introduction to the philosophy of human person
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to the
Philosophy of Human
Person Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 4: Distinguish Opinion from Truth First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
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Introduction to the
Philosophy of Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Methods of Philosophizing
ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Distinguish Opinion from Truth!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
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Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
iii
For the learner:
Welcome to the Philosophy of Human Person – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on Distinguish Opinion from Truth!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
iv
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
This module consists of 1 lesson:
• Methods of Philosophizing: Distinguishing Opinion from Truth
After going through this module, you are expected to:
• Define opinion and truth
• Distinguish opinion from truth
• Give examples of opinion and truth
• Understand how we acquire knowledge based on different stages
in the apprehension of concepts
• Discuss Hume’s types of statements and knowledge, theories of
truth, and the sources of knowledge
What I Know
Direction: Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. Which is not an opinion?
A. Thales believed that reality is composed of water.
B. Anaximander believed that the earth is cylindrical and suspended in
space.
C. Heraclitus used the flames of fire to emphasize the idea of change.
D. Parmenides believed that change is an illusion.
2. Which expresses truth of analytic statement?
A. A bachelor is an unmarried male C. The kitten is on the mat
B. The sky is blue D. The carabao is black
3. Which expresses truth of empirical statement?
A. The kitten is a young cat C. The kitten is on the mat
B. Water is H2O D. A bachelor has no mother-in-law
4. Which best describes Hume’s Correspondence Theory?
A. Man has prior knowledge of everything even before he was born
B. Nothing comes into the intellect without passing through the senses
C. I think therefore I am
D. Jose Rizal is the Philippine National Hero
5. Which statement is coherently true?
A. “If I do this, what is it for me?” C. “I am good.”
B. “The world is not flat.” D. “Nine divided by three is three.”
6. Which displays Hume’s Pragmatic Theory of truth?
A. “If I do this, what is it for me?” C. “I am good.”
B. “The world is not flat.” D. “Nine divided by three is three.”
7. Which is true based on Hume’s Formal Knowledge?
A. A triangle is a closed plane bounded by three sides
B. The sky is neither blue nor cloudy
C. Sensible things are mere representations of ideas in intelligible world
D. The devastating effect of the typhoon was horrible
8. “I believe that ROTC must be implemented in Senior High Schools
nationwide.” Is this a statement of truth or opinion?
A. A statement of truth
B. A statement of neither truth nor opinion
C. A statement of opinion
D. A statement of either of the two
9. “The world is not flat. Thales’ claim that it is flat is wrong.” Is this a statement
of truth or opinion?
A. A statement of truth
B. A statement of neither truth nor opinion
C. A statement of opinion
D. A statement of either of the two
10. “President Marcos was the greatest Philippine President.” Is this a statement
of truth or opinion?
A. A statement of truth
B. A statement of neither truth nor opinion
C. A statement of opinion
D. A statement of either of the two
11. Which is the best way to evaluate opinions?
A. Never accept truth of any statement or belief unless there is adequate
evidence for it.
B. Use your senses to verify any knowledge claim
C. Apply the whole process of knowing, i.e., perception, abstraction, and
judgment.
D. Search for the right person who can verify the opinions.
12. “She is beautiful.” If this is an analytic statement, then what makes it a mere
opinion?
A. It has no empirical basis.
B. The claim is not found in the sentence
C. She is not beautiful.
D. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
13. “The cake tastes delicious.” Why is it considered as a mere opinion?
A. Because it is a subjective statement C. Because it is just a belief
B. Because it is just a sense experience D. Because it is not true
14. “To solve traffic, it is better to invest in subways and trains than in road
widening programs.” Why is it an opinion?
A. There is no backing evidence to prove this claim.
B. Japan has proven it.
C. There is no traffic in all countries with subways.
D. Road widening is less expensive but with higher maintenance cost.
15. “The TV shows in ABS-CBN are more entertaining than the shows of other
channels.” Why is it an opinion?
A. Because of a survey conducted last month
B. Because it is believed to be true only by those who state it
C. Because of ABS-CBN’s shows that cater all ages
D. Because other channels do not showcase Filipino talent
Lesson
4 Distinguishing Opinion from
Truth
What’s In
Activity 1: Think and Write. Put your answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. What do you do when something is unknown to you? Why?
a. Do you try to know it by immediately asking others?
b. Do you try to know it by doing personal research without asking any
assistance?
2. When somebody tells you about updates on the COVID-19 cases, what do
you do? Why?
a. Do you easily accept his/her updates as authentic news?
b. Do you always think that the updates are fake news?
c. Do you further conduct investigation to prove the updates?
3. How do you very a statement? Why?
a. By using any available reference
b. By finding its correspondence outside the real world
c. By analyzing a statement
Activity 2: Share. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. How did you find the questions in “Activity 1”?
2. Which is the easiest item? Why?
3. Which is the most difficult? Why?
What’s New
Activity 3: Watch a 7:39 minute Video Clip. Answer the following after watching
the video. Is it a FACT or a BLUFF?
(Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs9ZGW_1oMM)
1. The information is objective if it’s based on data and observation.
2. It’s 30 Degrees Celsius outside.
3. Because it’s 30 Degrees Celsius outside, therefore, it’s hot.
4. If something is verifiable and objective, then it’s a fact; however, if something
is unverifiable and subjective, then it’s an opinion.
5. A fact is always true.
What is It
In the previous activity, you were challenged to determine whether a statement
is a fact of an opinion. How did you find the activity? Was it easy? Now, let’s highlight important points:
• It is a fact if the information is objective or based on data and observation. Also,
it is a fact if it is verifiable. However, is a fact always true? If we consider an information to be objective and verifiable, then it is a fact, but if after doing
verification, you discover falsity, then, a fact is not necessarily true.
• It is an opinion if the information is unverifiable and subjective. For instance, we verify that Class A is better than Class B because of their Mean Percentage Score
or MPS, however, to conclude that Professor A is better than Professor B does not necessarily mean true, hence, a mere opinion.
How do we acquire knowledge?
Stages in the Apprehension of Concepts
1. Perception a. External – happens when we perceive things using our senses.
Percept is the result of this process of perception. A percept is a mental concept that is developed as a consequence of the process of perception.
b. Internal – happens when you use your imagination and memory.
Image is the result of this process of perception. An image is a representation of the external form of a person or thing.
2. Abstraction - is a simple apprehension or conception. It is the act of perceiving the object intellectually, without affirming or denying anything
concerning it. To comprehend is to take hold of the thing as if with the hand; an apprehension, as an act of the mind is an intellectual grasp of an object.
Concept is the result of this process of abstraction. A concept is the
abstracted idea of something. Example: A concept of a chair is held on by a person even if the physical presence of the chair is no longer there. And the
abstracted idea of a chair will immediately help him to identify other chairs.
3. Judgment – is making a knowledge claim. It is an act of affirming or denying something about the concept. Statement or Proposition is the result of this
process. Here enters the claim whether something is objective truth or falsity or subjective opinion.
David Hume is generally regarded as one of the most important
philosophers to write in English (1711–1776). He was also well
known in his own time as an historian and essayist. A master
stylist in any genre, his major philosophical works like: A
Treatise of Human Nature (1739–1740), the Enquiries concerning
Human Understanding (1748) and concerning the Principles of
Morals (1751), as well as his posthumously published Dialogues
concerning Natural Religion (1779)—remain widely and deeply
influential. (Stanford Encyclopedia).
Hume, in his quest for the truth, had introduced different types of statements
such as:
1. Analytic Statements
• It means that the truth or falsity of the knowledge claim could be found
within the statement itself. If you want to know if a particular claim is true or false, you do not have to go outside the statement itself. It’s
just like defining a concept. For example: A bachelor is unmarried man
Marxist.org
or we say no bachelor has a mother-in-law. Similarly, we say that a kitten is a young cat.
• If you deny an analytic statement, it leads you to absurdity and
contradiction simply because you are directly denying its definition. There’s no sense to deny that a bachelor is unmarried man because by
definition, it is true; and it’s a verifiable fact.
• These statements are also known as truths of language, truths of reason, “is” of identity, a priori, matters of logic, or formal statements.
2. Empirical Statements
• It means that the truth of falsity of the knowledge claim depends on the
state of affairs being claimed If you want to know if a particular claim
is true or false, you have to have its correspondence with facts or with the current state of affairs. For example: A kitten is on the table.
• If you deny an empirical statement, it does not lead you to absurdity
and contradiction. It is verifiable through experience.
• These statements are also known as truth of fact, synthetic, matters of fact, or a posteriori statement.
From the distinction established by Hume (types of statements), a group of philosophers in the sciences and mathematics would adopt his idea that would lead
to the traditional distinction of two general types of knowledge:
1. Formal Knowledge
• It gives emphasis on the validity or coherence within the system being
employed.
• Method of deduction is used. (Formal sciences: mathematics, logic, geometry, etc).
• It is not dependent on the accumulation of empirical data but
concerned with the structure or validity of their sciences within the formal deductive framework that governs them. For example, a
mathematical calculation: 2 apples + 3 apples = 5 apples; it does not necessitate the presence of actual apples in order to acquire the
knowledge of 5).
2. Empirical Knowledge
• It gives emphasis on the criterion of verification.
• Method of induction is used. (Empirical sciences: biology, chemistry, physics, the social sciences, etc)
• It works within the assumption that it is always probable that
experience could prove a formal knowledge right or wrong.
• It is concerned with the process of verification from experience to establish the hypothesis.
Theories of Truth
1. Coherence Theory – shows the quality of being logical and consistent based
on the well-formed formula.
2. Correspondence Theory – assumes that there is something given outside, in the realm of sense experience that we perceive as objective reality.
(Philosophers: Alfred Jules Ayer and Bertrand Russell)
3. Pragmatic Theory – holds that truth is based on the good or practical consequences of an idea. Truth must have a successful application in the
world. “If I do this, what is it for me?” (Philosopher: William James).
Sources of Knowledge
1. The Faculty of Reason - an analytic faculty that is able to determine the truth of analytic statements. The truth of knowledge claims made in the formal
sciences uses the faculty of reason following the framework of coherence within the given system. (eg. triangle is a closed plane bounded by three sides)
2. The Faculty of Experience or Sense Perception – uses the five senses,
including sensory extending devices for purposes of verifying empirical claims
(statements) and thus, leading to empirical knowledge. It follows the framework of correspondence.
3. The Faculty of Intuition – deals with the immediate or direct recognition of
self-evident truths (Philosophers: Plato and George Edward Moore)
What’s More
Activity 4: Share your insights. The following are your “Epistemic Obligations”,
give concrete ways on how you are going to practice such obligations. Write your
answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. Adapt an attitude of healthy skepticism or methodical skepticism – this will
allow you to be an analytical and critical thinker.
2. Constantly attempt to establish reasonable beliefs by first letting these beliefs
go through a careful process of examination and scrutiny, by searching for
evidence with an open mind to look for new evidence and the open mindedness
to change this belief if necessary based on new evidence.
3. Have an attitude against dogmatism (that your belief is the only truth that you
will accept)
What I Have Learned
Activity 5: Check your understanding. Sentence Completion: Supply the word/s
to form a concept. Write your answers on a separate work sheet.
1. It is an/a ________ if the information is unverifiable and subjective.
2. It is an/a _______ if the information is objective or based on data and
observation.
3. If we consider an information to be objective and verifiable, then it is a _____,
but if after doing verification, you discover falsity, then, a fact is not
necessarily ______.
4. Class A is better than Class B because of their Mean Percentage Score or MPS,
is an example of _________
5. To conclude that Professor A is better than Professor B is an/a __________
6. ____________ happens when you use your imagination and memory.
7. _____________ is a simple apprehension or conception. It is the act of
perceiving the object intellectually, without affirming or denying anything
concerning it.
8. _____________ means that the truth of falsity of the knowledge claim depends
on the state of affairs being claimed.
9. _____________ gives emphasis on the criterion of verification.
10. _____________ assumes that there is something given outside, in the realm of
sense experience that we perceive as objective reality.
What I Can Do
Activity 6: Act what you Think. Write a journal reflection based on this
given situation:
Think of a significant opinion or belief that you have abandoned in the
past. What are your grounds for changing this belief? Discuss the importance
of the process of “methodical skepticism” or questioning your beliefs as you
fulfill your obligation as an analytical and critical thinker. How will “healthy
skepticism” help you as a thinker?
Assessment
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which does NOT describe a fact?
A. The information is objective or based on data and observation.
B. The information is verifiable.
C. My body temperature is 36.5 degrees Celsius.
D. My teacher is the best.
2. Which does Not describe an opinion?
A. The information is unverifiable and subjective.
B. Jose is better than Juan based on their GWA.
C. Professor Ecks is better than professor Bee.
D. Michael Jordan is the best basketball player in history.
3. Which is the result of internal perception?
A. a mental concept that is developed as a consequence of the process.
B. an image which is a representation of the external form of a person or thing.
C. a concept which is abstracted from a thing to form idea
D. a proposition which either affirms or denies a concept.
4. Which is the result of external perception?
A. a mental concept that is developed as a consequence of the process.
B. an image which is a representation of the external form of a person or thing.
C. a concept which is abstracted from a thing to form idea
D. a proposition which either affirms or denies a concept.
5. Which supports the idea of abstraction as a process?
A. It is an act of perceiving the object intellectually, without affirmation or denial.
B. It is an act of affirming or denying something about the concept.
C. It results to the formulation of a statement or a proposition.
D. This is a chair, while that is a table.
6. Which does NOT support the concept of analytic statement?
A. The truth or falsity of the knowledge claim is within the statement itself.
B. No man is a biological mother.
C. Square has four equal sides.
D. To be or not to be.
7. Which is true about an analytic statement?
A. Truth is empirically verifiable through observation.
B. Denying a definition is absurd and contradictory.
C. The sky is blue and the temperature is hot.
D. Carabaos are black.
8. Which does not belong to the group?
A. truth of language C. truth of fact
B. a priori D. formal statements
9. Which is NOT true about an empirical statement?
A. The truth or falsity of the knowledge depends on the state of affairs.
B. Truth is verified by having a correspondence with facts.
C. A kitten is on the table.
D. No bachelor has a mother-in-law
10. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A. truth of fact C. matters of fact
B. a priori statement D. a posteriori statement
11. Which is a formal knowledge?
A. It gives emphasis on the criterion of verification.
B. The method of induction is used.
C. The method of deduction is used.
D. Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Social Sciences
12. If coherence theory shows the quality of being logical and consistent based on
the well-formed formula, then, correspondence theory ______
A. holds the truth based on the good or practical consequences of an idea
B. holds that truth must have a successful application in the world
C. holds that logic and consistency are the bases of truth
D. holds that sense experience is necessary to perceive objective reality.
13. “It is better to live in Singapore than in Japan.” Why is it an opinion?
A. Because Singapore is more progressive than Japan
B. Because of their customs and traditions
C. Because it is a matter of choice
D. Because more tourists opt to go to Singapore
14. “The internet is being used by teenagers to waste their time in social media.”
Why is it an opinion?
A. Because it is just a thought or speculation
B. Because teenagers also use social media for research
C. Because social media is part of technological advancement
D. Because time is wasted even without social media
15. “It is more fun in the Philippines.” Why is it an opinion?
A. Because it indicates a belief, view, sentiment, or conception
B. Because it is just a slogan used by the Department of Tourism
C. Because of many beautiful tourist spots that Philippines promotes
D. Because there is no fun in other countries
Additional Activities
Activity 6: Think to Act. Write a reflection on this topic: “Fact or Bluff”.
Follow this format:
I. What I learned: Write a statement or phrase that has great impact on you
II. What I experienced: Narrate a true-to-life story/event that you recalled
because of the topic discussed.
III. What I realized: State your insight. It must be related to I and II.
IV. What I plan to do: Enumerate plan of actions that you want to accomplish
to apply your learning of this topic.
Rubric for Essay
Mechanics Excellent
5
Proficient
4
Basic
3
Below Basic
2
Organization
-Specific
introduction and
conclusion
-Sequenced
material within
the body
-Cohesive
presentation
content
-Specific
introduction and
conclusion
-Sequenced
material within
the body
-Cohesive
presentation
content
-Specific
introduction and
conclusion
-Sequenced
material within the
body is
inconsistent
-Specific introduction
and conclusion
-No sequence in
material
Language
-Enhance the
effectiveness of
the presentation
-Correct
grammar
-Appropriate to
audience
- No
pronunciation
mistakes
-Support the
effectiveness of the
presentation
-Correct grammar
-Appropriate to
audience
-Very few
pronunciation
mistakes
-Not interesting
-Partially support
the effectiveness of
the presentation
-Correct grammar
-Appropriate to
audience
Some
pronunciation
mistakes
-Unclear
-Minimally support
the effectiveness of
the presentation
-Occasional mistakes
in grammar
-Appropriate to
audience
-Several
pronunciation
mistakes
Delivery
-Good posture
-Eye contact
with the
audience most of
the time
-Appropriate
gesture and
expression
-Deliverance
with confidence
-Full group
participation
-Good posture
-Frequent eye
contact with the
audience
-Appropriate
gesture and
expression
-Almost full group
participation
-Intermitted good
posture
-Occasional eye
contact with the
audience
-Appropriate
gesture and
expression
-Partial group
presentation
-Poor posture
-Seldom eye contact
with the audience
-Not enough or too
much gesture and
expression
-One-person
presentation.
Content
-Student
discusses the
subject in great
details.
-Student
describes in
detail about their
findings
-Student indicate
what they have
learnt
-Student
discusses the
subject with some
details.
-Student outlines
their finding
-Student show
what they have
learnt
-Student discusses
the subject with a
few details.
-Student do not
outline their
finding
-Student's
misconceptions are
still seen
-Student discuss the
subject with very
minimal details.
-Students do not
outline what they
have learnt
-Students still sound
confused on this topic
References
Bernardo, Juanito Philip V (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human
Person: JFS Publishing Services, Manila.
Guevarra, Geoffrey A (2016). Pambungad sa Pilosopiya ng Tao (Batayang Aklat):
Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila.
Sioco, Maria Paula and Vinzonsm Ignatius (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of
the Human Person: Vibal Group, Inc., Quezon City.
https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/en/hume.htm
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/ First published Mon Feb 26, 2001;
substantive revision Wed Apr 17, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs9ZGW_1oMM
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