introduction to the federal courts. types of law statutory: deals w/ written statutes (laws) common...
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Introduction To The Federal Courts
Types of Law
Statutory: deals w/ written statutes (laws) Common
– Based on system of unwritten laws– Unwritten law based on precedents– Judges rule on principle of “stare decisis” (let decision stand)
Criminal: concerns violations of civil code, I.e. violations against society
Civil Law (dispute; torts b/w two people)– Ex.: medical malpractice, slander, breach of contract– Writ of mandamus: court order for one to perform an act– Injunction: court order forbidding a certain act– Class action lawsuit (group of people who share common
grievance)
Judicial Power
Power is passive Courts cannot reach out and “take cases”; cases
come to them Must be an actual case (“controversy”) for court to
make ruling. Courts cannot “create” cases Only those with “standing” may challenge a law or
gov’t action (one had to sustain an “injury”); Cannot challenge law simply b/c one does not like it.
Most cases come to court through “writ of certiorari” (order to send case up for review from lower court; 4 votes needed)
Judicial law-making
Judges interpret the law, and in so doing make law. It is necessary because:– Statutes are broadly worded and unclear– Constitution requires interpretation– Interpretation in effect makes laws (“The Supreme Court is a
constitutional convention in continuous session”---Wilson) Evidence of judicial law-making
– Courts have ruled over 1000 state laws unconstitutional– Courts have ruled over 1000 federal laws unconstitutional– Courts have reversed itself over 200 times since 1810– Courts seem willing to rule on political questions rather than
constitutional questions.,e.g., Baker v. Carr, Bush v. Gore)
Jurisdiction: 4 Types
Exclusive: sole authority of federal court to try case
Concurrent: authority of federal/state court to try a case
Original: authority of a court to first try a case
Appellate: authority of a court to hear an appeal
Jurisdiction of Federal Courts
The Constitution, a federal law, or a treaty Disputes b/w two or more states The U.S. gov’t as a party Citizens of different states Ambassadors or diplomats
* In our federal system, we have both federal/state courts
Structure of Federal Courts
Article. III
– Creates Supreme Court while giving Congress the power to create “inferior”(lower) courts.
– Judges in these courts hold life terms. (Federalist No. 78 rationalizes these terms)
Types of Courts
District Courts– Handles 90% of all cases– Cases tried by judge and jury– Jury trial decides outcome of case (petit jury)– Original jurisdiction– Decisions can be appealed to Courts of Appeals
Courts of Appeals– 12 “circuit” or district courts– 18,000 cases per year– Cases tried by panel of 3 judges– Appellate jurisdiction (case needs to come to them)– Cases can be appealed to Supreme Court
Supreme Court