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TRANSCRIPT
Day 1 : First Half
Presentation By: DIT/CDAC Team
Introduction towards the World of Disabilities and Solutions
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 1
Agenda for this session Define Disability What is WCAG Identify the types of Disability Identify the E-learning challenges Changes in WCAG Examples Define AT Identify the types of AT Define Accessibility Myths about Accessibility Need for Accessibility Easy First Step WCAG 2.0 Basic
2 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Disability is … the consequence of an impairment that may be
physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or some combination of these. A disability may be present from birth, or occur during a person's lifetime.
Lack of physical, mental, or social fitness
Physical or mental handicap
Interpreted by different individuals differently
Date: 3 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Definition of Disability As per Disability Discrimination Act of UK 1995
A person has a disability for the purposes of this act if he/she has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities
Date: 4 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Definition of Disability (2)
As per American with Disabilities Act
The term "disability" means, with respect to an individual—
(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual;
(B) a record of such an impairment; or
(C) being regarded as having such an impairment.
Date: 5 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Definition of Disability (3)
As per IMS Global Learning Consortium
A mismatch between the needs of the learner and the education offered
Date: 6 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Disability simply means
Inability to do day-to-day tasks due to physical or mental impairment
Date: 7 / NN Disabilities and Solutions
Country Laws
Australia
Canada
Denmark
European Union
Finland
France
Germany
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Israel
• Italy
• Japan
• New Zealand
• Portugal
• Spain
• Switzerland
• United Kingdom
• United States of America
8 / NN Disabilities and Solutions Date:
USA Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act
Rehabilitation Act, Section 504
Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998, Section 508
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
New Freedom Initiative
+ State Laws
http://www.webaim.org/articles/laws/usa/
9 / NN Disabilities and Solutions Date:
Example: Kentucky
Additional Kentucky state laws regarding accessibility of digital content AIT – Accessible Information Technology
Statute stating state information, technology, equipment and software must be accessible to employees and the general public.
Textbook Act – publishers must provide an accessible digital version within 15 days of request.
10 / NN Disabilities and Solutions Date:
What is WCAG?
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/
Other WAI Guidelines ATAG - Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
EARL - Evaluation and Report Language
UAAG - User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
WAI ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite
Disabilities and Solutions 11 / NN Date:
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international consortium where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. W3C's mission is: To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.
WAI, in coordination with organizations around the world, pursues accessibility of the Web through four primary areas of work: technology, tools, education and outreach, and research and development.
Who develops WCAG?
Disabilities and Solutions 12 / NN Date:
The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) develops... guidelines widely regarded as the international standard for Web
accessibility
support materials to help understand and implement Web accessibility
resources, through international collaboration
WAI welcomes... participation from around the world (price prohibitive)
volunteers to review, implement, and promote guidelines
dedicated participants in working groups
Who develops WCAG?
Disabilities and Solutions 13 / NN Date:
Disabilities and Solutions 14 / NN
The WCAG guidelines are widely regarded as the voluntary
international standard for web accessibility
Date:
Technology Changes
In 1999… HTML, PDF,
Javascript
Static, information pages
Desktop, laptop
IE, Netscape
In 2009… XHTML, CSS, Flash,
PDF, Javascript, AJAX
Dynamic, interactive, social networking
+ phones, pdas, gps, car, tv, fridge…
+ Opera, Safari, Firefox…
Disabilities and Solutions 15 / NN Date
Types of Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 16 / NN
Type Example Description
Functional Disabilities caused due to some sort of- physical, mental or sensory disability
Situational Inability to perform an action, in a given situation, or under certain circumstances
Age Related As we grow older we might encounter low vision or mobility impairment and need assistance
Functional Disabilities
Date: 17 / NN
Type Example Description
Visual Can not see clearly
Hearing Can not hear clearly
Mobility Can not move / Difficulty in movement
Learning Difficulty in learning concepts
Disabilities and Solutions
Visual Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 18 / NN
It affects Concept Development
Mobility/Movement
Types of Visual Disabilities Low vision
Color blindness
Tunnel vision
Distorted vision Cataract
Macular Degeneration
Near and far sightedness
80% of Learning happens through
Vision!
Challenges faced..
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 19 / NN
Information conveyed through color alone
Use of small size font
Use of images for conveying important information
Lack of keyboard support
Hearing Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 20 / NN
Problem with one or more parts of the ear
Types of Hearing Disability:
Total deafness (deaf)
Partial deafness (hard-of-hearing)
Challenges faced..
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 21 / NN
Lack of alternate for audio information
Important information conveyed using audio alone
Unable to adjust the audio output
Learning Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 22 / NN
Affects people's ability to interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain
Types of Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Dysgraphia
Dyscalculia
Challenges faced..
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 23 / NN
Too much of text
Use of flashing and blinking elements
Inconsistent navigation
Auto-refreshing screens
Situational Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 24 / NN
Inability to perform an action, in a given situation, or under certain circumstances
Examples of Situational Disabilities
Can not listen audio information due to noisy environnent
Inability to use a calculator as the numbers are rubbed off
Forgot glasses at home, so finding it difficult to work
Age Related Disabilities
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 25 / NN
Due to age, people face problems with
Vision
Mobility
Hearing
Memory
Changes in WCAG 2.0
Adding testable criteria, principles, and understanding
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 26 / NN
What WCAG 2 gives you
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 27 / NN
International standard, developed cooperatively
Applies to more advanced Web technologies
current, future, non-W3C
Clearer criteria, more precisely testable
Adaptable, flexible for different situations, and developing technologies and techniques
Extensive supporting materials, practical implementation guidance
WCAG 1.0 – WCAG 2.0
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 28 / NN
WCAG 1.0 WCAG 2.0
Principles: P-O-U-R
Guidelines Guidelines
Checkpoints Priority 1, 2, 3
Success Criteria Level A, AA, AAA
Support Support
Techniques Techniques
Understanding
Scripting allowed
• Back in 1999, screen readers and other assistive technology did not support scripting.
• Scripted websites were inaccessible under Perceivable and Operable Principles.
• Now major browsers and assistive technologies support scripting and it can be used to enhance accessibility if the proper techniques are used.
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 29 / NN
Examples
CAPTCHAs, Animation, etc.
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 30 / NN
More design flexibility
WCAG 1.0 7.1 Until user agents allow users to control
flickering, avoid causing the screen to flicker.
WCAG 2.0 allows more movement within defined parameters (for instance)
Three Flashes or Below Threshold: 2.3.1 Web pages do not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds. (Level A)
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 31 / NN
Example: Contrast
WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint
• 2.2 Ensure that foreground and background color combinations provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having color deficits or when viewed on a black and white screen.
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 32 / NN
Example: Contrast
WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual
presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 5:1, except for the following: Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text
have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1; Incidental: Text or images of text that are part of an inactive
user interface component, that are pure decoration, that are not visible to anyone, or that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content, have no contrast requirement.
Logotypes: Text that is part of a logo or brand name has no minimum contrast requirement. (from the Dec 2008 Draft)
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 33 / NN
Example: Navigation
WCAG 1 - Provide clear and consistent navigation mechanisms -- orientation information, navigation bars, a site map, etc. -- to increase the likelihood that a person will find what they are looking for at a site.
WCAG 2 - Provide ways to help users navigate, find content and determine where they are. 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks
2.4.2 Page Titled
2.4.3 Focus Order
2.4.4 Link Purpose
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 34 / NN
Exception Example
Text Alternatives: Provide text alternatives for any non-text content so that it can be changed into other forms people need, such as large print, braille, speech, symbols or simpler language. Non-text Content: All non-text content that is presented
to the user has a text alternative that serves the equivalent purpose, except for the situations listed below. Controls, Input (function rather than description) Time-Based Media (streams of live events) Test (art history test) Sensory (no alternative text exists, however, it can be
described) CAPTCHA (security) Decoration, Formatting, Invisible (not content)
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 35 / NN
Assistive Technology (AT) ISO Definition:
Hardware or software products used by people with disabilities to accomplish their tasks
AT Tools in Operating System:
Microsoft Windows - Narrator, SoundSentry
iOS - VoiceOver, IChat
Linux - Gnopernicus, GOK
Third-party AT Tools:
Screen reader – JAWS, HPR
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 36 / NN
AT for Visual Disabilities Screen readers
JAWS
Home Page reader
Window-Eyes
Screen magnifiers
Braille embossers
Refreshable Braille displays
Speech Synthesizers
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 37 / NN
AT for Hearing Disabilities
Signers
TTY/TDD conversion modems
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 38 / NN
AT for Mobility Disabilities On-screen keyboard programs
Joysticks
Trackballs
Sip and puff devices
Alternative Keyboards
Electronic pointing Devices
Touch screens
Keyboard filters
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 39 / NN
AT for Learning Disabilities Word prediction programs
Reading comprehension programs
Talking & large print word processors
Speech synthesizers
Speech recognition programs
Spell checkers
Touch screens
Keyboard filters
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 40 / NN
What is Accessibility The ease with which one can reach a certain place,
person or thing
Civil right - Right to participate within a society on an equal footing with everyone else
The ability of the learning environment to adjust to the needs of all learners
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 41 / NN
Myths about Accessibility
Why should I bother about Accessibility?
“Its only for the disabled”
I don’t deal with the federal agencies
Implementing accessibility is time consuming
Expensive
Target customers do not include the disabled
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 42 / NN
Need for Accessibility
Information required by all
Reach widest range of potential customers
Increase target market
Right to Knowledge is Universal
Leads to more revenue
Caters to social requirements
Laws require conformance with guidelines
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 43 / NN
Easy First Steps
You have already begun!
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 44 / NN
Fix the easy stuff first Alt text
Alternative formats
Correctly labeled links
Best practices for web development (Usability) Simplify pages (language, design, navigation)
Resizable, clear font face
Reduce links, and link throughs (three click rule)
Consistent navigation
Contact info
Quick loading pages
Verify code, hyperlinks, spelling, CSS
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 45 / NN
Other Commons Sense Ideas
Use templates
Policy to respond quickly to complaints
Give contact info for complaints
Disability statements
Use checklists or automated checkers
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 46 / NN
WGAC 2.0 Basics
Digging in to the Guidelines
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 47 / NN
WCAG 2.0 Quick Ref
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 48 / NN
Guidance Hypertext
Principles - POUR
Guidelines - Under the POUR principles are twelve basic goals to make content more accessible.
Success Criteria - For each Guideline, testable success criteria are provided. Conformance is defined by A (lowest), AA, and AAA (highest).
Sufficient and Advisory Techniques - For each of the Guidelines and Success Criteria, documentation includes techniques and explanations on why the guideline is necessary.
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 49 / NN
POUR Principles
Perceivable
Operable
Understandable
Robust
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 50 / NN
POUR Principles
Perceivable Provide text alternatives for any non-
text content
Provide alternatives for time-based media
Separate content from style
Make it easier for users to see and hear content
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 51 / NN
POUR Principles
Operable
Make all functionality available from a keyboard
Provide users enough time to read and use content
Do not design content known to cause seizures
Provide ways to help users navigate, find content and determine where they are
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 52 / NN
POUR Principles
Understandable Simplify text content
Web pages operate in predictable ways
Help users avoid and correct mistakes
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 53 / NN
POUR Principles
Robust Maximize compatibility with other
products, including assistive technologies.
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 54 / NN
12 Guidelines Under POUR
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 55 / NN
1. Text Alternatives
2. Time Based Media
3. Adaptable
4. Distinguishable
5. Keyboard Accessible
6. Enough Time
7. Seizures
8. Navigable
9. Readable
10.Predictable
11.Input Assistance
12.Compatible
Thank You!
Date: Disabilities and Solutions 56 / NN