introduction to zoology
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Introduction to Zoology. Unit 1- Mrs. Stahl. Zoology- What is it?. The study of animals of course! Extremely broad because there are so many concentrations and sooooo many animals. There are 8.7 million organisms on Earth, only 1.7 million have been described. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Zoology
Unit 1- Mrs. Stahl
Zoology- What is it? •The study of animals of course! •Extremely broad because there are so many
concentrations and sooooo many animals. •There are 8.7 million organisms on Earth, only
1.7 million have been described.•Only 14% of the worlds species have been
identified- that leaves 86% left•Only 9% of the oceans species have been
identified. ▫Ex- 20,000 species of bony fish▫Ex- 300,000 species of beetles
Category Species Totals
Vertebrate Animals
Mammals 5,490Birds 9,998Reptiles 9,084Amphibians 6,433Fishes 31,300
Total Vertebrates 62,305
Invertebrate Animals
Insects 1,000,000
Spiders and scorpions 102,248
Molluscs 85,000Crustaceans 47,000Corals 2,175Others 68,827
Total Invertebrates 1,305,250
Plants
Flowering plants (angiosperms) 281,821
Conifers (gymnosperms) 1,021
Ferns and horsetails 12,000
Mosses 16,236
Red and green algae 10,134
Total Plants 321,212OthersLichens 17,000Mushrooms 31,496Brown algae 3,067Total Others 51,563
TOTAL SPECIES 1,740,330
Two Major Categories•Vertebrates- with a backbone•Invertebrates- without a
backbone•What am I?
Why do we want to study animals?
So we can study their:- Functionality- Structure- Ecological Role and
Importance- Evolution
Let’s Narrow it down a little….
•Ichthyology- Study of fish•Entomology- Insects•Herpetology- Amphibians &
Reptiles•Mammalogy- Mammals•Ornithology- Birds•Protozoology- Protozoa
Let’s Review a little…..
•All living things must be able to:▫1. Reproduce▫2. Made up of cells▫3. Respond to a stimulus▫4. Grow and develop▫5. Evolve and change▫6. Metabolize- need and use chemical energy▫7. Maintain Homeostasis▫8. Be made up of DNA▫9. Chemical Uniqueness
Chemical Uniqueness
•Complex molecular organization•Macromolecules- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids
•Ex- Proteins- 20 specific amino acids
Made up of Cells•Smallest and basic unit of
life. •Each level builds on the
level below it.•Ex- within a cell
macromolecules are assembled into ribosome's, chromosomes, and membranes and they are then built upon to form organelles such as the mitochondria.
Continues on to populations and species.
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
•Stores genetic information•Made up of nucleotides (4 nitrogenous
base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates.
•Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T)•Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C)•The sequence of the bases is what codes
for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence (amino acids).
Reproduction•Life has to come from prior life / DNA has to
be passed on.•Living forms reproduce to generate others
like themselves: binary fission, asexual reproduction, or sexual reproduction.
•Genes replicate to form new genes•Cells divide to produce new cells- binary
fission•Populations split up and new species are
produced= speciation.
Metabolism• Have to acquire nutrients from their environment
in order to maintain proper energy levels.• Nutrients-> chemical energy for the body to use
in the form of ATP.• Chemical processes include digestion,
respiration, and synthesis of molecules. • Interaction between catabolic (destructive) and
anabolic (constructive)• Cellular Respiration-> mitochondria• Cellular and nuclear membranes regulate
metabolism by controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
Growth and Development•All organisms have a life cycle that they go
through from origin (when the sperm fertilizes the egg = fertilization) to adulthood.
•Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures.
•Unicellular are more simple than Multicellular.
•Metamorphosis- many organisms have similar early stages of development and are hard to tell apart and then they change.
Stimulus•How do they interact / respond with their
environment?•Often referred to as ecology, focusing on
geographic distribution and population abundance.
•They respond by adapting their metabolism and physiology so that they can survive in the environment in which they live.
Evolution•Change over time.•Ex- Darwin’s finches- he found 14
different species of finches that derived from one. They had different beaks to adapt to the type of seed they fed upon.
Homeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditions in an organism. Body temp. is 37 C or 98.6 F
Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions. Temperature, blood sugar, acidity, must be controlled or it can be fatal.
Maintained-> negative feedback loop= change in a system causes a response that tends to return that system back to its original state.
Ex- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin. http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/homeostasis-positivenegative-feedback-mechanisms/
Life Obeys the Laws of Physics• The first law of thermodynamics-> conserving energy.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another. ▫ a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be
transformed from one form to another.▫ b. All aspects of life require energy.▫ c. In animals, chemical energy in food is converted to
chemical energy in cells and then converted to mechanical energy of muscle contraction.
• All our energy comes from the sun-> reaches Earth as light or heat-> Plants capture this light in the form of Photosynthesis in green plants and cyanobacteria transforms energy into chemical bonds-> bonds form potential energy (stored)-> bond breaks and the energy is released and used to perform many cellular tasks-> transferred to animals.
Second Law of Thermodynamics• Physical systems tend to proceed toward a state
of greater disorder or entropy.• Energy obtained and stored by plants is released
by various mechanisms and then dissipated as heat.
• It takes a constant input of usable energy from food to keep an animal organized.
• The process of evolution does not violate the second law; complexity is achieved by constant use and loss of energy flowing into the biosphere from the sun.
• Physiologists study survival, growth, reproduction, etc. from an energetic perspective.
Characteristics of Animals•Originated in the Precambrian Era over 600 mya.•Eukaryotes- organisms whose cells contain a
nucleus.• Includes Plants, Fungi, and some unicellular
organisms.•Animals -unique in nutrition; they eat other
organisms and therefore need to capture food. •Animals lack photosynthesis; cell walls found in
plants.•Fungi absorb food through little tubular filaments
called hyphae which animals do not have.
Some are neither plants nor animals….
•Euglena- motile, single celled organism that resemble plants in that they can be photosynthetic but also resemble animals in that they eat food particles.
•Kingdom Protista.
Animals also…..•Motile- move about from one location to
the next.•Sessile- Cannot move from place to place
but they still have moving parts. •What are 5 animals that are sessile and 5
that are motile? •Respiration•Digestion•Ingestion
Sessile
Motile
How are they classified????• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)• He came up with a means of naming organisms that
was simple and universal. • Problem before this was that people were naming
things multiple names that were really long, and there wasn’t any consistency.
• Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
• Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature-> two word naming system▫Genus, species▫Always in italics▫Genus is capitalized and species lowercased▫Ex- Homo sapiens
Classification System
•Kingdom•Phylum•Class•Order•Family•Genus•Species
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!
Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms
Domains Kingdoms
•Eubacteria-> contain bacteria
•Archaea-> Microbes
•Eukarya-> organisms with compartmentalized cells
• Animalia- Animals• Plantae- Plants• Fungi- Fungus• Protista- animal like
and plant like• Eubacteria• Archaebacteria
Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria
•Number of cells•How it obtains energy•Type of cell
Kingdom Animalia & it’s Major Phyla•Porifera- sponges•Cnidaria- hydras, sea anemones, jelly fish, and
corals•Annelida- marine worms, earthworms, and
leeches•Mollusca- snails, octopi, squids, clams, mussels,
conchs, etc.•Arthropoda- crabs, insects, lobsters, etc.•Echinodermata- sea stars, sea urchins, sand
dollars, brittle stars•Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
Review Scientific Method
Scientific Method1.Make an observation2.Ask a question / Research3.Form a hypothesis4.Experimentation5. Collect data / Results6.Analyze and Conclude7.Repeat
DataInformation gathered
Qualitative or Quantitative
Difference …………………
Qualitative= DescriptiveEx- The scar appears old
•Quantitative= Numbers or measurements▫Ex- Has one scar on its dorsal area
What is an inference?
•Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
Hypothesis Prediction based on prior knowledge
Typically use the words If and Then! If the boat is traveling fast in a “no wake” zone and there are manatees there, then the manatees will get hit by the boats propeller causing deep scars to form.
•Inductive▫Looking at
individual observations and proposing a general explanation for them.
▫Example-> Scientist may observe an octopus and squid, both cephalopods, have arms with suckers and conclude that all cephalopods have arms with suckers.
•Deductive▫Observations
suggest a general principle from which a specific statement can be derived.
▫Example-> all cephalopods have arms with suckers and since a cuttlefish is a cephalopod then it must also have arms with suckers.
Variables Try to find the cause and effect relationship.
A. Independent Variable-> What you the experimenter changes or manipulates.
B. Dependent Variable> the variable that changes because of the IV (results / data)
C. Control-> variables that remain the same.
Theorya. Proven through scientific investigation and methods
b. Example- Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection
Scientific Law Statement of fact meant to describe an
action or set of actions Many use mathematical equations to
explain. Accepted at face value because they have
always been observed. Examples- Newton's Laws of Motion,
Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy, Law of gravity, etc…
What do you do when you are done with your experiment?
•Repeat it!!!!!
Why is peer review important?•Validity, double check your work