
One, clean peak =
no extraneous products
First negative derivative view
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Mixed Product Peaks
Asymmetrical Peak Multiple Peaks
Shoulder
• Examples of melt peaks indicating multiple products were amplified.
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SYBR® Green Melt is Low Resolution
• SYBR® Green melt analysis is low resolution and may not discriminate
target and products of similar Tm’s, such as homologs.
• A single peak may not be the target, nor one product.
• Below is an example of a SYBR® Green assay that produced one
apparent peak, but was amplifying multiple products based on gel
electrophoresis results.
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Reporter dye Quencher
primer
probe primer
5′-Nuclease Assay
• The 5′-Nuclease Assay uses a gene specific TaqMan probe.
• The probe has a Reporter dye on the 5′-end and a Quencher on
the 3′-end, which also blocks extension.
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5′-Nuclease Assay
• The 5′-Nuclease Assay gets its name from the 5′-nuclease activity
of Taq DNA polymerase.
• The nuclease domain can degrade DNA bound downstream of
DNA synthesis.
Direction of DNA synthesis
Synthetic 5′-nuclease
domain domain
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5′-Nuclease Assay
Intact probes
do not generate
signal
(no emission)
Energy FRET: Fluorescence
Resonance
Energy Transfer
Light (excitation) Separate probes
generate signal
(emission)
Light (excitation)
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PCR Annealing Step
• During the annealing step, the primers and probe anneal to the template.
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• Following probe cleavage, the Reporter is permanently de-quenched.
5′-Nuclease Activity Cleaves the Probe
Target
Target
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• Amount of PCR product has theoretically doubled.
• Level of fluorescence has increased in a “permanent” manner by a
proportional amount.
After each cycle
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No Mismatch Extension for TaqMan® Probes
Homolog
• The destabilizing effect of probe mismatches cannot be mitigated by
Taq polymerase because extension is blocked by the quencher.
• Taq polymerase displaces the probe, rather than cleaving it.
• The probe returns to the quenched configuration
• No signal is produced from the homolog.
TaqMan® MGB
Homolog
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Non-Specific Product Exclusion
Primer dimer
• Non-specific PCR products, a.k.a., primer-dimers, are amplified
products unrelated to the target.
• They are often formed when primers bind to other template
sequences in the sample and by chance are able to form a PCR
product.
• TaqMan probes cannot bind to nor be cleaved by non-specific
products, so all such products are automatically excluded from
assay results.
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Important Note on Oligo Tms
68º-70ºC 58º-60ºC
• Probe binds to the template before primer binding and stay
tightly bound during extension.
• Primer Tms should be about 58 – 60 degree.
• Probe Tms should be 8-10 degrees higher than primer Tms.
NFQ
MGB
Reporter Non-Fluorescent Quencher
Minor Groove Binder (13 – 18 bases)
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Quenchers: TAMRA™ Dye vs. MGB
Fluorescent = Uses up one filter/dye spot
Long (28-38bp) = less specificity
Non-fluorescent
Shorter (13-18bp) = higher specificity
Sensitive to single base mismatch!
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Real-time PCR Fluorescent Chemistries
• Uses a dsDNA binding dye
to detect accumulating
PCR product
• Only primers are needed
• Multiplexing is not possible
SYBR™ Green Assay
• Uses a target-specific
fluorogenic probe to detect
accumulating PCR product
• Assay consists of forward and
reverse primers and probe
• Multiplexing
5′-Nuclease Assay
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The world leader in serving science
Fundamentals of Data Analysis
Note: For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
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Criteria for generating good quantitative data
Reproducibility
Tight replicates
1. Precision & Accuracy 2. Efficiency 3. Dynamic range
Good data doesn’t happen automatically
… we must NORMALIZE
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Basic Real-Time PCR Terminology
Baseline: background
noise
Threshold: adjustable
line that tells software
where to take the data
Ct: cycle threshold
DRn: magnitude of the
fluorescence signal
generated during the PCR
at each time point
Cycles
DRn Threshold
Baseline Ct
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1 10 100 1000 105 106 107 108 109
0 10 20 30 40
104
With real-time PCR, Ct or Cq values indicate approx. copy #
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Limit of detection – Poisson distribution
10μL
10μL
10μL
How often do we capture at least 1 molecule in each tube?
Answer: ~ 63% 30 uL / 3 molecules
10μL
10μL
10μL
Answer: ~ 95% 30 uL / 9 molecules
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How do we determine dynamic range?
• Standard curve
• Should span 7-8 orders of magnitude for
plasmid DNA and at least a 4-log range
for cDNA or genomic DNA
Can be affected by RT
chemistry saturation,
RT or PCR inhibitors,
gDNA solubility
Poisson
Effect
Initial [cDNA]
Ct
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PCR product theoretically doubles after each cycle in exponential phase
What is efficiency?
Plateau phase <100% efficiency
Linear phase <100% efficiency
Exponential phase 100% efficiency (theoretical)
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• NEVER trust Cts or quantities for samples whose
geometric phases are not parallel with the other samples
and standards for that same assay!
Important message
Bad curve! (not the same
efficiency as the
others)
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How is efficiency measured?
Serial dilutions
Efficiency = 10(-1/slope)-1
Ideally, slope = -3.32
E = 10(-1/-3.32)-1
E = 10(0.301)-1
E = 2-1 = 1 → 100%
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Standard Curve Plot Features
• Slope should be between -
3.58 and -3.10 (corresponding
to E = 100% ±10%)
• Ideally, R2 ≥ 0.99 (R2 suggests
poor pipetting of standards)
• Y-intercept is the theoretical
limit of detection of reaction
• Error provides the standard
error of the slope
Unknown
Quantity
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Relationship for calculating relative starting amounts
1 cycle = 2-fold difference
2 cycles = 4-fold difference
8-fold difference 3 cycles =
10-fold difference 3.32 cycles =
2n = fold change, where n is number of cycles
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Dilution curve with outliers
What’s the efficiency? Better than perfect
Correlation coefficient: Should be > 0.99
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Omit outliers
X
X
X
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Removal of outliers
Correlation and slope now good
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From Raw Data to Ct – System Normalizations
Raw data
(Fluorescence)
Ct
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From Raw Data to Ct – System Normalizations
Raw data
(Fluorescence)
Ct
Multicomponent
(Fluorescence)
The multicomponenting algorithm
incorporates pure dye calibrations
as well as Background calibration
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From Raw Data to Ct – System Normalizations
Raw data
(Fluorescence)
Ct
Multicomponent
(Fluorescence)
Passive Reference Dye
normalization (Rn)
Passive reference dye normalization
accounts for non-PCR related
fluctuations in fluorescence
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Common Sources of Fluorescent Variation
• Heating of the reaction to 95oC each cycle causes phenomena such
as water vapor refluxing and air bubble formation.
• These phenomena are in the light path and create fluctuations in the
emissions.
• The Reporter and ROXTM dye are affected to the same degree, so
that normalization to ROXTM dye mathematically corrects the
fluctuations.
ALL real-time PCR
master mixes from ABI
contain ROX™ passive
reference dye.
Refluxing
Optical warping
FAM ROX
Air bubbles
Condensation
ROX™
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Replicate 2
FAM™ dye
Replicate 1
FAM™ dye
Passive Reference
• Small fluorescent fluctuations can occur from well-to-well
• Passive reference dye (ROX™) normalizes for non-PCR related
fluorescence variations
Passive Ref
Passive Ref
Flu
ore
sce
nce
Rn
Rn
Normalized reporter (Rn) = Reporter / Passive Reference
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Troubleshooting Errors using ROX Dye
ROX dye makes it easier to
distinguish between PCR-
related and non-PCR-related
events, such as evaporation
in a well.
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Atypical Optical Fluctuations
• Atypical optical fluctuations are those that occur only occasionally.
• The anomaly in this example could have been caused by a bubble
bursting or shift in the adhesive film.
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Example of Master Mix with High ROX
Normal ROX signals. High ROX signals.
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From Raw Data to Ct – System Normalizations
Raw data
(Fluorescence)
Ct
Multicomponent
(Fluorescence)
Passive Reference Dye
normalization (Rn)
Passive reference dye normalization
accounts for non-PCR related
fluctuations in fluorescence
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From Raw Data to Ct – System Normalizations
Raw data
(Fluorescence)
Ct
Multicomponent
(Fluorescence)
Passive Reference Dye
normalization (Rn)
Baseline normalization (DRn)
automatic or manual
Baseline normalization
accounts for the different
background of each well
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Importance of Baseline
Before baseline subtraction
Rn
After baseline subtraction
DRn
Baseline subtracted normalized reporter (DRn) = Rn - Bn
• Once the baseline range is established, each sample’s
starting point is set to “0” on the Y-axis (fluorescence).
• The effect is that all samples start from the same point,
thus improving accuracy and precision.
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Setting Baseline
• Evaluate the baseline, which should be flat. If tilted, the baseline
needs adjustment.
• The baseline may be set automatically or manually. Manual
baseline defaults to 3-15, but is adjustable.
Good baseline setting Poor baseline setting
baseline
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What if baseline is set too low?
Sigmoidal shape
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What if baseline is set too high?
“Double waterfall
effect”
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The world leader in serving science
Gene Expression
Note: For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
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Example experiment
• We decide to test the difference in expression levels of the STMN1 gene
in cells treated with a certain drug over time → STMN1 is our target
• We are using b-actin as our endogenous control
• Treated samples will be compared to our cells at 0 h (reference sample)
t=0 t=12 t=24 t=48
time
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• Spectrophotometer
• Measure absorbance at 260 nm vs. standard curve
• Pro: Simple, economical.
• Con: Not specific, DNA/RNA/Protein all absorb in this range
• Fluorometer
• Measures fluorescence when a dye binds to specific molecules in a sample
• Pro: Dyes are specific to each molecule type, very sensitive.
• Con: More expensive, no data on other possible contaminant molecules in background.
Comparison of quantitation methods
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Fluorometer Spectrophotometer Comparison to Previous
Standard Curve
Quantification
method
Fluorescence-based dyes
that bind specifically to
DNA, RNA, or protein
UV absorbance
measurements (measures
absorbance at 260 nm and
260 nm/280 nm ratio)
Comparison to previously
generated standard curve data
Selectivity for
DNA or RNA
Accurately measure both
DNA and RNA in the same
sample
Results for samples
containing both DNA and
RNA are nondiscriminatory—
you cannot distinguish one
from the other
Selectivity for DNA
Accuracy and
precision at
low
concentrations
Accurately quantifies DNA
in samples with
concentrations as low as
10 pg/μL
Not recommended for
concentrations under
2 ng/μL; variation for sample
concentrations <10 ng/μL is
often high
Dependent on dynamic range of
previous standard curve
Sensitivity and
range
The effective range covers
a sample concentration
range of 10 pg/μL to
1 μg/μL DNA
Covers a sample
concentration range of 2
ng/μL to 15 μg/μL; uses 0.5–
2 μL of sample
Dependent on dynamic range of
previous standard curve
Can indicate
contamination No
Gives peaks revealing the
presence of contaminants No
Comparison of quantitation methods
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• Sample and preparation method
• Chemistry
• Reverse transcription (RT): One-step or two-step
• Real-Time PCR: TaqMan Assay or SYBR Green I
Dye
• Real-Time PCR: Master Mix
Choices in Experimental Design
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Review of Reverse Transcription
https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/pcr/elevate-pcr-research/reverse-transcription-essentials.html
DTT
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One-step vs. two-step RT-PCR
Isolate RNA
Add RNA directly to qPCR sample plate
Add master mix containing both reverse transcriptase
and polymerase
Reaction undergoes RT, immediately followed by PCR
Isolate RNA
Convert RNA into cDNA via a reverse
transcription reaction
Dilute cDNAs 1:2–1:10
Add to sample plate and amplify cDNA by
qPCR
Advantage: less pipetting, decreased risk of
contamination
Disadvantage: repeated freezing and thawing of
samples can degrade RNA (need small aliquots)
Advantage: cDNA far more stable than RNA –
can go through more freeze-thaw cycles
Disadvantage: extra pipetting steps, bigger
risk of contamination
One-step RT-PCR Two-step RT-PCR
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How do they differ?
• No standard curves for each
experiment
• Easier, cheaper, higher
throughput
• Run standard curves with each
gene in each experiment
• More work, costlier, lower
throughput
Comparative Ct
(ΔΔCt) Method
Relative Standard
Curve Method
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One big requirement of ∆∆Ct
Your two genes (target and normalizer)
must have approximately the same
amplification efficiencies!
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∆∆Ct is generally the method of choice
• No standard curves for each
experiment
• Easier, cheaper, higher
throughput
• Run standard curves with each
gene in each experiment
• More work, costlier, lower
throughput
Comparative Ct
(ΔΔCt) Method
Relative Standard
Curve Method
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Target and normalizer have equal efficiencies in geometric phase
Normalizer Target
PARALLEL
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Run dilution curves and compare slopes
[cDNA]
Ct
Target
Normalizer
Slope = -3.38
Slope = -3.32
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Dilution curves and slope comparison
[Template]
Ct
Target
Normalizer
Slope = -3.38
Slope = -3.32
Slope values of control
and target genes should
be within ~0.1
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Steps for ∆∆Ct
Perform real-time run using control gene and target gene
on unknown samples (use at least triplicates per sample
for each gene).
No-template controls (NTCs) – contamination check
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Comparative Ct Method
Cycles Ct=15 Ct=24
t=12 h
Cycles Ct=16 Ct=20
t=24 h
Cycles Ct=17 Ct=29
t=48 h
DR n
Cycles Ct=16 Ct=27
t=0
Endogenous control Target gene
DR n
DR n
DR n
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Fold change calculation-Comparative Ct Method
step 2: Normalization to calibrator sample
DCt Sample – DCt Calibrator (Time Point 0) = DDCt
step 1: Normalization to endogenous control
Ct Target gene – Ct Endogenous control = DCt
step 3: use the formula
2-DDCt Fold Change =
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Back to our experiment… Example of DDCt calculation
sample IL-4
(target
gene)
18S
(endo ctrl)
0 Hr 27 16
12 Hrs 24 15
24 Hrs 20 16
48 Hrs 29 17
Ct Target – Ct Endo
DCt
11
9
4
12
DDCt
0
-2
-7
1
DCt Sample – DCt ctrl
RQ
1
4
128
0.5
1/0.5=2
2-DDCt
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0
25
50
75
100
125
Fo
ld E
xp
ressio
n
1
t = 0
t = 12 h
t = 24 h
t = 48 h
Reference
t=0
Relative Quantification Result
4
128
0.5
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Relative Quantification Result
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Fo
ld E
xp
ressio
n
0 12 24 48
Time (hours)
Note that this is logarithmic scale
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Recall: used when efficiency validation of target and control genes failed
Target (IL-4)
-3.34
-4.21 Ct
Qty (Log)
Endogenous control (18S)
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Plate set-up
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What sample should you dilute to make the curves?
• Any concentrated cDNA sample that you have in
abundance and is known to contain your target(s)
and normalizer
• Standard sample does not have to be of a known
concentration; only a known dilution factor
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Each gene has a dilution curve
18s IL-4
10,000
1000
100
10
1
10,000
1000
100
10
1
6420.6 4171.4
Ct
Relative Quantity
Ct
Relative Quantity
Untreated Ct
Treated Ct
74.6
202.3
Treated Ct
Untreated Ct
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Example of Relative Standard Curve Math
sample IL-4 quant.
(target gene)
18S quant.
(endo ctrl)
0 h (calibrator)
308.75 1235
12 h 1295 1295
24 h 41824 1307
48 h 137.88 1263
Target normalized
to endo ctrl
0.25
1
32
0.125
Sample normalized
to calibrator (RQ)
1
4
128
0.5
(Qtarget ÷QEC) (QSample ÷QCalibrator.)
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0
25
50
75
100
125
Fo
ld E
xp
ressio
n
1
t = 0
t = 12 h
t = 24 h
t = 48 h
Reference
t=0
Relative Quantification Result
4
128
0.5
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Instrument Features
• Touchscreen
• 10 GB of Onboard Memory (2,000-5,000 run files)
• Wi-Fi connectivity, enabling remote monitoring
• Low maintenance
• Factory calibrated for Applied Biosystems™ reagents
• Browser Based Software (Cloud), enabling PC/MAC compatibility
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Touchscreen (stand-
alone capabilities,
PIN-protected user
accounts, and dye
calibration/RNaseP
functionality)
USB port for
template upload
and data download
Motorized
block drawer
(controlled by
touchscreen)
USB ports
WiFi adapter
port (optional use)
Ethernet port :
RJ45
(10/100Mbps)
RS232 port (Service
only)
Power port: 100/240
VAC
Fuse cover
Instrument Front & Rear Features
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Technical Specifications
QuantStudio™ 3 Real Time PCR System
QuantStudio™ 5 Real Time PCR System
Block
configurations
96-well 0.1 ml block :10-30 ml
96-well 0.2 ml block : 10-100 ml
96-well 0.1 ml block :10-30 ml
96-well 0.2 ml block : 10-100 ml
384-well: 5-20 ml
Run time <30 minutes 96-well block: <30 minutes
384-well block: <35 minutes
Excitation source Bright white LED Bright white LED
Optical Detection 4 coupled filters 96-well block: 6 decoupled filters
384-well block: 5 coupled filters
Temperature Zone
Function
3 VeriFlex zones 96-well block: 6 VeriFlex zones
384-well block: N/A
Temperature
Accuracy and
Uniformity
+ 0.25°C + 0.25°C
Max block ramp
rate
96-well 0.1 ml block: 9 0C/sec
96-well 0.2 ml block: 6.50C/sec
96-well 0.1 ml block: 9 0C/sec
96-well 0.2 ml block: 6.50C/sec
384-well block: 6.0 0C/sec
21 CFR p11
enablement
No Yes, with no additional fees
Detection
Sensitivity
10 log dynamic range sensitivity
1 copy
1.5 fold differences in target quantities
10 log dynamic range sensitivity
1 copy
1.5 fold differences in target
quantities
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OptiFlex™ System with Bright White LED
CMOS
White LED
Excitation
filter wheel
mirror
lens
Emission
filter wheel
96 well plate
excitation emission
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10-Log Dynamic Range Sensitivity
Data courtesy of System Verification and Validation
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QuantStudio™ 3 & 5 Enable 1.5-Fold Discrimination
Quantity CT Std Dev
1000 27.9 0.063
1500 27.45 0.059
3000 26.40 0.060
4500 25.80 0.047
6667 25.20 0.049
10000 24.50 0.041
Amplification plots for 1.5-fold
dilutions of KAZ plasmid amplified
with PE2 TaqMan™ assay under
standard Fast run conditions using
the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master
Mix.
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VeriFlexTM Blocks
• Independent temperature control in each zone (more precise than gradient)
• Can program at will, including multiple zones with same temp (Temp. difference between adjacent zones <5oC)
• Great for optimization and also running multiple assays at the same time
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Multiplex Capabilities
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Instrument Configurations: Stand-alone, Desktop, or Online
Connected Laptop
with QuantStudio
Design and
Analysis desktop
software
LAN
WiFi
Connect to the Design
and Analysis Cloud
software using any
device with a
compatible web browser USB
Note: You can start an
experiment run only from
the instrument
touchscreen or from the
Desktop Software
TCP Port 80/433
Must be active!
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Ability to Connect Multiple Instruments
AB Analysis
Modules:
SC, GT, RQ,
HRM, PA
Run
Setup/Data
Result
• Single software to connect and control all QuantStudio 3
and 5 instruments in the lab
• Seamless integration with instruments that helps minimize
manual data transfer
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How the Cloud is utilized with QuantStudio™ 3 & 5
• Monitor Run
• View Results
• Load run/plate
• Perform Run
• Monitor Run
• View Results
• Calibration
• Create Studies
• Analyze Data with Apps
• Setup run/plate
• Monitor Run
• View Results
• Access/share data
• Analysis Apps
• Browser Based
• Storage and Backup
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Instrument Connect Mobile App
Monitor your runs on multiple devices
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Interactive Touch Screen
Open/Close
door Help
Settings:
- Calibrations
- Runs
- Logs
- Ship Prep
Sign In or
Create a
Local User
Account
Connection
type
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Instrument Local User Accounts
• Create individual accounts for multiple users
• PIN-protected accounts help keep protocols and data safe and stop “accidental”
run interruptions
• Instrument users can be designated as “Admin” or “Standard” users
• First user defaults to “Admin” status but can create other Admins, as needed
Create local pin-
protected account
on instrument
Connect to online
Thermo Fisher
Cloud account
Optional but highly recommended for full capabilities
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Administrator Only Tasks
• Enable SAE module (QS 5 only)
• Require Sign-In
• Enable Remote Instrument Monitoring
• Update Instrument Software
• Manage/View all Instrument Profiles
• Select Cloud Region
• Manage Sign-Out Timer and Instrument Name
After logging in, Standard Accounts start and save run files in their own folders.
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Create Local User Account and Link to Cloud
Set PIN
(and remember it!) Enter User Name
Why link to the Cloud?
The Cloud enables you to download run files from the
cloud and automatically upload them when complete
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Admin and Standard User Accounts
Note: the first user with “Admin” status to
connect to the Cloud will be the Cloud
Admin for that linked instrument
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Account Setup on Touchscreen
One Step
Instrument Profile Setup
• Enter Name &PIN
• Select “Create Profile”
Optional Step to link to
Thermo Fisher Cloud Account
• Enter Thermo Fisher Cloud
account credentials & select
“Link Account”
• Or select “Skip” to complete
setup without linking to cloud
account
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Use touchscreen to edit reagent info, destination, and plate setup
2D reagent
barcodes
supported for
Applied
Biosystems
reagents!
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Edit run protocol
Full method editing capabilities on the touch
screen, including VeriFlex, Pause, and Melt
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Monitor Progress During the Run
Live Amplification
Curves Thermal Protocol
Status
Time
Remaining
3
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Review amp plots in real time
Review well details and
select amplification plots to
view by Target, Sample,
Task, or Master Mix
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New Feature: Run Pause
Program a Pause into the run:
define which step and at what
temperature to pause
Or pause a run on the
fly
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Enhanced Instrument Touchscreen
• Ability to lock instrument touchscreen during run to prevent run
interruptions
• Only current user and admin can unlock during the run.
• Anyone can unlock and access instrument after run is completed.
Ability to transfer run data to/from a ‘Network Location”
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Enhanced Instrument Touchscreen (2)
• Power Failure Mode
• On-going run resumed automatically within 30’
• On screen notifications, Run log & instrument log
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Step 1: Tap Edit Step 2: Tap Cycle Number Box and Enter New Cycle Number
Skip Cycles During a qPCR run
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Background, Dye calibrations and Log files
Instrument
Calibrations
Background
• Perform the Self Verification Test and export the log files if you experience
Instrument issues.
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On eGUI, Firmware Upgrade for a cloud connected instrument:
Settings>Maintenance and Service>Software Update
Firmware upgrade from the cloud
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• Go to QS D& A Software Download Webpage
• Click on “Download” next to the “Firmware” option and download file to USB drive
• Attach USB drive to instrument and, on eGUI, Settings>Maintenance and
Service>Software Update
Firmware upgrade via USB
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Recommended Maintenance and Calibration
Frequency User-performed maintenance task
Weekly
Check disk space and power off the instrument
for at least 30 seconds
Clean the instrument surface with a lint-free cloth
Monthly
Perform a background calibration (to check for
thermal block contamination)
Run disk cleanup and defragmentation
Perform instrument self-test
Every 2 years Perform ROI, uniformity, dye, and normalization
calibrations
As needed Perform an RNase P instrument verification run
Replace the instrument lamp