introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use

Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for

management of ecosystem use

Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer

Structure of the TalkStructure of the Talk Part IPart I

1.1. The global context;The global context;

2.2. What is EA – from a sectoral example to an What is EA – from a sectoral example to an integrated multi-sectoral approach; integrated multi-sectoral approach;

3.3. Intro to ecosystem servicesIntro to ecosystem services

4.4. EA Management and Institutions – Responding at EA Management and Institutions – Responding at Different Scales; Different Scales;

5.5. Understanding the benefits and objectives: a pre-Understanding the benefits and objectives: a pre-requisite for proactive management – the ASCLME requisite for proactive management – the ASCLME as an example;as an example;

6.6. Conclusions.Conclusions.

Structure of the TalkStructure of the Talk Part IIPart II

An example of a simple cost-benefit An example of a simple cost-benefit analysis for management decisions analysis for management decisions using EAFusing EAF

1) The global context1) The global context

CBD Definition of an CBD Definition of an Ecosystem ApproachEcosystem Approach

The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. …It is … sustainable use in an equitable way. …It is … focused on levels of biological organization which focused on levels of biological organization which encompass the essential processes, functions and encompass the essential processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component their cultural diversity, are an integral component of ecosystems.of ecosystems.

http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/

FAO Definition of FAO Definition of EAFEAF

An Ecosystem Approach to An Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries strives to Fisheries strives to balance balance diverse societal objectivesdiverse societal objectives, by , by taking account of the knowledge taking account of the knowledge and uncertainties about and uncertainties about biotic, biotic, abiotic and human componentsabiotic and human components of ecosystems and their of ecosystems and their interactionsinteractions and applying and applying an an integrated approachintegrated approach to fisheries to fisheries within within ecologically meaningful ecologically meaningful boundariesboundaries. . (FAO, 2003) (FAO, 2003)

FAO Code of ConductFAO Code of Conduct

States and users of living aquatic States and users of living aquatic resources resources should conserve aquatic should conserve aquatic ecosystemsecosystems. The right to fish carries . The right to fish carries with it the obligation to do so in a with it the obligation to do so in a responsible manner so as to responsible manner so as to ensure ensure effective conservation and effective conservation and management of the living aquatic management of the living aquatic resourcesresources..

2) What is EA – from a sectoral 2) What is EA – from a sectoral example to an integrated multi-example to an integrated multi-

sectoral approachsectoral approach

Photo: ASCLME website

A Sectoral Example - A Sectoral Example - the Rationale for EAFthe Rationale for EAF

The purpose of an ecosystem approach to fisheries is to plan, develop and manage fisheries in a manner that addresses the multiplicity of societal needs and desires, without jeopardising the options for future generations to benefit from marine ecosystems.Including the full range of goods and services…

The underlying rationale of single-The underlying rationale of single-species approaches: the Schaefer species approaches: the Schaefer

ModelModel

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Stock size

Su

rplu

s p

rod

uct

ion

BMSY

B0

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The ecological reality:The ecological reality:

3. 3. The Ecosystem Approach to The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Ecosystem valuationFisheries: Ecosystem valuation

JOHN JATOEJOHN JATOE

Ecosystem Ecosystem Valuation: an economist’s Valuation: an economist’s perspectiveperspective

The economic theory of valuationThe economic theory of valuation calls for thecalls for the

computation of computation of total economic values total economic values made up ofmade up of

both use and non-use (market & non-market; both use and non-use (market & non-market; extractive & non-extractive) values:extractive & non-extractive) values: Direct use value;Direct use value; Indirect use value;Indirect use value; Option value;Option value; Existence value;Existence value; Bequest value;Bequest value;

Starting point for valuation is people’s preferencesStarting point for valuation is people’s preferences

1313

Ecosystem servicesEcosystem services Provisioning: Provisioning: the products obtained from the products obtained from

ecosystems, including food and fibre, fuel, ecosystems, including food and fibre, fuel, genetic resources, bio-chemicals, natural genetic resources, bio-chemicals, natural medicines, pharmaceuticals, ornamental medicines, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and fresh water;resources, and fresh water;

Regulating: Regulating: the regulation of ecosystem the regulation of ecosystem processes including those relating to air quality, processes including those relating to air quality, water, climate, human diseases, erosion, water, climate, human diseases, erosion, biological controls, and storm protection;biological controls, and storm protection;

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Ecosystem servicesEcosystem services

Cultural: Cultural: the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through, for example: spiritual enrichment, ecosystems through, for example: spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, including cultural diversity, spiritual and experiences, including cultural diversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values, religious values, knowledge systems, educational values, inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, cultural heritage values, and recreation and ecotourism;cultural heritage values, and recreation and ecotourism;

Supporting: Supporting: the benefits “that are necessary for the the benefits “that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. They differ from production of all other ecosystem services. They differ from provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long time.”long time.”

Total Value of a Fishery EcosystemTotal Value of a Fishery Ecosystem

1616

17

Introducing the importance of ecosystem services to human wellbeing

valuefor

constituents of well-beingSecurity

• Personal safety• Secure resource access• Security from disasters

Basic material for good life

• Adequate livelihoods• Sufficient nutritious food• Shelter• Access to goods

Health

• Strength• Feeling well• Access to clean air & water

Good social relations

• Social cohesion• Mutual respect• Ability to help others

Freedom of choice and action

Opportunity to be able to achieve

what an individual values being and

doing

ecosystem services

Supporting

• Nutrient cycling• Soil formation• Primary production• etc. …

Provisioning

• Food• Fresh water• Wood and fibre• Fuel• etc. …

Regulating

• Climate regulation• Flood regulation• Disease prevention• Water purification• etc. …

Cultural

• Aesthetic• Spiritual• Educational• Recreational• etc. …

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005

water purificationflow regulationwater storage

water for energy

water supplywater conveyancecultural services

fisheries provision

water for food

water supplywater storage

19

Healthy vs. Degraded approach

Some examples of “EAF Some examples of “EAF Issues” example 1: Benguela Issues” example 1: Benguela

Current countriesCurrent countries Bycatch of species that are important target Bycatch of species that are important target

species for other fisheries.species for other fisheries. Mortality to threatened sharks, seabirds and other Mortality to threatened sharks, seabirds and other

species of conservation concernspecies of conservation concern Limited knowledge of true biodoiversity and Limited knowledge of true biodoiversity and

impacts of fishery on biodiversityimpacts of fishery on biodiversity Conflicts between industrial and small-scale Conflicts between industrial and small-scale

fisheriesfisheries Impacts of trawls on the benthic fauna and floraImpacts of trawls on the benthic fauna and flora Increasing impacts on fisheries of offshore mining Increasing impacts on fisheries of offshore mining

and oil exploration and extractionand oil exploration and extraction Environmental impacts (e.g. Benguela Niño and Environmental impacts (e.g. Benguela Niño and

deoxygenation events)deoxygenation events)

Recognising and Acknowledging the Recognising and Acknowledging the Impacts and InteractionsImpacts and Interactions

Sector or Subsector

Ecological wellbeing

Human Wellbeing (Social, economic, cultural)

Ability to achieve

Commercially important species or

habitat

Species of conservation

concern

General Ecosystem

Local/Community

Sector/Subsector

Governance in Same Sector

Governance in Other Sectors

Impact of the environment

Other Sectors

National

Health

Ecosystem approaches to Ecosystem approaches to sectors in the broader EA sectors in the broader EA

frameworkframeworkAuthority for

Management of Marine zoneCoastal zone

development

Managementagencyfor EAF

Conservation & environmental

interests

Large-scalesector

Small-scalesector

Offshore oil, gasand mining

Agencies forland-based impacts

Authority for Management of

Marine zoneCoastal zonedevelopment

Managementagencyfor EAF

Conservation & environmental

interests

Large-scalesector

Small-scalesector

Offshore oil, gasand mining

Agencies forland-based impacts

4. EA Management and 4. EA Management and Institutions – Responding at Institutions – Responding at

Different ScalesDifferent Scales

What is management?What is management?

““The process of dealing with or The process of dealing with or controlling things or people”controlling things or people”

Risk management in business: “the Risk management in business: “the forecasting and evaluation of financial forecasting and evaluation of financial risks together with the identification of risks together with the identification of procedures to avoid or minimize their procedures to avoid or minimize their impact” impact”

(Oxford Dictionary)(Oxford Dictionary)

ManagemenManagement Processest Processesi) Developing i) Developing

a a management management

planplan

4.1.2 Scoping[Fishery & area,

Stakeholders,Broad issues]

4.1.3 Background information & analysis

4.1.5 Formulating rules

Implementation &enforcement

4.1.4 Setting objectives[Broad objectives,

Operational objectives,Indicators & performance

measures]

4.1.6 Monitoring

4.1.6 Long-term review

4.1.6 Short-term review

Con

sult

atio

n w

ith s

take

hold

ers

C

Multi-scale Requirements of EBM Multi-scale Requirements of EBM

Governance StructureGovernance Structure

Fanning et al. 2007. A large marine ecosystem governance framework

5. Challenges to Application of EA:Institutional Needs in the BCLME*

Management structures Stakeholder participation Access rights Management plans Inter-agency cooperation International (outside BCLME)

Information and research Data Research staff Science and decision-making Information dissemination

LegalMonitoring, control and surveillance

Enforcement Observer coverage *From the BCLME/FAO Project on EAF

Implementation 2004-2006

Priority Issues for Priority Issues for Implementation of EAF the Implementation of EAF the

BCLMEBCLME Lack of capacity is a major constraint in the attempt to Lack of capacity is a major constraint in the attempt to implement EAF.implement EAF.

All countries need a resource management structure that:All countries need a resource management structure that: is suitable for EAF;is suitable for EAF; includes the main stakeholders; and includes the main stakeholders; and encompasses direct involvement of stakeholders in the encompasses direct involvement of stakeholders in the

decision-making process.decision-making process. In Angola and Namibia communications with the oil industry In Angola and Namibia communications with the oil industry

and marine diamond mining respectively must be improved. and marine diamond mining respectively must be improved. Improved capacity for long-term ecosystem monitoring, Improved capacity for long-term ecosystem monitoring,

placement of scientific observers and improved data placement of scientific observers and improved data management are required.management are required.

Angola requires:Angola requires: improved surveillance and compliance;improved surveillance and compliance; a suitable system of access rights for the artisanal fisheries a suitable system of access rights for the artisanal fisheries

Inadequate capacity should not preclude the implementation Inadequate capacity should not preclude the implementation of EAF measures.of EAF measures.

Single species approaches are an essential component of the Single species approaches are an essential component of the fisheries management but need to be broadened for EAF. fisheries management but need to be broadened for EAF.

ASCLMEAgulhas & Somali Current

Large Marine Ecosystems Project

Understanding the benefits and objectives: a pre-requisite for proactive

management – the ASCLME as an example



Again complicated interactions – The Case of the Mozambique Channel

The beneficial uses of natural goods and services of the Mozambique Channel are dependent on the ecosystem

Subsistence & fisheriesBiodiversity & Tourism



Mozambique catch reconstructions for the small-scale fisheries sector, industrial sector and estimates of total industrial catch including discards, 1950-2004.

Jacquet, J. L. and Zeller, D. 2007



FISHERY

BENEFITS

LARGE SCALE

SMALL SCALE

Number of fishers employed

about ½ million

over 12 million

Annual catch of marine fish for human

consumption

about 29 million tonnes


Annual catch of marine fish for industrial reduction to meal and

oil, etc.


Almost none

Capital cost of each job on fishing vessels

$30,000 - $300,000

$250 - $2,500

Annual fuel oil consumption

14 – 19 million tonnes

1 – 3 million tonnes

Fish caught per tonne of fuel consumed =

2 – 5 tonnes =

10 – 20 tonnes

Fishers employed for each $1 million invested in fishing vessels

5 - 30

Fish and invertebrates discarded at sea

10-20 million tonnes

Little

This graph compares small-scale with large-scale fisheries on a global basis. It probably underestimates the role of small-scale fisheries. Also, we would achieve most stated aims of fisheries management plans (particularly their social aims) by dedicated access arrangement for small scale fisheries. (But, of course, we must leave enough fish for the rest of the ecosystem to function and to meet to challenges of global warming).

The value of “Small Scale” vs. Large Scale/Industrialised

Fisheries

500 – 4,000



And understanding the value and Importance of Coral Reefs in the

ASCLME Region

Supporting

Primary andSecondaryproduction

Nutrientcycling

Foundationresources thatsustain othergoods and services

ProvisioningFoodMaterialsMedicines Waterways

RegulatingCarbon sequestrationSeawater bufferingClimate regulationCoastal protection Disease/pest control

CulturalRecreation SpiritualAestheticEducational

ECOSYSTEM SERVICESIn real terms - for coastal communities – reefs provide:

Food Security Security of Livelihoods (Income) Protection for the community (from storm surge, tsunami, etc) Materials (coral sand for building) Transportation (channels) Recreational opportunities Cultural sustainability

Climate Change and other Pressures will requireadaptive measures not onlyfocusing on management of reefs but also with a focuson the associated coastal communities



Adaptive Management Requirements The WIO LME Perspective

Understanding the Value of the Ecosystem

What are various ecosystem services worth?

What do these ecosystem services represent to the WIO countries in terms of jobs and salaries?

How can the region achieve the full economic potential of ecosystem goods and services whilst maintaining their sustainability?



VALUE OF MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES OF WIO

The ASCLME/SWIOFP joint Cost Benefit Analysis has estimated that the coastal and marine resources of the ASCLME region contribute almost US$22.4 billion a year to the GDP of the countries of region. Coastal tourism contributed the largest to GDP at over US$11 billion a year, followed by fisheries, coastal agriculture and forestry

The fisheries of the ASCLME are estimated to generate a resource rent of just about US$68 million per year currently, of which about US$59 million are generated by ASCLME countries and the remainder by countries outside of the region.



The fisheries of the ASCLME are estimated to support almost 6 million workers, generating wages of about US$366 million per year. On the other hand, owners of fishing capital earn normal profits of US$60 million per year

Rebuilding and effectively managing fisheries of the ASCLME could result in annual gains in economic rent of US$ 221 million while wages and economic impact are likely to increase by US$10 million and $43 million per year, respectively

VALUE OF MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES OF WIO



Outputs from the original Round-Table in Grahamstown June 2011

Limited numbers of scientists/social scientists/economists represents a long–term risk

Findings need to be packaged for the private sector (e.g. fishing industry) as well as governments

Political regime-change needs re-education (because of 5 year political cycles). Continuity lies in middle to senior management

Different levels of confidence are required for decisions at different scales (e.g. national or regional)



Round-Table Discussion – Bridging the Disconnect

It was understood that often results are not entirely conclusive and there is a tendency to want to do more studies on the same topic to refine the conclusions (achieving reliable Confidence Limits)

In terms of Marine Ecosystem management we need to embrace the Precautionary Approach, but we need to go further and develop a mechanism that can arrive at a ‘Weight of Evidence’ related to evolving ‘trends” in data and conclusions that is:

A. Accepted by peers to be reliable enough to guide management decisions and..

B. Upon which decision-makers can act immediately while accepting that the information may need further ‘fine-tuning’

One very real challenge will be developing the skill-set that can define the reliable ‘Weight of Evidence’ and can translate existing science into ‘Confident’ advice for policy-makers and managers



The Adaptive Management approach

A MORE DYNAMIC MANAGEMENT APPROACH

One possible approach that was discussed at the Grahamstown Round-Table:

A. Moving immediately from the Precautionary approach to identify appropriate Indicators that will provide an early ‘indication’ of trends

B. Seek to establish a Weight-of-Evidence that scientists and their peers feel comfortable in agreeing defines a clear indication or trend - and which

can give managers and policy-makers sufficient confidence upon which to act (even if not 95% certain)

C. Use this WoE to initiate predictive modelling to support conclusions and upon which to compare continued monitoring of Indicators

D. Fine-tune models and guidance to Managers and Policy-Makers as move toward acceptable confidence limits



The Advantages to the Policy-makers

A. This approach will take decision-making beyond the ‘precautionary’ approach which is often seen as being based more on supposition than strong evidence and which therefore leaves policy-makers feeling vulnerable and indecisive

B. It will also provide senior government leaders at the economic/finance level and management level with clearer guidance on where to prioritise activities and funding in terms of both immediate management needs and further research (this also extends to the funding agencies of course)

ConclusionsConclusions The recent awareness of importance of EA recognises The recent awareness of importance of EA recognises

interactions and impacts between different human sectors interactions and impacts between different human sectors and ecosystemand ecosystem

Implementation of EA builds on sectoral approaches but Implementation of EA builds on sectoral approaches but requires addition of wider knowledge and encompassing requires addition of wider knowledge and encompassing institutions institutions

Optimal use of natural resources requires that negative Optimal use of natural resources requires that negative impacts and conflicts are addressed and resolved: this impacts and conflicts are addressed and resolved: this requires compromises and trade-offsrequires compromises and trade-offs

Best-available information on ecological, social and Best-available information on ecological, social and economic costs and benefits of activities and decisions economic costs and benefits of activities and decisions affecting activities important for wise decision-making. affecting activities important for wise decision-making. Economic valuations contribute to that information.Economic valuations contribute to that information.

Part II. An example of a Part II. An example of a simple cost-benefit

analysis for management decisions using EAF

Distribution of Benefits and Distribution of Benefits and Costs Costs

Distributional aspects:Distributional aspects:……To whom do the various benefits and costs accrue?To whom do the various benefits and costs accrue? A major consideration in EAF implementation is the A major consideration in EAF implementation is the

question of who receives the benefits and who incurs question of who receives the benefits and who incurs the costs of that implementationthe costs of that implementation

Inter-temporal aspects: Inter-temporal aspects:

……When do the various benefits and costs When do the various benefits and costs occur?occur? e.g., benefits realized in long term, but costs arising in e.g., benefits realized in long term, but costs arising in

the short term. the short term. immediate realities (e.g., annual food supply, electoral immediate realities (e.g., annual food supply, electoral

time frame) that affect or constrain the reality of EAF time frame) that affect or constrain the reality of EAF implementation. implementation.

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The challengeThe challenge

The goal must be to:The goal must be to: evaluate the costs and benefits of different evaluate the costs and benefits of different

management choices to achieve specific management choices to achieve specific objectives;objectives;

select the measure or measures that give the select the measure or measures that give the greatest benefits for the lowest costs (taking greatest benefits for the lowest costs (taking distribution into account); anddistribution into account); and

integrate across the full set of management integrate across the full set of management measures being applied to ensure consistency measures being applied to ensure consistency and complementarity;and complementarity;

Implement, monitor and adapt as necessaryImplement, monitor and adapt as necessary

Selecting New or Modifying Selecting New or Modifying Management MeasuresManagement Measures

Identify Issues For Action

Prioritise Issues

Select OptimalMeasures

Consider ManagementMeasures to Address

Priority IssuesConsider Costs & Benefitsof Management Options

for all Objectives

Agree on BroadObjectives for Fishery

Implement

A Simple Scoring Approach A Simple Scoring Approach as an Exampleas an Example

The Angolan Artisanal Fishery – Broad The Angolan Artisanal Fishery – Broad Objectives Objectives

Maintain biomass of important at productive levels.Maintain biomass of important at productive levels. Minimize impact on juvenile or undersized fish.Minimize impact on juvenile or undersized fish. Minimize impacts on threatened, protected species.Minimize impacts on threatened, protected species. Minimize impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems.Minimize impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems. Maintain or increase the supply of good-quality fish to the Maintain or increase the supply of good-quality fish to the

population.population. Contribute to poverty alleviation through the increase of Contribute to poverty alleviation through the increase of

opportunities for employment opportunities for employment Increase equity in the distribution of employment and income Increase equity in the distribution of employment and income Maximize the contribution of the fishery to the national economy, Maximize the contribution of the fishery to the national economy,

especially coastal provincesespecially coastal provinces

Cost-Benefit of By-catch limits in Angola Trawl FisheryCost-Benefit of By-catch limits in Angola Trawl Fishery

ObjectiveObjectiveComments / rationale on the Effects Comments / rationale on the Effects

of the Proposed Management of the Proposed Management ResponseResponse

Short termShort term Long termLong term

CostCost BenefitBenefit CostCost BenefitBenefit

Restore biomass of commercially important demersal Restore biomass of commercially important demersal species to optimal levels of productivity;species to optimal levels of productivity;

Will contribute via reduction of mortalityWill contribute via reduction of mortality00 11 00 33

Maintain demersal community structure in terms of size Maintain demersal community structure in terms of size structure and species composition;structure and species composition;

Will contribute via reduction of mortalityWill contribute via reduction of mortality00 11 00 33

Minimize impacts of bottom trawl fishery on threatened, Minimize impacts of bottom trawl fishery on threatened, protected or vulnerable species (sea turtles, sharks, protected or vulnerable species (sea turtles, sharks, marine mammals, other);marine mammals, other);

No effectNo effect

00 00 00 00

Minimize impacts of bottom trawling on bottom Minimize impacts of bottom trawling on bottom substrate;substrate;

Reduction of by-catch will reduce impactReduction of by-catch will reduce impact00 11 00 22

To contribute to poverty alleviation through the increase To contribute to poverty alleviation through the increase of opportunities of employment in the fisheries of opportunities of employment in the fisheries extractive sector and in the fish processing industry in extractive sector and in the fish processing industry in the coastal provinces;the coastal provinces;

Indirect effect, via recovered stocksIndirect effect, via recovered stocks

00 00 00 22

To promote the development of the industrial productive To promote the development of the industrial productive fisheries sector;fisheries sector;

Indirect effect, via recovered stocksIndirect effect, via recovered stocks00 00 00 22

To promote reliable supply of fish products to the To promote reliable supply of fish products to the population, at accessible prices;population, at accessible prices;

Indirect effect, via recovered stocksIndirect effect, via recovered stocks00 00 00 22

To promote equity in the distribution of employment and To promote equity in the distribution of employment and income among the regions of the country and in the income among the regions of the country and in the coastal provinces;coastal provinces;

No effectNo effect

00 00 00 00

Maximize long-term economic benefits from the fishery;Maximize long-term economic benefits from the fishery; Indirect effect, via recovered stocksIndirect effect, via recovered stocks 11 22 11 33

Total Cost - BenefitTotal Cost - Benefit11 55 11 1717

Some Potential Management Actions Some Potential Management Actions for the Angolan Artisanal Fisheryfor the Angolan Artisanal Fishery

Bycatch and Gear

Management and MCS

Social and Economic Issues

Benefit Cost Estimators for EAF Benefit Cost Estimators for EAF Management Actions – Angolan Management Actions – Angolan

Artisanal FisheryArtisanal Fishery

ConclusionsConclusions Governance and management need to be adaptive: Governance and management need to be adaptive:

monitoring performance in the system and monitoring performance in the system and adapting management measures to maximise adapting management measures to maximise chances of achieving objectives.chances of achieving objectives.

Every management decision is likely to have costs Every management decision is likely to have costs and benefits which may differ for different and benefits which may differ for different stakeholdersstakeholders

Careful consideration must be given to costs and Careful consideration must be given to costs and benefits to ensure optimal decisionsbenefits to ensure optimal decisions

Economic valuation is an important tool in this Economic valuation is an important tool in this regardregard

Thank YouThank You

introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use

Technology

ecosystem services cultural

ecosystem servicesprovisioning

ecosystem approach tofisheries

sectoral example

integrated approach

ecosystem valuationjohn

aesthetic values

cultural heritage values