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Introduction to the Human Body

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Anatomical PositionStanding upright with palms facing

forwardSurface Anatomy

AxialHead, neck and trunk

AppendicularLimbs and their attachment to the axis

Anatomical position and Surface anatomy

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Regional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)

Pubic (genital region)

Patellar(anterior knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Femoral(thigh)

Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)

Hallux (great toe)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)

Orbital (eye)

Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

(a) Anterior

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Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)

Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)

Gluteal (buttock)

Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal(back of knee)

Sural (calf)

Calcaneal (heel)

Plantar (sole)

Manus(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

Lowerextremity

(b) Posterior

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Body Orientation and Direction

Superior/inferiorAnterior/posteriorMedial/lateralCranial/caudalDorsal/ventralProximal/distalSuperficial (external)/deep (internal)

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Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior

Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and rightMidsagittal divides the body exactly down

the middle

Body Planes and Sections

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Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs

Two body cavitiesDorsal body cavity includes the cranial

cavity and the spinal cavityVentral body cavity includes the thoracic

cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

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Ventral body cavities

• The ventral body cavities are lined by a double-layered membrane called serosa or serous membrane.–Visceral layer covers the organs–Parietal layer lines the body wall–A cavity is found between the two layers

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Serous Membrane Relationship

Figure 1.10a

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The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinumEach pleural cavity contains one lung

Visceral and parietal pleura lines the cavity

The mediastinum contain the pericardial cavity for the heart Visceral and parietal pericardium lines the

cavity

Thoracic Cavities

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The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum Visceral Parietal

Peritoneal cavity between the two layers

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

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Abdominal Regions

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Other Body Cavities

Oral cavityNasal cavityOrbital cavityMiddle ear cavitySynovial cavities