introduction_unit 1as per new syallbus

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STRUCTURE Infrastructure Engineering

Teaching scheme Lectures: 3 hours/week

Examination scheme In semester exam: 30 marks---1 hour PaperEnd semester exam: 70 marks2.5 hours Paper

18-Jun-141Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit I Infrastructure Engineering (05 hours)Scope of Infrastructure Engineering in National & Global development, Necessity of mechanization, Provisions made for various infrastructure sectors like Roads & Highways, Railways, Airports, Ports, Housing, and Energy & Power sector with reference to 12th Five Year Plan. Necessity advantages & disadvantages of PPP (Public Private Partnership)18-Jun-142Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit II Railways (07 hours)(a) Feasibility studies, Permanent Way, Track Structure of BG, Functions of rail, standard rail, tilting of rail, coning of wheels, sleepers fastenings, ballast.(b) Pre-stressed concrete sleepers, rail joints, types, evil effects, remedial measures, welding of rails, short and long welded rails(c) Points crossings and turnouts, Functions components, elements of points, types of crossings and turnouts.18-Jun-143Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit III Construction Techniques (06 hours)Dredging techniques, use of barges, dewatering systems, vacuum dewatering, electro osmosis, slip form techniques & its types, jump form techniques, tunnel formwork, slip form pavers, various types of hoists and cranes and selection, boom placers.

18-Jun-144Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit IV Tunneling (06 hours)(a) Tunneling, Functions & year of tunnel, criteria for selection of size & shape of tunnels. Pilot tunnel, shaft , addit and portal(b) Needle Beam , NATM, TBM & Earth Pressure Balance Method of tunneling in soft soil(c) Drilling & blasting method of tunneling including various operations like mucking, micro tunneling and trenchless tunneling.18-Jun-145Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit V Docks & Harbors (06 hours)(a) Introduction, Requirements of harbors and ports. Classification of harbors with examples Selection of site for harbor, various components of ports,(b) Break waters types, comparison, design criteria, methods of construction. Tetra pod, Tri bar, hexa pod quay wall, wet & dry dock, floating dock, wharves, jetties, types of fenders, dolphins, Marine railway18-Jun-146Mrs. Smita PatilCONTENTSUnit VI Earth moving Equipments (06 hours)(a) Dozers Power shovels excavators Loaders, Scrapers, Dumpers, factors affecting performance and selection of equipments.(b) Economic Maintenance & repair of construction Equipments18-Jun-147Mrs. Smita PatilREFERENCE BOOKS1)Construction Planning Methods & Equipment :Puerifoy Tata MC Graw Hill2)Construction Equipments & its Management: S.C Sharma, Khanna Publication3) Railway Engineering, 2/E by ChandraOxford University Press4) Railway Track Engineering: J.S.Mundrey, Tata McGraw Hill5) Harbour, Dock & Tunnel Engineering : R. Srinivasan6) Dock & Harbour Engineering :Hasmukh P.Oza & Gautam H. Oza-Charoter Book Stall7)Construction Project Scheduling & Control, 2edMubarak--Wiley18-Jun-148Mrs. Smita Patil18-Jun-14Mrs. Smita Patil9The link between infrastructure and economic development is not a once and for all affair. It is a continuous process; and progress in development has to be preceded, accompanied, and followed by progress in infrastructure, if we are to fulfill our declared objectives of generating a self-accelerating process of economic development. Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao [noted Indian economist, early 1980s]CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENTOne major sector of the economy which is receiving increasing attention as a possible area for the development of better institutional structure in the emerging nations is construction, an industry present in every developmental activity.Construction contributes to economic development by satisfying some of the basic objectives of development including output generation, employment creation, and income generation and re-distribution. It also plays a major role in satisfying basic physical and social needs, including the production of shelter, infrastructure, and consumer goods.18-Jun-1410Mrs. Smita PatilCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENTConstruction's requirements for goods and services from other industries are considerable; the development of the construction industry therefore stimulates these ancillary industries, thus encouraging further economic growth.Infrastructural services make some contribution to GDP, but they also stimulate the development of other industries which, in turn, contribute more directly to economic growth.Construction's contribution to employment creation is parallel to its contribution to output generation.18-Jun-1411Mrs. Smita PatilCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENTSince the construction industry as a whole is largely made up of small firms, it provides entrepreneurial opportunities for many small businessmen, thereby helping to re-distribute income. Construction plays a vital role in economic growth and development, but it is also important in terms of satisfying basic physical and social needs, the first of which is shelter.Closely related to society's need for shelter is its need for basic infrastructural services such as water supply, waste disposal, power, transportation, and communications. 18-Jun-1412Mrs. Smita PatilCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND DEVELOPMENTCommunity development also involves establishing various institutional, commercial, and manufacturing services. Since it is the construction industry which creates the physical facilities required to meet these varied social needs, construction thus has an important impact on social as well economic growth and development.18-Jun-1413Mrs. Smita PatilINFRASTRUCTUREInfrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.INFRASTRUCTURE can be defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions.The term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, and so forth.

18-Jun-1414Mrs. Smita PatilINFRASTRUCTUREInfrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services, and also the distribution of finished products to markets, as well as basic social services such as schools and hospitals; for example, roads enable the transport of raw materials to a factory. It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of development. It is an important term for judging a country or region's development.

18-Jun-1415Mrs. Smita PatilINFRASTRUCTUREHard" infrastructure refers to the large physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial nation. Transportation infrastructure; Energy infrastructure; Water management infrastructure; Communications infrastructure; Solid waste management

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INFRASTRUCTURESoft" infrastructure refers to all the institutions which are required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and social standards of a country, such as the financial system, the education system, the health care system, the system of government, and law enforcement, as well as emergency services18-Jun-1417Mrs. Smita Patil

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Is the second largest industry in India after agriculture.Integral part of the economy and a conduit for a substantial part of its development investmentPoised for growth on account of industrialization, urbanization, economic development and people's rising expectations for improved quality of living.Constitutes 40% to 50% of India's capital expenditure on projects in various sectors such as highways, roads, railways, energy, airports, irrigation etc


CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Makes a significant contribution of about 11% to the nations gross development product (GDP).After independence the need for industrial and infrastructural developments in India laid the foundation stone of construction, architectural and engineering services.In the first five-year plan, construction of civil works was allotted nearly 50 per cent of the total capital outlay.During the past 50 years the Indian Construction has accounted for around 40 per cent of the development investment.


CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

To keep pace with the projected high growth rate of the Indian economy; new policy measures, institutional reforms and resource mobilization are required to build new infrastructure.The construction industry has been witness to a strong growth wave powered by large spends on housing, road, ports, water supply, rail transport and airport development.The most significant criteria for a continued growth rate of an economy is rests on the provision of a quality infrastructure.


TWELFTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2012-2017)

Government of Indias faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan aspires to build infrastructure at an unprecedented scale requiring investments of nearly Rs. 41 lac crores (Planning Commission Report 2012-17). The Planning Commission of India has proposed an investment of around US$ 1 trillion in the Twelfth five-year plan (2012-2017), which is double of that in the Eleventh five-year plan.



The sectoral allocation of infrastructure investment as a proportion of GDP stands highest at 2.9 percent for energy sector (comprising electricity, renewable energy and oil & gas) followed by transport (railways, MRTS, ports, airports, roads & bridges and storage) at 2.8 percent.

12th five year plan



Railways Western and Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC) to be completed by the end of the Twelfth PlanHigh Speed Rail link between Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Kolkata in the Twelfth Five Year PlanUse of more PPP in railways and state highways to complement government investment. Capital intensive transport projects to rely on private investment to release resources for other priorities.



Complete the linkages between the ports and the existing road and rail network. Need to deepen existing ports. Increase bulk/container capacity. Ensure sufficient provision for maintenance of the already-built roads.Invest in unified tolling and better safety on highways.Improve bus services/public transport in smaller cities, towns and districts. Metros in urban areas through PPPs wherever feasible.



Critical challenges in Indias urban population are basic urban services especially for the poor: water, sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, affordable housing, public transportInvestment required in urban infrastructure is estimated at 60 lakh crore over the next 20 yearsNeed to develop and propagate innovative ways of municipal financing, through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)Land management strategies key for good urban development as well as financing urban infrastructure developmentNeed training and capacity building for urban planning and urban services management.

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Public Private Partnership (PPP)

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A public private partnership can be described as a co-operation between the public and the private sector, in which the government and the private sectorcarry out a project together on the basis of an agreed division oftasks and risks, each party retaining its ownidentity and responsibilities.PPP helps in bridging the financial gap in the development of infrastructure.



Public-private partnerships refer to the private sector financing, designing, building, maintaining and operating infrastructure assets traditionally provided by the public sector.Government and a private corporation combine to provide a public service through the creation and use of new assets for a set time period.



PPPexampleHighway example usual arrangementsGovernment borrows money or Tax Public, pays to get a Highway built, Public uses the facility for free but pay in form of Increased TaxPPPPrivate firm borrows money, builds Highway, Public pay fee to use the highway, Firm hands over the property to Govt. after say 20 years



Private Sector Customer Satisfaction Return on Investment Risk/Reward EvaluationPublic Sector Responsibility Accountability Risk AvoidancePrivate PublicCustomer Satisfaction ResponsibilityReturn on Investment AccountabilityRisk/Reward Evaluation Risk Avoidance



Private Sector StrengthsManagement EfficiencyNewer TechnologiesWorkplace EfficienciesCash Flow ManagementPersonnel DevelopmentShared Resources



Public Sector StrengthsLegal AuthorityProtection of Procurement PoliciesBroad prospective/balance the competing goals to meet public needsPersonnel dedicated but constrainedCapital resources


Evolution of PPP3418-Jun-14Mrs. Smita Patil

Current Status of PPP

3518-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilThe PPP India database (Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance) indicates that 758 PPP projects costing INR 3,833 billion is awarded/underway status (in operational, constructional or in various stages) There exists significant untapped potential for the use of PPP model in e-governance, health and education sectors.


3618-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilKarnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the leading states in terms of number and value of PPP projects.At the central level, the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is the leading user of the PPP model.




Advantages of PPPsMaximizes the use of each sectors strengthReduced development riskReduced public capital investmentMobilizes excess or underutilized assetsImproved efficiencies/quicker completionBetter environmental complianceImproved service to the communityImproved cost effectivenessShared resourcesShared/allocated risksMutual rewards



Risk Factors for PPPLack of political leadership, vision and strategyNot implemented in a context of wider change/ administrative reformPoor costing or lack of resources creeping commitmentsInappropriate definition of project goals and scopeRisk Factors for PPPAutomation without process reengineeringHurried implementationManagement of change-resistance from vested interestUse of untested fancy technologyInadequate attention to monitoring and evaluation


Models of PPP

4018-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilModified design build (turnkey) contractsThis yields benefits in the form of time and cost savings, efficient risk-sharing, and improved quality.The turnkey approach with milestone linked payments and penalties or incentives can be linked to such kind of contracts.

Models of PPP

4118-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilBOT (build operate transfer) modelsThe BOT form of model and its variants is the most common form of PPP model used in India accounting for almost two-thirds of PPP projects in the country.The two major forms of BOT models are:User- fee based BOT modelAnnuity based BOT model

Models of PPP

4218-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilUser- fee based BOT model: Commonly used in medium to large scale PPPs for the energy and transport sub sectors (road, ports, airports).Annuity based BOT model: Commonly used in sectors/ projects not meant for cost recovery through user charges such as rural, urban, health and education sectors.

Variants of BOT 4318-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilDesign Build (DB):Where Private sector designs and constructs at a fixed price and transfers the facility.

Build Transfer Operate (BTO):Where Private sector designs and builds the facility. The transfer to the public owner takes place at the conclusion of construction. Concessionaire is given the right to operate and get the return on investment.

Variants of BOT 4418-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilBuild-Own-Operate (BOO):A contractual arrangement whereby a Developer is authorized to finance, construct, own, operate and maintain an Infrastructure or Development facility The Developer is allowed to recover his total investment by collecting user levies from facility users. Under this Project, the Developer owns the assets of the facility and may choose to assign its operation and maintenance to a facility operator. The Transfer of the facility to the Government, Government Agency or the Local Authority is not envisaged in this structure; however, the Government, may terminate its obligations after specified time period.

Variants of BOT 4518-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilDesign-Build Operate (DBO):Where the ownership is involved in private hands and a single contract is let out for design construction and operation of the infrastructure project.

Design Build Finance Operate (DBFO):With the designbuildfinanceoperate (DBFO) approach, the responsibilities for designing, building, financing, and operating & maintaining, are bundled together and transferred to private sector partners. DBFO arrangements vary greatly in terms of the degree of financial responsibility that is transferred to the private partner

Variants of BOT 4618-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilBuild- Operate- Transfer (BOT):Annuity/Shadow User Charge : In this BOT arrangement, private partner does not collect any charges from the users. His return on total investment is paid to him by public authority through annual payments (annuity) for which he bids. Other option is that the private developer gets paid based on the usage of the created facility.

Models of PPP

4718-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilPerformance based management/ maintenance contractsThe PPP model that lead to improved efficiency are encouraged in an environment that is constrained by the availability of economic resources. The sectors meant for such form of PPP models include water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, road maintenance etc.

Advantages of PPP

4818-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilInvestments are based on Long term viewRisk and value are transferred to the party which is best able to manage it at the least cost, achieving best valueProjects go through a competitive pricing process, meaning that the cost of public services is benchmarked against market standardsThe timings and costings tend to be more certain and therefore deliver better value for money. Where PPPs are not completed to budget, the private sector usually bears the costs.

Advantages of PPP

4918-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilThe cross transfer of public and private sector skills, knowledge and expertise can create innovation and efficiency.The private sector often brings with it a greater construction capacity, labour capacity and resources than would be available to the public sector.Payments to the private sector in PPP projects are usually linked to how they perform, creating incentives and efficiency.PPP projects are not subject to political interference and deferred payments for the government.

Disadvantages of PPP

5018-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilThe number of parties involved and the long term nature of their relationships often result in complicated contracts and complex negotiations, and therefore high transaction and legal costs. PPP projects can take years to complete.There is a risk that the private sector party will become insolvent or make large profits during the course of project this can cause political problems for the public entity.

Disadvantages of PPP

5118-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilThe long term nature of PPP project means debt is incurred long before the benefits appear.Sometimes a public sector entity could borrow more cheaply alone than it could via the private sector. This has to balanced against the fact that capital expenditure incurred by a public sector body counts as government expenditure which at certain stages of economic cycle will score against the various statistical measures of the government borrowing.

ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTEngineers have always played a vital important role in developing a nations way of life and standard of living. Civil engineers are responsible for the well-being of the entire population via water treatment, wastewater treatment, air pollution control, road design, and design of dams/buildings/bridges. From constructing bridges and highways to exploring the vast earth beneath us, engineers are helping to keep our nation moving and safe.

5218-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilNEED OF MECHANIZATION INCONSTRUCTIONThe work can be done speedily.The work can be done in time.Large quantity of materials can be handled , so the size of the project can be increasedThe complex projects involving high grade material.High quality standards can be maintained.Time schedule can be kept.Optimum use of material ,man power and finance.Due to shortage of skilled and efficient man power.


NEED OF MECHANIZATION INCONSTRUCTION

Advantages1.Economy2.Quality3.Safety4.Speed5.Feasibility



Applications1. Highway projects2.Irrigation3. Buildings4. Power plant etc



Commonly usedconstruction equipments1. Earth moving equipments2. Hauling equipments3. Hoisting equipment4. Conveying equipment5. Aggregate and concrete production equipment6. Pile driving equipment7. Tunneling and rock drilling equipment8. Pumping and dewatering equipment

5618-Jun-14Mrs. Smita PatilFive Mega Projects of the World


introduction_unit 1as per new syallbus

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