Introduction to SafetyIntroduction to SafetyThen and NowThen and Now

The Safety Movement in the United States

Reason for this courseReason for this courseOccupational Safety and Health in the workplace has undergone drastic changes in the past twenty years. The reasons for this are numerous. Some of the more important reasons include: technological changes that created new hazards, creation of new safety and health legislation, increased pressure from certain regulatory agencies, executives realizing that safe and healthy environments encourage increased productivity, an increase in the cost of health care and worker’s compensation, pressure from environmental groups, pressure from the public, pressure from labor organizations, professionalization of the health and safety occupations, cost of product safety litigation and, increased workplace violence. When put together, all of these factors make the job of the skilled trades professional more challenging and more important than ever before and a need for an updated Safety training program that includes the most recent information available.

Accidents were Accidents were Common Place in the Common Place in the

Early 1900’sEarly 1900’s1907:3200 people killed1907:3200 people killedToday:4 per 100K (NSC)Today:4 per 100K (NSC)

Reasons for Change:Reasons for Change:Cost, Pressure for Legislation and, Cost, Pressure for Legislation and, Professionalization of Safety as an Professionalization of Safety as an

OccupationOccupation

Safety is not a new conceptSafety is not a new concept

Evidence of Safety in Evidence of Safety in ancient civilization.ancient civilization.

Hammurabi: 2000 B.C.Hammurabi: 2000 B.C.His code contained clauses for dealing with His code contained clauses for dealing with

injuries, doctor’s fees and, monetary awards injuries, doctor’s fees and, monetary awards from those who injure others.from those who injure others.

Rameses II 1500 B.C.Rameses II 1500 B.C.Created an ancient “EMS” to care for slaves and Created an ancient “EMS” to care for slaves and

developed requirements of hygiene.developed requirements of hygiene.

Roman Empire: 1567Roman Empire: 1567Provided medical care for workersProvided medical care for workers..

Historical Knowledge of Historical Knowledge of DiseasesDiseases

1567-Philippus Aureolus: 1567-Philippus Aureolus: Treatise on the Treatise on the pulmonary diseases of miners. This work also pulmonary diseases of miners. This work also identified health risks of handling Mercury.identified health risks of handling Mercury.

1700-Bernardino Ramizzini: 1700-Bernardino Ramizzini: Treatise on Treatise on “workers diseases: Correlation between “workers diseases: Correlation between occupations and injuries.occupations and injuries.

1964-Dr. Irving J. Selikoff: Reported on the 1964-Dr. Irving J. Selikoff: Reported on the effects of asbestos at a conference.effects of asbestos at a conference.

1900- Fredrick Taylor: A factors influencing 1900- Fredrick Taylor: A factors influencing efficiency in manufacturing.efficiency in manufacturing.

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Steam PowerSteam Power MachinesMachines New Ways of Raw Material New Ways of Raw Material

ConversionConversion A Division of LaborA Division of LaborThese factors created a need to focus on the safety and These factors created a need to focus on the safety and health of workers. The introduction of steam power created health of workers. The introduction of steam power created the potential for life threatening injuries as did all machines. the potential for life threatening injuries as did all machines. The new methods introduced for converting raw materials The new methods introduced for converting raw materials also created risks and new ways to get hurt or sick. also created risks and new ways to get hurt or sick. Specialization of labor increased boredom and, therefore, the Specialization of labor increased boredom and, therefore, the possibility of inattentiveness which promotes a more possibility of inattentiveness which promotes a more dangerous work environment.dangerous work environment.

Significant Significant Achievements in the Achievements in the

Safety MovementSafety Movement(A time line of events)(A time line of events)

Health and Morals of Apprentices Act: Health and Morals of Apprentices Act: 1802-England1802-England

Factory Inspection: 1867-MassachusettsFactory Inspection: 1867-MassachusettsFirst Barrier: 1868First Barrier: 1868

Pennsylvania: 1869 Mine Safety LawPennsylvania: 1869 Mine Safety LawBureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): 1869Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): 1869Massachusetts: 1877 Requirement of Massachusetts: 1877 Requirement of

Guards on Hazardous EquipmentGuards on Hazardous Equipment

Significant Achievements Significant Achievements in the Safety Movementin the Safety Movement

(A time line of events)(A time line of events)

Employer’s Liability Law: 1877Employer’s Liability Law: 1877 First Safety Program: 1892 IllinoisFirst Safety Program: 1892 Illinois Fredrick Taylor Study: 1900 Safety Fredrick Taylor Study: 1900 Safety

and Management connection with and Management connection with Lost TimeLost Time

Bureau of Mines: 1907 Investigate Bureau of Mines: 1907 Investigate Accidents-Examine Health HazardsAccidents-Examine Health Hazards

Significant Achievements Significant Achievements in the Safety Movementin the Safety Movement

(A time line of events)(A time line of events) Workers Compensation Idea: 1908 Workers Compensation Idea: 1908

(Federal Employees)(Federal Employees)

First Effective Worker’s Compensation, First Effective Worker’s Compensation, Wisconsin: 1911Wisconsin: 1911

First Cooperative Safety Congress First Cooperative Safety Congress meets in Milwaukee: 1912meets in Milwaukee: 1912

National Council of Industrial Safety National Council of Industrial Safety formed: 1913formed: 1913

National Safety Council is formed: 1915National Safety Council is formed: 1915

Significant Significant Achievements in the Achievements in the

Safety MovementSafety Movement(A time line of events)(A time line of events)Concept of Negligent Manufacture: 1916Concept of Negligent Manufacture: 1916U.S. Secretary of Labor convenes the 1U.S. Secretary of Labor convenes the 1stst

National Silicosis Conference: 1936National Silicosis Conference: 1936Occupational Safety and Health Act Passed: Occupational Safety and Health Act Passed:

19701970Federal Mine Safety Act Passed: 1977Federal Mine Safety Act Passed: 1977

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Passed: 1986Act Passed: 1986

Amended Clean Air Act of 1970 Passed: 1990Amended Clean Air Act of 1970 Passed: 1990Total Safety Management Concept: 1996Total Safety Management Concept: 1996

ISO 14000 sought by U.S. firms for ISO 14000 sought by U.S. firms for environmental safety management: 2000environmental safety management: 2000Workplace Terrorism becomes a growing Workplace Terrorism becomes a growing

concern of S&H professionals: 2003concern of S&H professionals: 2003

Tragedies that Caused Tragedies that Caused ChangeChange

Hawk’s Nest Incident (1930s,)Hawk’s Nest Incident (1930s,)““Now why don’t he write home?”Now why don’t he write home?”

Asbestos/Asbestosis (1964)Asbestos/Asbestosis (1964)Dr. Irving J. Selikoff reports on the Dr. Irving J. Selikoff reports on the

effects of asbestos on workers exposed effects of asbestos on workers exposed to it.to it.

Bhopal/Union Carbide (1984)Bhopal/Union Carbide (1984)

The Role of Organized The Role of Organized LaborLabor

Safer Working ConditionsSafer Working ConditionsWorker CompensationWorker Compensation

Overturn Anti-labor Laws/Fellow Overturn Anti-labor Laws/Fellow Servant RuleServant Rule

Specific Health ProblemsSpecific Health Problems

Lung Diseases and Law EnactmentLung Diseases and Law Enactment Gauley Bridge DisasterGauley Bridge Disaster Mercury PoisoningMercury Poisoning

Development of Accident Development of Accident Prevention ProgramsPrevention Programs

The 3 E’s of SafetyThe 3 E’s of Safety

EducationEducation

EnforcementEnforcement

EngineeringEngineering

Development of Safety Development of Safety OrganizationsOrganizations

National Safety Council National Safety Council (NSC):1915(NSC):1915

National Institute for Occupational National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Safety and Health (NIOSH) and

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

Safety and Health Safety and Health TodayToday

OSHA and the Integrated Approach:OSHA and the Integrated Approach:1.1. Employers must provide appropriate Employers must provide appropriate

medical treatment for injuries and medical treatment for injuries and illness.illness.

2.2. Employees that have been exposed Employees that have been exposed to toxic substances must be to toxic substances must be examined regularly.examined regularly.

3.3. Employers must have a qualified Employers must have a qualified first-aid person present during all first-aid person present during all working hours.working hours.

Lesson ReviewLesson Review1. List some of the early causes that have had 1. List some of the early causes that have had

the greatest impact on Workplace Safety to the greatest impact on Workplace Safety to date.date.

2. What does the “Code of Hammurabi” have to 2. What does the “Code of Hammurabi” have to do with Safety History?do with Safety History?

3. What circumstances where responsible for 3. What circumstances where responsible for the first safety program?the first safety program?

4. How is Fredrick Taylor connected to the 4. How is Fredrick Taylor connected to the safety movement?safety movement?

5. Explain the development of the National 5. Explain the development of the National Safety Council.Safety Council.

6. What impact did labor shortages in WWII 6. What impact did labor shortages in WWII have on the safety movement?have on the safety movement?

7. Explain how workplace tragedies have 7. Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement? List affected the safety movement? List examples.examples.

8. Explain the primary reasons behind passage 8. Explain the primary reasons behind passage of the OSHA act.of the OSHA act.

9. What role did organized labor have on the 9. What role did organized labor have on the safety movement?safety movement?

10. Explain the three E’s of safety.10. Explain the three E’s of safety.