introduction to tikz

8/12/2019 Introduction to TikZ

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TikZ Basics Advanced TikZ Even More Advanced TikZ

Introduction

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words

Pictures and figures improve papers and slides for talks.

One picture on each slide

Possible sources:

pixel graphics from the Internet

vector graphics manually created using

Inkscape

xfigTikZ

. . .

Jan-Philipp Kappmeier (21. 02. 2013) How to TikZ? 1 / 43


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Introduction

TikZ

TikZ istkeinZeichenprogramm

A language to create vector graphics

Two components:

1 TikZ

easy to use high-level LATEX commands2 PGF(Portable Graphics Format)

low-level commands

Pros

Optics fit to document

Graphics can contain LATEX

Perfect integration to Beamer

Export from a lot of tools

Cons

No WYSIWYG

Slow?



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Introduction

For Starters

How to add a TikZ picture to your document?

1 include the packagetikz.

2 include additional TikZ libraries, if necessary

3 write TikZ code

graphics are described withintikzpictureenvironment

put into a picture environment to add caption, reference etc.

inline-TikZ: use the\tikzcommand to create inline graphics

like this nice 5-wheel here.

Example

It is easy to draw a thistle .

\tikz{ \filldraw[color=Thistle] circle (0.5ex); }



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Basic commands

Drawing on Paths

Generel principle

central syntactic element is apath

a sequence of coordinates and drawing commands

General syntax:

\draw[options] (coordinate) command (coordinate) ...;

like moving a pencil to some place and start drawing something.

different types of paths are started with . . .

\draw draws lines and shapes

\fill fills interior shapes\filldraw draws exterior and interior of shapes

\node places a node (containing text) somewhere

\coordinate places an invisible, named coordinate somewhere


TikZ B i Ad d TikZ E M Ad d TikZ


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Basic commands

A First Example

Draw geometric forms

\filldraw[fill=Periwinkle,thick] (1,0) rectangle +(2,1) -- (3,2);

\draw (0,0) -- (0,2) -- (1,3.25){[rounded corners] -- (2,2)-- (2,0)} -- (0,2) -- (2,2) -- (0,0) -- (2,0);

Drawing graphs

test v

0 colored

\ d ra w n od e at (0 , 0 ) { t e st } ;

\ node [ draw , c i r c l e ] at ( 2 , 0) { $ v _ 0$ } ;

\ node [ fill ] at ( 4 ,0 ) { };

\ node [ draw , color = r e d ] at ( 6 , 0) [ g r ee n ] { c o lo re d } ;




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Basic commands

Drawing the 5 Wheel

We are ready to pimp our slides with the COGA-5-Wheel!




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Basic commands

Drawing the 5 Wheel


\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( 0 ,1) { };

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( - 0 .9 5 11 , 0. 3 09 1 ) { };

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( - 0. 58 78 , - 0. 80 91 ) { };

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( 0 . 58 7 8 , - 0. 8 09 1 ) { };

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( 0 . 95 1 1 , 0 . 3 09 1 ) { };\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a l B l u e ] at ( 0 ,0) { };

\ draw [ r ed ] (0 , 1) to ( - 0 . 9 5 1 1 , 0 . 3 0 9 1 ) to ( - 0 . 5 8 7 8 , - 0 . 8 0 9 1 )

to ( 0 . 5 8 7 8 , - 0 . 8 0 9 1 ) to ( 0 . 9 5 1 1 , 0 . 3 0 9 1 ) to ( 0 , 1 ) ;

\ draw [ r ed ] (0 , 0) to ( 0 , 1) ( 0 ,0 ) to ( - 0 .9 5 11 , 0 .3 0 91 ) ( 0 , 0)

to ( - 0. 58 78 , - 0. 80 91 ) ( 0 , 0) to ( 0 . 58 7 8 , - 0 .8 0 91 ) ( 0 , 0)

to ( 0 . 9 5 1 1 , 0 . 3 0 9 1 ) ;

Notice, here is some serious math going on!




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Basic commands

Drawing the 5 Wheel


Unfortunately we have do to a lot of computation.

Can be done by PGF!

Also, lines are drawn over the nodes.

Solve this using named nodes.




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Basic commands

Drawing the 5 Wheel with Less Math

Computations using PGF

\pgfmathsetmacro{\x}{computation}

Creates a variable\xwith the result of the computation

\pgfmathparse{computation}

Stores the result in the variable \pgfmathresult




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Basic commands







\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ x a } { cos (90)}

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ y a } { sin (90)}

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ x b } { cos ( 9 0 + 7 2 ) }

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ y b } { sin ( 9 0 + 7 2 ) }

...\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a lB l ue ] ( 1) at (\ x a , \ y a ) { };

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a lB l ue ] ( 2) at (\ x b , \ y b ) { };

...

\ draw [ r ed ] ( 1) to (2) to (3) to (4) to (5) to (1);

\ draw [ r ed ] ( 0) to ( 1) ( 0) to ( 2) ( 0) to ( 3) ( 0) to ( 4) . ..




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Basic commands







Still we need to know a lot about how to compute coordinates on a circle



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Basic commands

Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinates

all coordinates can be defined via polar coordinates

needed only an angle and the radius (distnace from the origin)

expressed as (angle:radius)

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a lB l ue ] ( 1) at ( 9 0 + 0* 7 2 :1 ) { };




\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a lB l ue ] ( 5) at ( 9 0 + 4* 7 2 :1 ) { };\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o y a lB l ue ] ( 0) at ( 0 ,0 ) { };

\ draw [ r ed ] ( 1) to (2) to (3) to (4) to (5) to (1);

\ draw [ r ed ] ( 0) to ( 1) ( 0) to ( 2) ( 0) to ( 3) ( 0) to ( 4) . ..




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Basic commands

Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinates

all coordinates can be defined via polar coordinates

needed only an angle and the radius (distnace from the origin)

expressed as (angle:radius)



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Styles

Using Styles to Clean Up Code

using a lot of parameters creates ugly code

user defined styles help keeping code clean

style needs to be changed once only

Different Types of Styles1 local styles for one tikzpictureenvironment

\ begin { t i k z p i c t u r e }

[ s t y l e n a m e / . style = { s om e c o mm a nd s } , a n o t he r / . style =... ]

...




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Styles






2 global styles for a document

\ t i k z s t y l e { s o u r c e } = [ draw , circle , fill = g r e e n ]




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Styles






2 global styles for a document

3 styles for element types


[ every node /. style ={ fill , circle , i n ne r s ep =2}]

...




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Styles

Styles Example

Example

[ d e f a u l t / . style ={ draw , fill , circle , s h a d i n g = ball ,

b al l c o lo r = Dandelion , text = w h i t e } ,

s o u r c e / . style ={ draw , fill , circle , s h a d i n g = ball ,

b al l c o lo r = ForestGreen , text = w h i t e } ,s i n k / . style ={ draw , fill , circle , s h a d i n g = ball ,

b al l c o lo r = BrickRed , text = w h i t e } ]

s0

s1

a

b

c

t



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Graphs

Nodes

Parameter

circle, rounded corners rectangle the shape

inner sep,minimum size defining the size

inner sep=10mm minimum size=12mm inner sep=0.7mm




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Graphs

Nodes cont.

multiline nodes: allows to have several lines of text within one node

\node[align=center] {Line 1 \\ Another line};

Line 1

Another line

node labels: can add a label to all corners of the node

\node at (0,0) [label=below left:\tiny{$note$}] {A};

Anote

anchors: defines the corner of the node that lies at the specifies

position. Default is center\node[draw,anchor=north west] at (0,0) {NW};

\node[draw,anchor=south east] at (0,0) {SE};

NW

SE




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Graphs

Arcs

Arc styles

\draw[-] (a) to (b);

[--] [] [>=stealth,->>] [>=latex,>>->]

[double,->] [-latex] [>=diamond,->>] [o-stealth]

Named Arcs

\draw (a) to node[sloped,above] {on top} (a)

position of arc label:

above,below,right, left

should label be aligned to slope of arc?

sloped

Bug:slope is wrong if scaling is used!

right,above

sloped,above



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Loops

Loops

What happens if we surprisingly should draw a 6 wheel?




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Loops

Loops


Or even to a 7 wheel?




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Loops

Loops


Or even to a 7 wheel?

The foreach command

executes the same commands for all items of a given set

assigns the value to a variable

\foreach \var in \{ item1, item2, ..., itemN\} { }



L


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Loops

Putting Things Together

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ n } { 5 }

\ p g f m a t h t r u n c a t e m a c r o { \ n o d e s } { \ n - 1 }

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o ya lB lu e ] ( c ) at ( 0 ,0 ) { };

\ f o r e a c h \ i in { 0 , .. . , \ n o de s }

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o ya l Bl ue ] (\ i ) at (90+\ i * 3 6 0 / \ n : 1 )

\ f o r e a c h \ i in { 0 ,. .. , \ n o de s } {

\ draw [ r ed ] ( c ) to (\ i );

\ p g f m a t h t r u n c a t e m a c r o {\ j }{mod ( round (1+\ i ) , \ n ) }

\ draw [ r ed ] (\ i ) - - ( \ j );

}



Loops


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Loops

Putting Things Together

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ n } { 5 }

\ p g f m a t h t r u n c a t e m a c r o { \ n o d e s } { \ n - 1 }

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o ya lB lu e ] ( c ) at ( 0 ,0 ) { };

\ f o r e a c h \ i in { 0 , .. . , \ n o de s }

\ node [ fill , circle , draw , R o ya l Bl ue ] (\ i ) at (90+\ i * 3 6 0 / \ n : 1 )

\ f o r e a c h \ i in { 0 ,. .. , \ n o de s } {

\ draw [ r ed ] ( c ) to (\ i );

\ p g f m a t h t r u n c a t e m a c r o {\ j }{mod ( round (1+\ i ) , \ n ) }

\ draw [ r ed ] (\ i ) - - ( \ j );

}



Loops


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Loops

Loops cont.

\foreach with more variables

The\foreachcommand can iterate over tuples

values are assigned to several variables

ExampleWant to highlight specific numbers on the real line.



Loops


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Loops

Loops cont.





Give it a first try:

\ draw [ - >] ( 0 ,0 ) to ( 8 , 0 ) ;

\ f o r e a c h \ x in {0 , 1 , 1.57 , 3.14 , 2 .71} {

\ draw ( \ x , 0 . 1 ) to ( \ x , - 0 . 1 ) ;

\ n od e a t (\ x , -0.3) {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e { \ x } } ;



Loops


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Loops

Loops cont.





Give it a first try:

0 1 1.57 3.142.71



Loops


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Loops

Loops cont.





Better:

0 1

2 e



Loops


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p

Loops cont.





\ draw [ - >] ( 0 ,0 ) to ( 4 , 0 ) ;

\ f o r e a c h \ x / \ txt in

{0 , 1 , 1.57 / $\ frac {\ pi }{2}$ , 3.14 / $\ pi $ , 2.71 / $ e $} {\ draw ( \ x , 0 . 1 ) to ( \ x , - 0 . 1 ) ;

\ n od e a t (\ x , -0.3) {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e { \ t x t } } ;



Coordinates


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Calculate Coordinates

Coordinates

can be defined using coordinate

like nodes with empty text

coordinates can be computed (like vector math)

need to add the package calc (\includetikzpackage{calc})



Coordinates


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An Example Using Coordinate Calculation Background



Coordinates


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A

B

F

= 12

Construction

1 start with an isosceles triangle with base of length a



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Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I = 12

Construction


2 draw a copy ofABatF

3 draw segmentAIof lengthbwith some angle



Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I

H

= 12

Construction




4 and copy it toG



Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I

H

= 12

Construction




4 and copy it toG

5 connectHandI



Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12

Construction




4 and copy it toG

5 connectHandI

6 rotate the polygonal pathFGHIAaroundA by 12



Coordinates


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An Example Using Coordinate Calculation TikZ realization

A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates

A E l U i C di C l l i TikZ li i


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates

A E l U i C di t C l l ti TikZ li ti


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates

A E m l U i g C di t C l l ti TikZ li ti


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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p g

A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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p g

A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates



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p g

A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates

An Example Using Coordinate Calculation TikZ realizationD


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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



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Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FG

b= AI = HG



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FG

b= AI = HG

Example

Define Variables to use:

\ def \ a {0.5}

\ def \ b {0.5}

\ def \ b A n g l e { - 1 0 }



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

D

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FG

b= AI = HG

Example

Compute Distance of PointF fromAB:

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ h y p } { \ a *0.5 / cos (84)}

\ p g f m a t h s e t m a c r o { \ l e n } { sqrt (\hyp *\hyp -0.25*\ a *\ a )}



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FG

b= AI = HG

Example

Compute the locations of the points:

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( A ) at ( 0 , 0 ) ; % s ta rt c oo rd in a te

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( B ) at ($ ( A ) + (0 ,\ a ) $);

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( F ) at ( $ ( B ) + ( \ len , 0. 5* \ a ) $);

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( G ) at ($ ( F ) + (0 ,\ a ) $);



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FGb= AI = HG

Example


\ c o o r d i n a t e ( H t e m p ) at ( $ ( G ) - ( \ b , 0) $ );

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( H ) at ($ ( G ) ! 1! \ b A n g le : ( H t em p ) $ );

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( I t e m p ) at ( $ ( A ) + (\ b , 0) $ );

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( I ) at ($ ( A ) ! 1! \ b A n g le : ( I t em p ) $ );



Coordinates



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A

B

F

G

I

H

C

E

= 12

a= AB = FGb= AI = HG

Example


\ c o o r d i n a t e ( E ) at ( $ ( F ) !1 ! - 12 :( G ) $ );

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( D ) at ( $ ( F ) !1 ! - 12 :( H ) $ );

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( C ) at ( $ ( F ) !1 ! - 12 :( I ) $ );



Coordinates

The Voderberg Spiral


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Scope

Scopes in TikZ


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TikZ allows scopes, just like e. g. JAVA

scopes can alter the drawing projection

that means rotating, moving or scaling etc.

Possible commands are:

xscale, yscaleand scalefor scaling

rotatefor rotation around an angle

xshift, yshiftand shiftfor movements of the origin

\ begin { scope }[ rotate = 3 0 , xscale = 0 . 5 , shift = { ( 0 : \ s ) } ]

...\ end { scope }



Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Jan-Philipp Kappmeier (21 02 2013) How to TikZ? 23 / 43 TikZ Basics Advanced TikZ Even More Advanced TikZ

Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Jan Philipp Kappmeier (21 02 2013) How to TikZ? 23 / 43 TikZ Basics Advanced TikZ Even More Advanced TikZ

Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Scope

Example for Scopes


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Animation

Two Ways to Add Animations

Beamer


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animations can be used once

one slide in the file per frame

Animation Package

animations can be restarted

infinite loops possible

embedded into a single slide

Need a lot of computation!Take care with integral/floating point calculations!



Animation

Animations Using Beamer Style

Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter

needs a variable: newdimen varname

animated frames defined by animate

variable contains values as inanimatedvalue



Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






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Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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Animation Parameter






Animation


Packet on an arc


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\ n e w d i m e n \ p o s

\animate

\ a n i m a t ev a l ue < 1 - 2 0 > { \ p o s i t i o n } { 0 c m } { 5 c m }


\ node ( x ) at ( \ p o s it i on , 0 .7 ) [ draw , thick , fill = C a r n a t i o n P i n

\ node ( a ) at (0 , 0) [ draw , circle , fill = RedOrange , thick ] {};

\ node ( b ) at (5 , 0) [ draw , circle , fill = YellowGreen , thick ] {}

e dg e [ < -] ( a );

\ end { t i k z p i c t u r e }



Animation

Animations with the Animate Package

\ begin { a n i m a t e i n l i n e } [ autoplay, loop ]{24}

\ m u l t i f r a m e { 4 8 } { r A n g l e = 0 + 1 . 5 } {

\ a n i m a t e L o g o { \ r A n g l e }


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\ a a t e o g o { \ g e }

}

\ end { a n i m a t e i n l i n e }



Animation

Animations with the Animate Package

\ begin { a n i m a t e i n l i n e } [ autoplay, loop ]{24}

\ m u l t i f r a m e { 4 8 } { r A n g l e = 0 + 1 . 5 } {

\ a n i m a t e L o g o { \ r A n g l e }


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\ g { \ g }

}

\ end { a n i m a t e i n l i n e }



Plots

Plotting in TikZ

Something like this is possible in TikZ:


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Size of instance

Time(s)

23

26

29

212

215

218

221

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

RUNTIME

But:quite lengthy code, as axes and legend have to be drawn manually



Plots

Plotting using PGFPLOTS

The PGFPLOTS package

package specialized for drawing plots


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based upon PGF/TikZ

available athttp://sourceforge.net/projects/pgfplots

themanualis as good as the one of TikZ

On the following slides, there will be just three examples. For more, have

a look in the manual.



Plots

A Starting Example

0sin(x)

x + cos(2x) 4
http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgfplotshttp://sourceforge.net/projects/pgfplots


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400 200 0 200 400 600 800

8

6

4

2

0 90 + cos(2x) 4



Plots

A Starting Example


\ begin { axis }[ d o m a i n = - 3 6 0 : 3 6 0 , s a m p l e s = 8 0 ,

width = 1 0 c m , h e i g h t = 7 c m , xmax =800]


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\ a d d p l o t [ color = r e d , m a r k = x ] c o o r d i n a t e s {

( - 2 0 0 , - 1 )

( - 1 3 3 , - 1 . 2 )

( - 6 6 , - 2 )

( 0 , - 2 . 5 )( 6 6 , - 4 )

( 1 3 3 , - 5 )

( 2 0 0 , - 7 )

};

\ a d d p l o t [ color = b lu e ] { sin ( x ) } ;

\ a d d p l o t [ color = g r e en ] { - 4+ x / 9 0+ cos ( x * 2 ) } ;\ end { axis }




Plots

Plotting from Files

6


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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0

2

4

6



Plots

Plotting from Files


\ begin { axis }

\ a d dp l ot f il e { c h a r t s / d a t a . t a b l e } ;

\ { }


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\ end { axis }


File features

reads gnuplot style files with datapoints specified as x y i

withxandybeeing floating point values

also specific rows of a table can be read

for details, see the manual



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Plots

Plots in 3D


\ begin { axis }

\ a d d p l o t 3[ surf , domain = 0 : 3 6 0 , s a m p l e s =50]

{ i ( ) i ( ) }


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{ sin ( x ) * sin ( y ) } ;

\ end { axis }


Take care, high sample values are not possible due to memory limitations!



Nodes and Edges Revisited

If You Still Miss a Powerpoint Feature

I wouldnt mind having

these fancy clouds!


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Do you really miss anything?






these fancy clouds!


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Bam! If you really, really need, just do, its easy!






these fancy clouds!


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Bam! If you really, really need, just do, its easy!

\node[starburst,fill=yellow,draw=red,line width=2pt] at




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example

\ node [ align = center , draw , s h a d i n g = ball , text = w h i t e ,c l ou d c a ll o ut, c l ou d p u ff s = 1 7 , c lo ud p uf f a rc = 1 4 0 ,

c a ll o ut p o in t er s e gm e nt s =3 , a n c h o r = pointer,

c a ll o ut r e la t iv e p o in t er = { ( 2 0 0 : 2 c m ) } , a s p e c t =2.5]

at ( c u r re nt p ag e . c e n t e r )

{ I w ould n t m in d h av in g \\ t he se f an cy c lo ud s ! };




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






cloud calloutthe shape name




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






cloud puffsthe number of puffs of the cloud




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






cloud puff arcthe angle between two meeting puffs




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






callout pointer segmentsthe number of round bubbles




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






callout relative pointerthe angle and distance of the pointer




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






aspect ratio between width and height




The Cloud Code


these fancy clouds!


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Example






current page.center absolutecoordinate on the page



Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees


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Trees

Trees More Like This

Defining Trees

child{}in a node definition creates a childusenodeand childiterativeley to create a tree


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Example

root

here there

another

\ node {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e r o o t }child {

node {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e h e r e } }

child { node {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e t h e r e }

child {

node {\ f o o t n o t e s i z e a n o t h e r } }

child {node {}

};



Trees

Split nodes

The Rectangle Split Shape

allows to put more than one text into nodesneed to include tikzlibrary shapes.multipart


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the style is rectangle split

this gives a vertically split. For horizontally splitadd

rectangle split horizontal

Example

\node[rectangle split,rectangle split parts=3,draw]

{1\nodepart{two}2\nodepart{three}3};

1

2

3



Trees

Recursive Sorting

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9

5 2 3 74 6 1 9


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5 2

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Trees

Recursive Sorting

unfortunatelychildren overlap

can be solved via sibling distance

a style for each level of the tree


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Example

\ begin { t i k z p i c t u r e }[l ev e l 1 /. style ={ s i bl i ng d i st a nc e = 6 0 m m } ,

l ev e l 2 /. style ={ s i bl i ng d i st a nc e = 3 0 m m } ,

l ev e l 3 /. style ={ s i bl i ng d i st a nc e = 2 0 m m } ]


All siblings on level 1 will have a distance of 60mm



Trees

Recursive Sorting

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9


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5 2

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Trees

Recursive Sorting

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9


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5 2

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Trees

Recursive Sorting

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9


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2 5

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Trees

Recursive Sorting

5 2 3 7 4 6 1 9

2 3 5 7 1 4 6 9


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2 5

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Trees

Recursive Sorting

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

2 3 5 7 1 4 6 9


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2 5

5 2

3 7

3 7

4 6

4 6

1 9

1 9



Intersections

Intersections

B

F

G

H

D

C

E


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A

F

I

= 12



Intersections

Intersections

B

F

G

H

D

C

E

Nice detail:End point of helping line is in the

middle of the angle.


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A

F

I

= 12



Intersections

Intersections

B

F

G

H

D

C

E

Nice detail:End point of helping line is in the

middle of the angle.


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A

F

I

= 12

The good thing:

TikZ can automatically compute these intersection points.Paths can be arbitrary, not only line segments!



Intersections

Intersections cont.

How to compute intersections

1

include the TikZ library intersections2 name paths using the option [name path=pname]

Hint: invisible paths can be drawn using\path


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p g \p

3 compute intersections as new path:

\path [name intersections={of=pname1 and pname2}];

new intersection points are now available at

(intersection-1), (intersection-2)etc.



Intersections

Intersections cont.

How to compute intersections

1

include the TikZ library intersections2 name paths using the option [name path=pname]

Hint: invisible paths can be drawn using\path


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p g p

3 compute intersections as new path:

\path [name intersections={of=pname1 and pname2}];

new intersection points are now available at

(intersection-1), (intersection-2)etc.

\ path [ name path = h e lp Pa th ] ( h e lp Po in t ) - - ( l a be l Po in t ) ;

\ path [ name path = ai ] ( B) -- ( F);

\ path [ n am e i n t er s e ct i o ns ={ of = h e l p P a t h and a i } ] ;

\ c o o r d i n a t e ( i n t e r s ) at ( $ ( i n t e r s ec t i on - 1 ) ! 0 . 5! ( h e l p P oi n t )



Visualization of Graph Algorithms

Some Styles to Define a Graph and Algorithm Visualization

Requirements

need styles for nodes and edgesstyles should change with the algorithm state

good idea to nest styles!


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good dea to est sty es




Some Styles to Define a Graph and Algorithm Visualization

Requirements

need styles for nodes and edgesstyles should change with the algorithm state

good idea to nest styles!


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g y

\ t i k z s t y l e { v e r t e x } = [ draw , circle , fill = G r a y ,m i n im u m size = 2 0 p t ]\ t i k z s t y l e { s e le ct ed v er te x } = [ v er te x , fill = M a r o o n ]

\ t i k z s t y l e { edge } = [ draw , thick, -]

\ t i k z s t y l e { w ei gh t } = [ font =\ small ]

\ t i k z s t y l e { s el ec te d edge } = [ draw , l in e w i dt h = 5 p t , - , G r e e n ]

\ t i k z s t y l e { i gn or ed edge } = [ draw , l in e w i dt h = 5 p t , - , S a l m o n ]

Style selected vertex based on vertex, but changes the fill color




Defining a Graph in Four Lines...

Using all our so far gained knowledge, we can say:

\ f o r e a c h \ p o s / \ name i n { {( 0 , 2) / a }, { (2 , 1 )/ b } , { (4 , 1 )/ c } ,

{ (0 , 0) / d } , { (3 , 0) / e } , { (2 , - 1) / f } , { (4 , - 1) / g } }

\ node [ v e rt ex ] (\ name ) at \ p os {$ \ name $};

\ f o r e a c h \ s o ur c e / \ d es t / \ w e ig h t i n { b / a /7 , c / b / 8 , d / a /5 , d / b / 9 ,

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / }


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e / b / 7 , e / c / 5 , e / d / 1 5 , f / d / 6 , f / e / 8 , g / e / 9 , g / f / 1 1 }

\ path [ e dg e ] (\ s o ur ce ) - - node [ w e i gh t ] { $\ w e ig h t $ } ( \ d es t ) ;

Using:styles,node namesandforeach with tuples




Defining a Graph in Four Lines...

a

7

8


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b c

d e

f g

85

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11




... and an Algorithm in Another Six

\ f o r e a c h \ v er te x / \ s li de in { d /1 , a /2 , f /3 , b /4 , e /5 , c /6 , g / 7}

\ path < \ s l i d e - > node [ s e l e ct e d v e rt e x ] at ( \ v e rt e x ) { $\ v e rt e

\ f o r e a c h \ s o ur ce / \ d es t in { d /a , d /f , a /b , b /e , e /c , e / g}\ path [ s e le ct ed e dg e ] (\ s o ur ce ) - - (\ d e st ) ;

\ f o r e a c h \ s ou rc e / \ dest / \ s lide in

{ d / b / 4 , d / e / 5 , e / f / 5 , b / c / 6 , f / g / 7 }


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{ / / , / / , / / , / / , / g / }

\ path < \ s li de - > [ i g no r ed e dg e ] ( \ s o ur c e ) - - ( \ d es t ) ;





a

7

8

7

8


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b c

d e

f g

85

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

85

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11





a

b

7

85

a

7

85


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b c

d e

f g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11





a

b c

7

85

a

7

85


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b c

d e

f g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

f

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11





a

b c

7

85

a

b

7

85


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b c

d e

f g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

f

b5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11





a

b c

7

85

a

b

7

85


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b c

d e

f g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

f

b

e

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11



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a

b c

7

85

a

b c

7

85


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b c

d e

f g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11

d

f

b

e

c

g

5

9

7

5

15

6

8

9

11



Overview

Outlook

TikZ really can do a lot of stuff

much more can be done using some of the many packages

for example object oriented programming

worth reading a bit in the manual


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Thank you!


introduction to tikz

Documents