INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGYPREPARED BYSF DIPULALEARNING OBJECTIVESAt the end of this let!"e st!dents sho!ld #e $#le to%Define te"&sDis!ss histo"' of to(iolo)'De&onst"$te !nde"st$ndin) of diffe"ent *oisons in Bots+$n$DEFINITION OF TERMSToxicology The st!d' of the $d,e"se effets of he&i$l- *h'si$l o" #iolo)i$l $)ents on li,in) o")$nis&s $nd the eos'ste&- inl!din) the *"e,ention $nd $&elio"$tion of s!h $d,e"se effets. /Soiet' of To(iolo)'0Toxicant (poison) The s*eifi *oisono!s s!#st$neXenobiotic 1$n &$de s!#st$ne $nd2o" *"od!ed #' #!t not no"&$ll' fo!nd in the #od'What is a poison????ll s!bstances $"e *oisons3the"e is none th$t is not $ *oison"The "i)ht #ose diffe"enti$tes $ *oison $nd $ "e&ed'.$a%acels!s (&'()*&+'&)DOSEThe $&o!nt of he&i$l ente"in) the #od'Us!$ll' )i,en $s &) of he&i$l24) of #od' +ei)htThe dose is de*endent !*onThe en,i"on&ent$l onent"$tionThe *"o*e"ties of the to(i$ntThe f"e5!en' of e(*os!"eThe len)th of e(*os!"eThe e(*os!"e *$th+$'Dose ,s $oisonAn $**$"entl' nontoxic he&i$l $n #e toxic $t high #oses. /Too &!h of $ )ood thin) $n #e #$d0.-ighly toxic he&i$ls $n #e li.e sa/ing +hen )i,en in app%op%iate #oses" /Poisons $"e not h$"&f!l $t$ s!ffiientl' lo+ dose0.TERMSToxicity The $d,e"se effets th$t $ he&i$l&$' *"od!eExpos!%e 0ontact *"o,idin) oppo%t!nity of o#t$inin) $ *oisono!s dose -a1a%# The li2elihoo# th$t toxicity +ill #e exp%esse#$OISONO3S S34STN0ESP"od!ed #' *l$nts- $ni&$ls- o" #$te"i$.$hytotoxins$-5TOTOXINS6OOTOXINS 40TERIOTOXINSTERMSO,e"doseRis4-ISTOR5To(iolo)' d$tes to the e$"liest h!&$nsPoisons *l$'ed $n i&*o"t$nt "ole in the histo"' of &$n4ind. In &ost $ses- *oisonin) is $!sed #' *eo*le6s ne)$ti,e h$"$te"istisThe' &$' eithe" #e l$4 of info"&$tion- i)no"$ne- $"elessness- !ntidiness- $nd- $t +o"st- $n)e" th$t &$' le$d to $ses of deli#e"$te *oisonin)-ISTOR5789 :88 A.D% Ro&$ns !sed *oisons fo"e(e!tions $nd $ss$ssin$tions.The Philoso*he"- So"$tes- +$s e(e!ted !sin) he&lo4 fo" te$hin) "$di$lide$s to 'o!ths;0% Fathe% o. Occ!pational Me#icineO!tlined he$lth h$?$"ds of the d!sts- f!&es- o" )$ses th$t s!h +o"4e"s inh$ledAis "ese$"h le$d to the !""ent di$)nosis% $lle")en ind!ed $sth&$ /ho"se "ide"s B #$4e"s0Pne!&ooniosis%$ )"o!* of d!st9"el$ted h"oni dise$ses /&ine"s- f$"&e"s- )l$ss !tte"s et0-ISTOR5>?th 0ent!%yR$hel C$"son $l$"&ed *!#li $#o!t d$n)e"s of *estiides in the en,i"on&entT5$ESDesc%ipti/ePe"fo"&s to(iit' tests !sed to e,$l!$te the "is4 th$t e(*os!"e to $ he&i$l *oses to h!&$n #ein)s B en,i"on&entMechanisticDete"&ines ho+ delete"io!s effets on li,in) o")$nis&sReg!lato%yJ!d)es +hethe" o" not $ d"!) h$s $ lo+ eno!)h "is4 to C!stif' &$4in) it $,$il$#le fo" its intended !seFo%ensicCone"ned +ith &ediole)$l $s*ets of he&i$ls0linicalFo!ses on dise$ses th$t $"e $!sed #'2$"e !ni5!el' $ssoi$ted+ith to(i s!#st$nesE$IDEMIO@OA5 IN 4OTSWNP"e,$lene in So!the"n Af"i$% ; to @DIn Bots+$n$ $!te *oisonin) "$n4s thi"d $&on) inC!"ies le$din) to hos*it$li?$tionCo&&on &edi$tion o,e"dose +$s d!e to *h$"&$e!ti$ls- ho!sehold *"od!ts B t"$dition$l &ediinesPoisonin)s o&&on $&on) !nde" 7s B 'o!n) $d!ltsC$ses "e*o"ted +e"e $ident$l/hild"en0 B intention$l /'o!n) $d!lts0Fe&$le ,iti&s &o"e th$n &$les /de$th0Poisonin) #' *l$nts $nd t"$dition$l &ediines $ffeted &o"e &$les th$n fe&$le ,iti&s /o,e" >8 '"s0F0TS 4O3T $OISONS=