Introductions and Introductions and ConclusionsConclusions

Save the first for lastSave the first for last  Have at least a working version of Have at least a working version of

major thesis before drafting but save major thesis before drafting but save the introduction for later.the introduction for later.

Then it will truly introduce what’s Then it will truly introduce what’s written instead of what writer written instead of what writer intended. intended.

This ties the introduction more This ties the introduction more effectively to the conclusion by writing effectively to the conclusion by writing them both at the same time.them both at the same time.

Attention-getting openingsAttention-getting openings A startling fact or bit of information A startling fact or bit of information

A universal idea related to your thesis A universal idea related to your thesis

A rich, vivid description or image A rich, vivid description or image

A thought-provoking question (but A thought-provoking question (but never as your first sentence)never as your first sentence)

Effective introductions Effective introductions “ “can stop traffic”can stop traffic”

Openings to AVOID:Openings to AVOID:

Dictionary definitions of words Dictionary definitions of words your reader should know. your reader should know.

““Did you know?” or “Have you Did you know?” or “Have you ever wondered?” rhetorical ever wondered?” rhetorical questions questions

““This paper will be about …” “In This paper will be about …” “In this paper I will prove” this paper I will prove”

More opening mistakes to avoidMore opening mistakes to avoid

Beginning too far away from your Beginning too far away from your actual topic (“There are many novels, actual topic (“There are many novels, all of which have characters. Some all of which have characters. Some characters are heroes, and some are characters are heroes, and some are not.”) not.”)

A “book report” list of irrelevant facts A “book report” list of irrelevant facts (William Shakespeare lived in the (William Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan era in England. He wrote Elizabethan era in England. He wrote many plays. One of these plays was many plays. One of these plays was Hamlet.) Hamlet.)

Hint about openingsHint about openings

When previewing When previewing main topics in your main topics in your introduction, make introduction, make sure you list them sure you list them in the order in in the order in which they appear which they appear in your paper. in your paper.

What goes in the introductionWhat goes in the introduction

Essential background about your topic Essential background about your topic and preparation for your major thesis. and preparation for your major thesis.

Road maps for the rest of the essay, Road maps for the rest of the essay, previewing major ideas and posing previewing major ideas and posing important questions that you will important questions that you will consider in your paper.consider in your paper.

The intro & the thesis sentenceThe intro & the thesis sentence

Introduction ends with your Introduction ends with your major thesis. major thesis.

Make special attempts to link the Make special attempts to link the TS to the sentence that precedes TS to the sentence that precedes it by building on a key word or it by building on a key word or idea. idea.

Ending the essayEnding the essay

The conclusionThe conclusion Your conclusion wraps up your Your conclusion wraps up your

argument and leaves the reader with argument and leaves the reader with some final things to think about.some final things to think about.

Your conclusion should stem from Your conclusion should stem from what you have already written.what you have already written.

Effective conclusions therefore often Effective conclusions therefore often refer back to ideas presented in a refer back to ideas presented in a paper’s introduction. paper’s introduction.

Purpose of the conclusionPurpose of the conclusion

Should echo the major thesis Should echo the major thesis without repeating the same exact without repeating the same exact words. words.

Should move beyond TS to reflect Should move beyond TS to reflect on significance of ideas just on significance of ideas just presented.presented.

Should show why these ideas are Should show why these ideas are important. important.

Effective conclusionsEffective conclusions

Reflect on how topic relates to Reflect on how topic relates to larger issues (in society, in larger issues (in society, in history) history)

Show how topic affects the Show how topic affects the reader’s life reader’s life

Issue a call for action on the part Issue a call for action on the part of the audience of the audience

More about effective conclusionsMore about effective conclusions

Ask questions Ask questions generated by generated by essay’s findings essay’s findings

Make predictions Make predictions

Recommend a Recommend a solution solution

Even more about effective conclusionsEven more about effective conclusions

Connect back to Connect back to introduction, esp. introduction, esp. if writer used a if writer used a vivid examplevivid example

Give a personal Give a personal statement about statement about the topic (but the topic (but never using “I”)never using “I”)

Conclusions to AVOID:Conclusions to AVOID: Beginning with “In conclusion …”Beginning with “In conclusion …”

Restating thesis and main points Restating thesis and main points

without adding anything new without adding anything new

Bringing up a new topic Bringing up a new topic

Adding irrelevant details Adding irrelevant details

(esp. just to make a paper longer) (esp. just to make a paper longer)

The information in this presentation comes from the The information in this presentation comes from the following sourcefollowing source

Writing with Style: Writing and Writing with Style: Writing and Style ManualStyle Manual