introduction_to_linguistics
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5Phonology: The Sounds Pattern of
LanguageP honem e, A llophones, M inim al P a irs, D istinctive
F eatures, S u p rasegm ental P honem es
1. Dimas Ario Nugroho2. Muhamad Faizal
3. Angga Pratama S.
Phonemes
• Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language. A meaningful sound is one that will change one word into another word.
• Example : the words cat and fat are two different words, but there is only one sound that is different between the two words
• Allophone one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or p hones) used to pronounce a single phoneme.
• Example allophones of /t/: The aspirated one [th] in “top”The unaspirated one [t] in “stop”The unreleased one [tº] in “coat”
Allophone
Minimal Pairs
• Minimal Pairs are words that vary by only a single sound, usually meaning sounds that students often get confused by, like the “th” and “t” in “thin” and “tin”.
• Example : Vowel sounds: /I/ and /i:/ (sit and seat)Consonant Sounds: /b/ and /v/ (berry and very)Initial Consonant Sound: /f/ and /p/ (fast and past)Final Consonant Sound: /k/ and /g/ (back and bag)
Distinctive Features
• Distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory.
• Uses for Distinctive Features:To specify a phonemeTo specify a class of phonemesTo describe the set of speech sounds used in a particular language or dialectTo write concise rules of phonetic changeTo characterize a speech disorder
Suprasegmental Phonemes
• In addition to finding the consonant and vowel segments (the segmental phoneme), the linguist must also identify the Suprasegmental Phonemes used in a language system. They include things like pitch, stress, intonation, and juncture.
1. Pitch
• Differences of meaning at the word levelIn the tone language like Thai and Chinese, In Chinese, for example, there are four tones which can distinguish words. If you say /tʃu/ with a high level pitch it means “pig” but if you say /tʃu/ with falling and rising pitch it means “lord”.
2. Stress
• The degree of loudness given to same syllables in relation to others.
Transcription Noun Verb/insens/ incenseincense
/p mit/ɘ permit permit/ins lt/ʌ insult insult/rid ekt/ʒ reject reject
3. Intonation
• Intonation consists of pitch contours peaking on the stressed syllable of the last content word in each phrase. Example
4. Juncture
• The type of connection or pause we get between syllables or words.
• Example :1. an aim / n + eim /ɘ1. a name / + neim /ɘ
2. that’s though / ðæts + t f/ʌ2. that stuff / ðæt + st f/ʌ