introduction to space life support€¦ · life support design rules of thumb • a crew member...

Introduction to Space Life Support ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Introduction to Space Life Support• Reminder of the term project• Overview of life support systems• Milestones in life support systems design• Major requirements• Case Study: International Space Station

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© 2019 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support


Term Design Project Goals• Provide opportunity to use principles of class to

perform open-ended realistic design • Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams,

making technical presentations• Address a problem of real interest to NASA

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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support


Notional Content of Projects• Life support systems

– Air systems– Water systems– Waste handling– Food

• Habitability aspects– Internal layout– Windows, hatches, docking ports, and airlocks– Crew accommodations– Pressure vessel size, shape, and orientation

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Required Habitability Elements• Pressurization and pressure control• Power and lighting• Life support• Food storage and preparation• Trash management and disposal• Human waste management• Air revitalization and resupply• Water reclamation and resupply• Thermal control• Humidity and particulate control• EVA and pressurized rover support• Fire detection and protection• Logistics management and stowage

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Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores

Humans

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Atmosphere Management

Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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O2 Reclamation





Hygiene Facilities

WaterManagement

FoodPreparation

Waste Management

Humans

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Plants &Animals

O2 Reclamation



Essentials of Life Support• Air

– Constituent control• CO2 scrubbing• Humidity control• Particulate scrubbing• O2, N2 makeup

– Temperature control• Water• Food• Waste Management

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Air Revitalization ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support


Equivalent Systems Mass• Compress multiple decision criteria (mass, power,

volume, thermal control) into one (mass)• ESM relates consumables to marginal mass

required to supply them• ISS ESM values:

– Volume: 67 kg/m3

– Power: 77 kg/kW– Thermal: 164 kg/kW

• Does not include logistics (consumables) or crew time (but these are likely ESM categories, too)

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Air Revitalization ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support


ESM Conversion Factors by Mission

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Mission/Segment

Volumekg/m3

Powerkg/kW

Thermalkg/kW

Crew Timekg/crew-hr

ISS 67 476(cont) 77(day) 164 1.6

Mars transit 16 83 21 1.1

Mars surface 2.1 175 67 1.1

Minimal Lunar 51 300 (cont)

25 (day) 50 2



Human Metabolic Inputs and Outputs

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from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003



Oxygen Requirements

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from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002



Water Requirements• Potable water - 2 L/crew-day (2 kg/crew-day)• Hygiene water

– Nominal - 2.84-5.16 L/crew-day– Contingency - 2.84 L/crew-day

• from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002

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Metabolic Energy Requirements• Men (W=mass in kg)

– 18-30: 26W+1154 kcal/day– 30-60: 19.7W+1494 kcal/day

• Women (W=mass in kg)– 18-30: 23.5W+794 kcal/day– 30-60: 13.9W+1326 kcal/day

• Add 500 kcal/day for– EVA days– Moderate exercise days– End-of-mission countermeasure days

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Life Support Design Rules of Thumb• A crew member requires 5 kg of consumables/day

– ~1/2 water, 1/3 food, 1/6 oxygen– (including water in food) 77% H2O, 17% O2, 12% food

solids– Dehydration reduces food mass by 2/3

• Food solids produce about 5 calories/gm• Respiration produces about 3.4 calories/gm O2

• Males need about 1/3 more calories than females– Or, males need 1/7 more than average, females 1/7 less– Males need one extra day/week of food, females one less

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ISS Water Usage

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from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003



ISS Life Support Block Diagram

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ISS Configuration and Life Support Layout

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from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998



ISS Life Support Systems• ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression• WM - Waste Management• WRM - Water Recovery and Management• VS - Vacuum Services• EVA Support• Other

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USOS ECLSS Systems

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ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• Control total atmospheric pressure (monitor total

pressure and add nitrogen)• Control oxygen partial pressure (monitor ppO2

and add oxygen)• Relieve overpressure• Equalize pressures• Respond to rapid decompression (detect and

recover)• Respond to hazardous atmosphere (detect,

remove, recover)

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ACS Schematic - Airlock Module

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ACS Pressure Control Assembly

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Manual Pressure Equalization Valve

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USOS Personal Breathing Apparatus (PBA)

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Volatile Organics Analyzer (VOA)

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THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• Control atmospheric temperature (monitor and

remove heat)• Control atmospheric moisture (monitor, remove,

dispose of collected moisture)• Circulate atmosphere intramodule• Circulate atmosphere intermodule

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THC - Temperature and Humidity Control

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CCAA* THC Fan Assembly

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*Common Cabin Air Assembly



THC CHX* Schematic

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*Condensing Heat Exchanger




THC CHX “Slurper Bar” Schematic

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THC Water Separator

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IntraModule Ventilation (IMV) Hardware

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AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• Control CO2 (monitor, remove, dispose of)• Control gaseous contaminants (monitor, remove,

dispose of)• Control airborne particulate contaminants (remove

and dispose of)• Control airborne microbial growth (remove and

dispose of)

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Air Revitalization Schematic

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4BMS CDRA* Schematic

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*4-Bed Molecular Sieve Carbon Dioxide Removal Apparatus



OGA-Oxygen Generator Assembly Schematic

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Trace Contaminant Control Subassembly

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TCCS Charcoal Bed Assembly

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TCCS LiOH Bed Assembly

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Other ISS Life Support Systems• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression

– Respond to a fire (detect, isolate, extinguish, recover)

• WM - Waste Management– Accommodate crew hygiene and wastes

• WRM - Water Reclamation and Management– Provide water for crew use (monitor quality, supply

potable and hygiene water, process wastewater)– Supply water for payloads

• VS - Vacuum Services (for payloads)

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Russian Fire Safety Criteria

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U.S. Fire Safety Criteria

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Fire Detection and Suppression

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WRM Architecture

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Urine Processing Schematic

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Vacuum Compression and Distillation Subassy

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EVA Support Services• Support denitrogenation (in suit, “campout”)• Support suit servicing and checkout (provide

water, oxygen, in-suit purge)• Support station egress (recover airlock atmosphere

and depress)• Support station ingress (repressurize airlock and

accept suit wastewater)

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USOS ECLSS Functional Integration

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Other (Different) ECLSS Components• Russian Segment• Columbus Attached Pressurized Module (ESA)• Japanese Experiment Module (JAXA)• Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module (ASI)

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introduction to space life support€¦ · life support design rules of thumb • a crew member...

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