introductory lesson instructional page an english …an english timeline: the three main periods ......

1©2004 Sopris West Educational Services. Permission is granted to reproduce this page for classroom use only.

An English Timeline: The Three Main Periods

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) ≈A.D.≈A.D.≈ 450–1100

Middle English≈A.D.≈A.D.≈ 1100–1450

Early Modern English≈A.D.≈A.D.≈ 1450–1755

410Romans leave Britain to the remaining Celts.

1066 French-speaking Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invade and rule England.

≈1430–1730 Great Vowel Shift continues (stoon becomes stone; /oo/ becomes /o; /oo/ becomes /o; /oo/ becomes /o/; fi nal -e becomes silent).

450–575 Germanic invaders (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) drive out the Celts. (Anglo-Saxon has Germanic roots.)

Intermarriages and assimilation take place between the Normans and the English.

1436 Printing press is invented. William Caxton sets up the press in London (1476). English standards emerge.

597 Augustine brings literacy, Latin, and Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.

10,000+ words, plus roots and affi xes, are gained from the French Normans. (French has its origins in Latin.)

≈1470–1650 The Renaissance: Discoveries in medicine, science, and the arts. New words gained from Latin, Greek, French, Italian, etc.

≈715 Beowulf is written in Beowulf is written in BeowulfAnglo-Saxon (Old English).

Latin is spoken and written for law, medicine, and religion.

≈1595 William Shakespeare coins more than 1,500 new words.

865 Vikings (Scandinavian Norsemen) invade England.

Grammar is greatly simplifi ed.

1611 Printing of the King James Bible greatly infl uences literacy.

English language adopts numerous words from the Danish Vikings.

≈1387 Canterbury Tales is written by Geoffrey Chaucer.

England colonizes America, India, etc. New vocabulary is gained from 50+ languages.

≈880 The language is called “English” (not Anglo-Saxon) by King Alfred the Great.

≈1430 Great Vowel Shift begins.

1755 Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language aids literacy.

INTRODUCTORY LESSON INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE

Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages Introductory Lesson Introduction to Morphemes

Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages Part 1: Suffi x Study Lesson 1 2

LESSON 1 INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE

©2004 Sopris West Educational Services. Permission is granted to reproduce this page for classroom use only.

Anglo-Saxon suffi x -y

TABLE 1

BASE WORD OR ROOT SUFFIX -y MEANING

rust a rusty nail “characterized by rust”

oil an oily rag “characterized by oil”

draft a drafty old house “characterized by a draft”

dirt two dirty hands “characterized by dirt”

worth a worthy cause “some degree of worth”

ease an easy test “some degree of ease”

sun a sunny day “some degree of sun”

storm a stormy evening “some degree of storm”

summer a summery day in March “like summer”

bead beady little eyes “like beads”

grub two grubby, dirty mittens “like a grub”

dream a dreamy afternoon “like a dream”

sneak a sneaky thief “inclined to sneak”

laze a lazy person “inclined to laze”

drowse a drowsy, sleepy child “inclined to drowse”

fi dget a fi dgety boy “inclined to fi dget”

So, -y often means “characterized by; like; to some degree; inclined to” (adjective).

Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages Part 1: Suffi x Study Lesson 1 3



TABLE 2

Another Way to Use the Suffi x -y

EXAMPLE MEANING PHRASE

bakery “a place for baking” baking cookies at the bakery

cannery “a place for canning” canning tuna at the cannery

laundry “a place for laundering” laundering clothes at the laundry

cookery “an activity for cooks” cooking during a basic cookery class

archery “an activity for archers” arching the bow during archery class

brewery “a place for brewing” building a new brewery

So, -y also means “an activity; a place for an activity” (noun).

Analogies• Chilly is to sweater as wintry is to overcoat.• Light is to snack as hearty is to feast.• Foggy is to San Francisco as windy is to Chicago.


Anglo-Saxon suffi xes -er, -est

TABLE 1

Anglo-Saxon Suffi x -er

“MORE”(COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE)

“ONE WHO” (NOUN)

“THAT WHICH” (NOUN)

stronger teacher toaster

thicker traveler dipper

brighter explorer washer

softer minister heater

smarter pitcher clipper

neater admirer steamer

sillier laborer hanger

hungrier wanderer curler

funnier scorekeeper highlighter

lovelier caterer cooler

happier designer cleanser

easier consumer marker

So, -er means “more; one who; that which” (comparative adjective or noun).


Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages Part 1: Suffi x Study Lesson 2


TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes

BASE WORD + + + COMBINED FORM MEANING

luck -y -er luckier “more lucky”

laze -y -er lazier “more lazy”

dirt -y -er dirtier “more dirty”

steam -er -s steamers “those which steam”

fi ght -er -s fi ghters “those who fi ght”

fl ip -p -er -s fl ippers “those which fl ip”

TABLE 3

Anglo-Saxon Suffi x -est

BASE WORD + + COMBINED FORM MEANING USAGE

tall -est tallest “ the most tall”

the tallest boy

long -est longest “ the most long”

the longest mile

grump -y -est grumpiest “ the most grumpy”

the grumpiestpatient

tack -y -est tackiest “ the most tacky”

the tackiestclothing

The suffi x -est means “most” (superlative adjective).




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ly

TABLE 1

“IN A MANNER THAT IS”(ADVERB)

“LIKE A (NOUN)”(ADJECTIVE) TIME-RELATED ADVERBS

kindly(“in a manner that is kind”)speaks kindly

sisterly(“like a sister”)a sisterly hug

suddenly suddenly faints

quietly brotherly periodically

fi rmly motherly momentarily

sweetly fatherly instantly

cruelly manly lately

harshly womanly eternally

loudly queenly recently

honestly kingly repeatedly

decently beggarly constantly

trustingly friendly

sincerely saintly TIME-RELATED ADJECTIVES

silently neighborly daily (once a day) vitamins

intelligently weekly

patiently quarterly

courageously monthly

annually




Analogies• Whisper is to quietly as shout is to loudly.• Birthday is to yearly as newspaper is to daily.• Cough is to periodically as breathe is to constantly.

Etymology and Word OriginsIn Old English, it was spelled daeglic. Hundreds of years later, the spelling

changed to dayly. Today, we spell it daily. It’s a bit diffi cult to recognize its

Old English ancestor!




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -hood

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

brotherhood He is a member of the brotherhood of bankers.

sisterhood She enjoys her sisterhood of friends.

childhood Was he ill during his childhood?

adulthood The young girl grew to adulthood.

motherhood Motherhood kept her very busy.

fatherhood He entered fatherhood with a sense of responsibility.

boyhood Scott played baseball during his boyhood.

girlhood Sarah matured and left her girlhood behind.

parenthood Parenthood was only nine months away.

statehood Alaska fi nally received its statehood in 1959.

neighborhood How many people reside in our neighborhood?

likelihood What is the likelihood of pigs fl ying?

falsehood Unfortunately, his falsehood caused grave problems.

livelihood “Old Sawbones” earned his livelihood as a carpenter.

So, -hood means “condition or state or quality” (abstract noun).

Analogies• Child is to parenthood as job is to livelihood.• Play is to childhood as work is to adulthood.• Deceit is to falsehood as honesty is to truthfulness.




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ful

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE WITH -ful MEANING PHRASE

careful “full of care” a careful doctor

wonderful “full of wonder” a wonderful vacation

joyful “full of joy” joyful and happy

truthful “full of truth” a truthful child

prideful “full of pride” a prideful woman

painful “full of pain” a painful life

harmful “full of harm” harmful actions

sorrowful “full of sorrow” sorrowful weeping

regretful “full of regret” very sorry and regretful

spiteful “full of spite” a spiteful and unkind child

deceitful “full of deceit” deceitful lies

vengeful “full of vengeance” a vengeful plan of revenge

wrongful “full of wrongs” a wrongful death

So, -ful means “full of, having” (adjective).




TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes: -ful + -ly = -fully

(adverb: tells how the action was done)

BASE WORD SUFFIX SUFFIX NEW WORD IN PHRASE

faith -ful -ly faithfully followed

sorrow -ful -ly wept sorrowfully

beauty -ful -ly sang beautifully

scorn -ful -ly laughs scornfully

TABLE 3

EXAMPLE MEANING (ADVERB) PHRASE

cheerfully “ in a manner that is full of cheer”

cheerfully humming along

hopefully “ in a manner that is full of hope”

waited hopefully for good news

helpfully “in a way that offers help” helpfully answered the phone

gratefully “ in a way that is full of gratitude”

gratefully accepted the gift




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -less

TABLE 1


hopeless “without hope” a hopeless situation

fearless “without fear” the fearless paratrooper

careless “without care” careless work

tireless “without tiring” several tireless fi refi ghters

boundless “without bounds” full of boundless hopes and dreams

lifeless “without life” a lifeless body

thoughtless “without thought” a thoughtless remark

helpless “without help” as helpless as a baby

selfl ess “ without thought for self” the selfl ess and giving father

painless “without pain” a painless medical operation

harmless “without harm” a harmless joke

sightless “without sight” a sightless old dog

mindless “without a mind” or“out of your mind”

mindless with worry

regardless “without regard for” regardless of the weather

So, -less means “without” (adjective).




TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes: -less + -ly = -lessly (adverb)

BASE WORD SUFFIX SUFFIX NEW WORD

hope -less -ly hopelessly

pain -less -ly painlessly

weight -less -ly weightlessly

TABLE 3

EXAMPLE MEANING SENTENCE

fearlessly “ in a manner that is without fear”

She climbed fearlessly to the top.

heartlessly “ in a way that is without heart”

They heartlessly left the dog outside.

faithlessly “ in a way that is without faith”

She faithlessly betrayed her sister.

*mercilessly “ in a manner that is without mercy”

He mercilessly attacked him.mercilessly attacked him.mercilessly

* Change the fi nal -y in mercy to i, then add -less and -ly.

Synonyms: Shades of Meaningsorrowful: sad, unhappy, gloomy, depressed, cheerless, dejected, woeful




Latin suffi xes -able, -ible

TABLE 1

Add -able to English base words only.

ENGLISH BASE WORD SUFFIX COMBINED FORM MEANING

like -able likeable “worthy of liking”

perish -able perishable “ capable of rotting, decaying”

respect -able respectable “worthy of respect”

TABLE 2

Add -ible to words that contain Latin roots.

LATIN ROOT SUFFIX COMBINED FORM MEANING

cred -ible credible “worthy of belief, trust”

terr -ible terrible “capable of causing fear”

vis -ible visible “capable of being seen”




TABLE 3

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

affordable We can budget for this bike; it is affordable.

debatable The fi nal results of the test are debatable.

remarkable She has a remarkable ability to write fi ction.

considerable It took a considerable amount of iron to build it.

perishable Perishable foods will spoil quickly; they must be chilled.

redeemable This can is redeemable at the recycle station.

manageable Jeff thought the job was manageable until a clerk quit.

acceptable His explanation was acceptable and understandable.

reliable Jill has always been a careful and reliable worker.

recognizable After his haircut, Sam was barely recognizable.

feasible Is it feasible to build a bridge across the ocean?

possible Is it possible to travel through time?

visible The entire valley is visible from the hilltop.

defensible Your crimes are not defensible.

permissible It is not permissible to cast two votes.

So, -able and -ible mean “capable or worthy of” (adjective).



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Latin suffi xes -able, -ible

Extend It! Related Words, Functional Changes When the suffi x—not the prefi x—of a word changes, the part of speech

often changes, too. Suffi xes allow words to serve different functions in a

sentence. Words that end with -ly are usually adverbs.

afford (verb)

Can you truly afford to buy that new car?

affordable (adjective)

Let’s buy the most affordable car we can fi nd.

affordably (adverb)

This car is the most affordably priced model on the lot.

remark (verb or noun)

Did she remark about that comet? (verb)

She made a remark about that comet. (noun)

remarkable (adjective)

She made a remarkable statement about that comet.

remarkably (adverb)

Everyone agreed that she was remarkably gifted in her understanding

of comets.

LESSON 7 ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE



Anglo-Saxon suffi x -some

TABLE 1

SENTENCE

As the ugsome beast drew near, the men began to shake.

With an insincere and fulsome smile, she hugged her rival.

A Doberman pinscher is a fearsome dog.

Psycho, a gruesome movie, is a classic horror fi lm.

Mary found John to be disgusting and loathsome; she hated him.

“Hello!” he greeted, with a winsome smile.

Slender and lithesome, the model strutted down the catwalk.

“What is that loud and noisome racket?” demanded Fernando.

My neighbor is meddlesome; he always pokes into my business.

We wanted to hug baby Angie; she was cute and cuddlesome.

Finally, Vicki got rid of the bothersome, pesky fl y.

“This backpack is heavy and cumbersome,” complained Jeffrey.

“Filing all these papers is boring and irksome,” moaned Mona.

Quarrelsome and irritable, the old men argued for hours.

So, -some means “characterized by” (adjective).

Etymology and Word OriginsUgsome: “disgusting, loathsome.” Ug came to us from the Old Norse

(Norway, Scandinavia) in the form of the root uggr, meaning “fear.” It uggr, meaning “fear.” It uggr

became uggen in England, during the period known as Middle English

(≈ A.D. 1100–1450). Ugsome may be close to extinction, as it is rarely used

today. Nonetheless, it may be found in the best dictionaries, along with its

relative, ugsomeness. Another relative, ugly, is alive and well today.




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ish

“somewhat like; related to” (adjective)

TABLE 1


smallish “somewhat small” a smallish wound

greenish “somewhat green” that greenish rock

foolish “somewhat like a fool” a foolish thing to do

elfi sh “somewhat like an elf” a tiny, elfi sh gentleman

childish “somewhat like a child” a childish and immature person

ghoulish “somewhat like a ghoul” a spooky, ghoulish old man

snobbish “somewhat like a snob” a stuck-up and snobbish lady

brutish “somewhat like a brute” a big, brutish bully

sluggish “somewhat like a slug” a lazy, sluggish clerk

feverish “somewhat like a fever” a feverish look in her eyes

TABLE 2

Relating to Nationality

NATIONALITY MEANING PHRASE

Swedish “related to Sweden” yummy Swedish pancakes

Spanish “related to Spain” Spanish matadors

English “related to England” speaking English fl uently

British “related to Great Britain” thanks to our British allies

Danish “related to Denmark” a tasty breakfast Danish roll

Irish “related to Ireland” the luck of the Irish




TABLE 3

Combining Morphemes: -ish + -ly = -ishly (adverb)

BASE WORD + +COMBINED FORM SENTENCE

fi end -ish -ly fi endishly He fi endishly burned down the house.

outland -ish -ly outlandishly She dressed outlandishlyfor work.

self -ish -ly selfi shly Selfi shly, she locked the refrigerator.

mule -ish -ly mulishly He mulishly refused to eat.

boor -ish -ly boorishly He boorishly tracked mud all through the house.

Spelling Note: Usually, drop the fi nal -e before adding the suffi x -ish:• white (drop the -e) + -ish = whitish• style (drop the -e) + -ish = stylish• mule (drop the -e) + -ish = mulish




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ness

TABLE 1

BASE WORD SUFFIX NEW WORD

dark -ness darkness

kind -ness kindness

sweet -ness sweetness

fair -ness fairness

So, -ness means “condition, state, or quality” (abstract noun).

Use context clues to fi nd meaning:

1. Look at the unusual brightness of that particular star.

2. His Royal Highness is exercising in the courtyard.

3. He begged forgiveness for his crimes.

4. The peculiar land fi lled us with a sense of strangeness.

5. The miser was hated for his tightfi stedness and his greed.

6. Eleanor Roosevelt was loved for her kindheartedness.

7. Her selfi shness cost her every last friend she had.

8. Suffering from sleeplessness, she tried to count sheep.

9. Did carelessness cause the great fi re of Chicago?

10. Perhaps her extreme fearlessness played a role in her death.

11. Astronauts noticed a feeling of weightlessness while out in space.

12. After searching for six days, they succumbed to hopelessness.




TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes: -y + -ness = -iness (abstract noun)

Rule: Change the -y to i before adding the suffi x -ness.

BASE WORD ENDING IN -y + COMBINED FORM

happy -ness happiness

sleepy -ness sleepiness

blurry -ness blurriness

dreary -ness dreariness

weary -ness weariness

Analogies• Ridicule is to cruelty as praise is to kindness.• Scrooge is to tightfi stedness as Snow White is to kindheartedness.• Forgiveness is to peace as vengeance is to war.




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ness

Extend It! Functional Changes When the suffi x—not the prefi x—of a word changes, the part of speech

often changes, too. Suffi xes allow words to serve different functions in a

sentence. (Words ending in -ly are usually adverbs.)

child (noun, singular)

One young child rapidly learned to share with others.

childish (adjective)

The celebrity stomped her feet and threw a childish temper tantrum.

childishly (adverb)

Because he did not win, he childishly pouted all the way home.

children (noun, plural)“Listen, my children, and you shall hear of the midnight ride of Paul Revere!”

childlike (adjective)

Those old-timers experienced a childlike delight in mud puddles

and rainbows.

Synonyms: Shades of Meaningchild: baby, infant, toddler, youngster, offspring, son, daughter, kid, youthchildlike: innocent, young, naïve, trusting, open, simple-mindedchildish: selfi sh, immature, spoiled, bratty, infantile, self-centered

LESSON 10: ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL PAGE



Latin suffi x -cide

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE MEANING

bactericide “a chemical agent that kills bacteria”

ecocide “ the act of destroying ecological systems (the environment)”

fratricide “the act of killing one’s brother or sister”

genocide “ the act of killing an entire national or racial group”

germicide “a chemical agent that kills germs; a disinfectant”

homicide “the act of killing a person (homo sapiens)”

infanticide “the act of killing an infant”

insecticide “a chemical agent that kills insects”

matricide “the act of killing one’s mother”

patricide “the act of killing one’s father”

regicide “the act of killing a regent (king)”

suicide “the act of killing one’s self”

So, -cide means “an act of killing; a killer of” (noun).

TABLE 2

Combining Morphemes: -cide + -al = -cidal

(“relating to killing”) (adjective)

BASE WORD

ENDING IN -cide + COMBINED FORM USAGE

germicide -al germicidal destroying germs

homicide -al homicidal a homicidal maniac

genocide -al genocidal genocidal results of the Black Plague


Vocabulary Through Morphemes: Instructional Pages ■ Part 1: Suffi x Study ■ Lesson 11


Latin suffi x -ment

TABLE 1


shipment “ through a process of shipping”

sending a shipment of wheat

parchment “ through a process of parching”

crisp, dry parchment paper

experiment “through experience” conducting a lab experiment

establishment “in an established state” an establishment built for learning

basement “ in a base or bottom-most state”

down in the basement

contentment “in a content state” fi lled with peace and contentment

payment “the act of paying” full payment due now

placement “the act of placing” placement into middle school

amusement “the act of amusing” to his great amusement

announcement “the act of announcing” an important announcement

astonishment “the act of astonishing” to her astonishment

So, -ment means “state, process, or act of” (noun).




TABLE 2

These words ending with -ment have Latin roots.

“May I compliment you on your good taste?” he asked.

Colonel Campbell led his regiment of ground troops into war.

The Richland Wildcats competed at the basketball tournament.

During the wrestling tournament, he tore a ligament in his knee.

Sam Romero needs help to get out of a nasty predicament.

India is home to a great monument called the Taj Mahal.

Constantly watching television can become an impediment to reading fl uency.

Citizens must work together to maintain a healthful environment.

Additional Words Ending With -mentrequirement statement judgment advertisement

treatment movement reinforcement compartment

advancement punishment appointment measurement

encouragement accomplishment entertainment enrollment

Synonyms: Shades of Meaningpredicament: dilemma, plight, spot, fi x, sticky situationastonishment: surprise, amazement, awejournalist: writer, reporter, author, scribbler, recorder




Latin and Greek suffi x -ic

TABLE 1

BASE WORD SUFFIXES COMBINED FORM PHRASE

hero -ic heroic brave, heroic fi refi ghters

angel -ic angelic a sweet, angelic infant

volcano -ic volcanic volcanic rock

patriot -ic patriotic a patriotic holiday

energy -et + -ic energetic an energetic puppy

apology -et + -ic apologetic an apologetic and sorrowful friend

sympathy -et + -ic sympathetic a sympathetic listener

gene -et + -ic genetic a genetic heart condition

So, -ic means “relating to; connected with” (usually an adjective).

TABLE 2

SENTENCE USING -IC DERIVATIVES RELATED WORD

Her death was a tragic accident. tragedy

He went into a manic rage when he lost the game. mania

Lord of the Rings is a fantastic tale of fantasy. fantasy

History is an academic subject. academy

The mystic mountain mysteriously disappeared. mystery

Enthusiastic and energetic, Lisa was well liked. enthusiasm

Billy was ecstatic when he opened his gift. ecstasy

Sequoia trees are absolutely gigantic! giant

Earthquakes cause horrifi c, catastrophic damage. catastrophe




TABLE 3

Relating to Studies

politics optics physics

economics acoustics linguistics

photonics electronics graphics

TABLE 4


NATION DERIVATIVE PHRASE

Germany Germanic a Germanic accent

Norway Nordic Nordic skiing

Spain Hispanic a Hispanic family

Yugoslavia Slavic Slavic customs




Latin suffi x -al

TABLE 1

BASE WORD + SUFFIXES MEANING PHRASE

magic + -al “relating to magic” a magical pumpkin

logic + -al “relating to logic” a logical explanation

Orient + -al “relating to the Orient” Oriental food and clothing

history + -ic + -al “relating to history” historical evidence

So, -al means “relating to; connected with” (adjective).

TABLE 2

-tial, -cial: Pronounced /shul/

BASE WORD DERIVATIVE PHRASE

essence essential essential needs

substance substantial a substantial amount of food

circumstance circumstantial circumstantial evidence

infl uence infl uential a powerful and infl uential person

offi ce offi cial offi cial notifi cation

artifi ce artifi cial an artifi cial heart




TABLE 3

-ial pronounced /epronounced /epronounced /eul/


bury burial sacred burial ground

ceremony ceremonial a ceremonial prayer

edit editorial the editorial section

series serial a serial television program

TABLE 4

-ual pronounced /chooul/


rite ritual ritual tattooing

fact factual reading a factual account

intellect intellectual an intellectual individual

habit habitual a habitual shopper

TABLE 5

Add -al to words ending with -ic, before adding -ly to form an adverb.

BASE WORD + + SENTENCE

poetic -al -ly She writes poetically about Italy.

drastic -al -ly We must drastically cut costs.

dramatic -al -ly Ann is dramatically acting her part.

heroic -al -ly He heroically rescued the baby.




Greek suffi x -istLatin suffi xes -ian, -or

TABLE 1

SUFFIX -ist SUFFIX -ian SUFFIX -or

scientist musician creator

pianist physician operator

artist electrician educator

harpist magician instigator

typist mathematician navigator

realist politician facilitator

idealist clinician translator

specialist optician narrator

cartoonist statistician contributor

physicist pediatrician counselor

naturalist technician conductor

biologist dietitian professor

journalist beautician governor

So, -ist, -ian, and -or mean “one who practices” [often a professional] (noun).




TABLE 2


COUNTRY SUFFIX ETHNIC ORIGIN PHRASE

Canada -ian Canadian Canadian coins

Egypt -ian Egyptian Egyptian pyramids

Italy -ian Italian Italian food

Peru -ian Peruvian Peruvian costumes

Cambodia -ian Cambodian Cambodian jungles

TABLE 3

Combining Suffi xes

BASE WORD OR ROOT + + USAGE

character -ist -ic Barking is characteristic of a dog.

real -ist -ic Strive to set realistic goals.

ideal -ist -ic Wishful Wilma is an idealistic dreamer.

TABLE 4

Combining Suffi xes

BASE WORD OR ROOT + + + + PHRASE

simple -ist -ic -al -ly speaks simplistically about the problem

real -ist -ic -al -ly realistically described her

ideal -ist -ic -al -ly idealistically hopes for peace




Greek combining forms -ology, -ologist (suffi xes)

TABLE 1

-ology EXAMPLE MEANING

biology “the study of life”

zoology “the study of animals”

musicology “the study of music”

criminology “the study of crime”

bacteriology “the study of bacteria or germs”

technology “the study of technical arts”

geology “the study of the earth’s formation”

mineralogy “the study of rocks and minerals”

cosmetology “the study of cosmetics or beauty”

genealogy “the study of genes or genetic origins (family trees)”

psychology “the study of the mind or the psyche”

neurology “the study of nerves or the nervous system”

So, -ology means “the study of” (abstract noun).




TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes: -ology + -ist = -ologist (noun)

Rule: Drop the fi nal -y in -ology before adding -ist.

-ologist EXAMPLE MEANING

biologist “one who practices the study of biology”

ecologist “one who practices the study of ecology”

meteorologist “one who practices the study of weather systems”

archaeologist “one who practices the study of ancient human life and culture”

paleontologist “one who practices the study of prehistoric, ancient fossils”

etymologist “one who practices the study of word origins”

morphologist “one who practices the study of the formation of words”

So, -ologist means “one who practices the study of” (noun).

Etymology and Word OriginsEtymology is the study of word origins. What is the origin of the word Etymology is the study of word origins. What is the origin of the word Etymology buck,

meaning “dollar”?

In the pioneer days of America, people exchanged buckskins for goods or

services. A buckskin was worth about the same amount as one dollar. It was

called a “buck” for short. Today, we use the informal word buck to indicate

currency worth 100 cents.

How many “buckskins” do you carry in your wallet?




Anglo-Saxon suffi x -ship

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE “ART OR SKILL OF”

leadership Her leadership skills were needed during the crisis.

penmanship Your penmanship is lovely—legible, elegant, and neat.

sportsmanship Practice good sportsmanship.

horsemanship His horsemanship skills are too weak for this race.

seamanship She practiced her basic seamanship skills onboard The Spirit.

showmanship He earned six points for showmanship in the dance contest.

EXAMPLE “A QUALITY, STATE, OR CONDITION”

scholarship Linda Porter earned a scholarship due to her scholastic efforts.

friendship Friendship is a gift.

courtship Their courtship was slow and very romantic.

companionship Lonely folks often keep a pet for companionship.

championship He went to a championship wrestling match.

relationship They have enjoyed a deep and lasting relationship.

hardship After suffering many hardships, she fi nally prospered.

one-upmanship Pete got tired of Ted’s constant game of one-upmanship.




EXAMPLE “RANK, STATUS, OR OFFICE”

professorship After ten years of teaching at the university, she gained her professorship.

apprenticeship Arthur gained his apprenticeship during his fi rst years as a mechanic.

internship Young Dr. Smith undertook her internship under old Dr. Last.

governorship After years of campaigning, he fi nally achieved governorship.

kingship He attained his kingship when he was only 12 years old.

EXAMPLE “A COLLECTIVE BODY OR GROUP”

readershipJ.R.R. Tolkien has quite a large readership throughout the world.

membership Dr. Juarez keeps her Smithsonian membership active.

citizenshipFor once, the entire citizenship was in agreement about something.

So, -ship means “art or skill of; a quality, state, or condition; rank, status, or offi ce; a collective body or group” (abstract noun).

Analogies• Competition is to championship as empathy is to friendship.

• Battleship is to mountain as rowboat is to hill.• Manager is to leadership as sailor is to seamanship.




Latin suffi x -ous

TABLE 1


joyous “full of joy” joyous laughter

wondrous “full of wonder” wondrous children

glamorous “having glamour” glamorous fashion models

vigorous “full of vigor” energetic, vigorous farmers

famous “having fame” a famous celebrity

nervous “full of nerves” a worried, nervous patient

courageous “full of courage” courageous rescue workers

dangerous “full of danger” dangerous cliffs

thunderous “ having the quality of thunder”

a booming, thunderous voice

murderous “having murder in mind” a murderous, hateful person

perilous “full of peril” a dangerous, perilous trip

marvelous “full of marvels” a marvelous, wondrous journey

poisonous “full of poison” poisonous plants

So, -ous means “full of; having the quality of; characterized by” (adjective).




TABLE 2

EXAMPLE RELATED WORD PHRASE

incredulous incredible an incredulous, unbelieving student

horrendous horror horrendous war stories

miraculous miracle a miraculous recovery

ridiculous ridicule a silly, ridiculous hat

mischievous mischief a curious, mischievous child

ominous omen an ominous warning signal

timorous timid a shy and timorous fellow

disastrous disaster a disastrous car accident

treacherous treason treacherous lies and betrayal

callous callus a hard and callous heart

outrageous rage chastised for outrageous conduct

TABLE 3

Combining Suffi xes: Form an Adverb

BASE WORD + + PHRASE

nerve -ous -ly nervously waited for news

mischief -ous -ly mischievously hid in the box

vigor -ous -ly vigorously attacked the weeds




Forms of Latin suffi x -ous

“full of; having the quality of; characterized by” (adjective)

TABLE 1

-ious: pronounced /epronounced /epronounced /eus/

ENDING WITH -y CHANGE -y TO i, ADD -ous PHRASE

envy envious envious of your new car

glory glorious a glorious sunset

fury furious a furious storm

victory victorious a victorious team

mystery mysterious mysterious happenings

MORE EXAMPLES RELATED WORD PHRASE

various vary various types of plants

tedious tedium a tedious, boring task

hilarious hilarity a funny, hilarious joke

serious seriously a very serious problem

delirious delirium mindless and delirious with fever




TABLE 2

-cious: pronounced /shus/

ENDING WITH -e CHANGE -e TO i, ADD -ous PHRASE

space spacious a spacious apartment

grace gracious a gracious, kind person

malice malicious nasty, malicious lies

vice vicious a vicious, nasty dog

avarice avaricious that greedy, avaricious man

MORE EXAMPLES RELATED WORD(S) PHRASE

delicious delight a delicious dessert

suspicious having suspicions a suspicious person

atrocious atrocity terrible, atrocious crimes

judicious judge a wise, judicious person

precious price rare and precious jewels

TABLE 3

-tious: pronounced /shus/


nutritious nutrition a nutritious, well-balanced meal

repetitious repeat a boring, repetitious job

fl irtatious fl irt a fl irtatious, coy child

fi ctitious fi ction a fi ctitious fairy tale

superstitious superstition a nervous, superstitious man




Latin suffi x -ive

TABLE 1

Rule: Drop the fi nal -e before adding -ive (create becomes creative).

ACTION WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

act He is healthy because he stays active.

protect She is protective of her infant son.

create The artist is imaginative and creative.

abuse He went to prison for his abusive behavior toward others.

explode Dynamite is an explosive and hazardous material.

intrude The intrusive fellow interrupted our private discussion.

conclude The test results are not conclusive, so we will test again.

sense She is sensitive and caring toward others.

assert Because she is assertive, she will stand up for herself.

destroy Put-downs are unkind and destructive.

construct Her suggestions for change were constructive and helpful.

So, -ive means “tending toward an action” (adjective).



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Op

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ing:

An

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assi

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hat

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aggr

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def

end

ing

the

wea

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TAB

LE 2

Com

bin

ing

Suffi

xes

: -iv

e +

-ly

= -i

vely

(adv

erb)

pro

tect

+ -i

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-ly

= p

rote

ctiv

ely

He

stay

s p

rote

ctiv

ely

at h

er s

ide.

crea

te +

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+ -l

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crea

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arr

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fl ow

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exp

lod

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exp

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Tom

yel

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intr

ud

e +

-ive

+ -l

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intr

usi

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intr

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ith

out

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con

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Latin suffi x -age

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE “RESULT OF …” PHRASE

luggage lugging heavy luggage to lug around

marriage marrying a marriage ceremony to marry them

carriage carrying a baby carriage to carry him

package packing many packages to pack

bandage banding banding a bandage around the wound

manage manning manage those who are manning the jobs

heritage inheriting Chad’s heritage of courage and honor

So, -age means “result of an action or state” (noun).

TABLE 2

Words adopted from French that retain the French pronunciation /ähj/.

fuselage The rocket has a leaky fuselage.

barrage She was hit by a barrage of questions.

garage Four antique bowls were found at a garage sale.

decoupage Did the French perfect the art of decoupage?

triage Dr. Simms set up a triage center for the wounded.

massage Tense muscles called for a relaxing back and neck massage.

mirage Sadly, there was no oasis; it was only a mirage in the desert.

sabotage Was the helicopter crash an act of sabotage?




TABLE 3

Sentences using -age.

1. The porter will carry your baggage to your hotel room.

2. Sewage runs through the sewers to the treatment plant.

3. He found his toaster in a pile of rummage.

4. Two football teams engaged in a scrimmage after school.

5. American coinage includes nickels, dimes, and quarters.

6. The faithful believers went on a pilgrimage to their Holy Land.

7. This car is a gas hog; it does not get good gas mileage.

8. The ranch sits on a lovely piece of acreage near the lake.

9. The rudder broke, and the ship lost its steerage.

10. The orphanage was the only home they ever knew.

11. Every American citizen can claim a heritage of freedom and opportunity.

12. Green and waxy foliage covered the branches of each tree.

13. Many homes surrounded the villa in the village of Chablis.

14. The prisoners were kept in bondage during the entire journey.

15. After a long day at sea, the captain fi nally reached a safe anchorage.

16. Harold Chesterton traced his lineage back to William the Conqueror.



44

Latin suffi x -ant

TABLE 1


pleasant “in a pleasing state” a pleasing, pleasant day

defi ant “in a defying state” a rebellious, defi ant youth

vigilant “ in a state of keeping a vigil” a vigilant, watchful mother

dominant “in a domineering state” her dominant older sister

So, -ant means “a condition or state” (adjective).

TABLE 2

EXAMPLE RELATED WORD(S) PHRASE

valiant valor brave and valiant heroes

buoyant buoy a fl oating, buoyant raft

brilliant brilliance a blinding, brilliant light

radiant radiate, ray a radiant, beaming sun

arrogant arrogance an arrogant, snobbish man

fragrant fragrance the scent of fragrant roses





TABLE 3

MORE EXAMPLES PHRASE

fl ippant a careless, fl ippant remark

reluctant reluctant, doubtful volunteers

jubilant a joyful, jubilant, cheering crowd

elegant an elegant hat; such an elegant suit

dormant dormant oak trees, resting in winter

TABLE 4

Another Function for -ant


assistant assist calling for my assistant to help

occupant occupy a new occupant in that apartment

attendant attend a bridal attendant dressed in blue

defendant defend an attorney for the defendant

acceptant accept a happy acceptant takes her trophy

consultant consult a wise consultant offering good advice

mutant mutate a dreadful, hideous mutant

coolant cool liquid coolant in the radiator

inhalant inhale an inhalant to help you breathe

deodorant odor a small bottle of deodorant

contaminant contaminate a deadly contaminant; a germ

So, -ant also means “one who performs an action; a thing that is acted upon” (noun).




Latin suffi x -ent

TABLE 1


dependent “inclined to depend” a needy, dependent child

different “inclined to differ” a different answer

recurrent “tending to recur” a recurrent, repeating dream

excellent “inclined to excel” two excellent readers

persistent “tending to persist” unwanted, persistent cough

So, -ent means “inclined to or tending to” (adjective).

TABLE 2

EXAMPLE RELATED WORDS PHRASE

fl uent fl uid, fl uency a fl uent reader

prudent prude, prudence sensible, careful, prudent Polly

frequent frequently, frequency frequent trips to the store

violent violence, violently, violate a thunderous, violent storm

innocent innocently, innocence an innocent bystander

present presently, presentation at the present time

evident evidence, evidently an evident fondness for sweets

convenient conveniently, convenience a convenient place to shop

incandescent incandescence, candle a bright, incandescent lamp




TABLE 3

Another Function for -ent


student “someone who studies” a student who will study

respondent “someone who responds” the fi rst respondent speaks up

president “ someone who presides over” a president presiding over the group

opponent “someone who opposes” defend against the opponent

resident “someone who resides” a resident of that house

detergent “something that deters” a detergent that deters, or cuts, grease

So, -ent also means “someone who or something that” (noun).

Analogies• Text is to legible as food is to edible.• Volcano is to violent as breeze is to calm.• Moment is to eon as anthill is to mountain.




I

Latin suffi x -ary

TABLE 1


granary “a place for grain” farmers fi lling the granary

statuary “a collection of statues” a group of statues in that statuary

library “a place for books” numerous books at the library

dictionary “a place for words” multiple words in the dictionary

glossary “a collection of terms” a glossary at the back of the textbookglossary at the back of the textbookglossary

apiary “a place for bees” an apiary fi lled with buzzing bees

topiary “a collection of sculpted shrubs”

animal-shaped shrubs at the topiary

obituary “a collection of death reports”

reading the obituary column

summary “a collection of main ideas” a summary of his life

itinerary “a collection of travel plans” an exciting, interesting itinerary

vocabulary “a collection of words” speaks with an expansive vocabulary

mortuary “a place for preparing the dead”

took the body to the mortuary

seminary “a place for studying religion”

studies at the seminary to be a priest

sanctuary “a place of safety and refuge” hurried to fi nd a peaceful sanctuary

infi rmary “a place for healing the sick” many patients in the infi rmary

aviary “a place for birds” visit birds in the aviary

*cemetery “a burial place for the dead” gravestones in the cemetery

*Cemetery ends with -ery, but the function and meaning is the same as -ary in this case.

So, -ary means “a place for; a collection of” (noun).




TABLE 2

Additional Meaning for -ary

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

missionary Mother Teresa served for decades as a missionary in India.

dignitary England’s prime minister is an important dignitary.

contemporary Francis chatted with a contemporary from New York.

secretary Typing furiously, the secretary fi nished the report by noon.

emissary The king sent his emissary ahead of him.

adversary Queen Beth dealt her adversary a fatal blow.

apothecary Hans showed his prescription for antibiotics to an apothecary.

So, -ary also means “one who” (noun).




Additional Function of Latin suffi x -ary

TABLE 1


honorary honor, honorable, honorarium

our honorary guest

cautionary caution, cautious, cautiously

a yellow cautionary light

legendary legend the legendary heroes of the West

imaginary image, imagine, imagination

talking with an imaginary friend

voluntary volunteer, voluntarily a voluntary, unsalaried position

momentary moment, momentarily

a quick, momentary fl ash

probationary probation on his best probationary behavior

necessary necessity, necessarily, need

the necessary ingredients for a pie

sanitary sanitize, sanitation, sanitarium

a clean and sanitary infi rmary

primary primal, primarily doing well in primary school

secondary second, secondarily attended a fi ne secondary school

hereditary inherit, heir, inheritance

has the hereditary red hair

So, -ary can also mean “relating to; condition or state” (adjective).




TABLE 2

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

military A commissary is a supermarket for military offi cers and troops.military offi cers and troops.military

contrary Mary is quite contrary; she disagrees with everyone about everything.

ordinary Mr. Tim lives in an ordinary house in an equally ordinarytown.

extraordinary While mining in the Mystic Mountains, Ian found an extraordinary rock.

temporary After the accident, Julio had to wear a temporary sling on his arm.

literary In literary circles, readers discuss great works of literature.

preliminary Dr. Sun will run some preliminary blood tests before going any further.

TABLE 3

Combining Suffi xes: -ary + -ly = -arily

Rule: Change the -y to i, then add -ly.

momentary momentarily Having fasted for days, she momentarilyfainted.

temporary temporarily After the accident, he temporarily stayed at home.

primary primarily The fl ooding was primarily due to the storm.

ordinary ordinarily Ordinarily, birds begin to sing at dawn.

necessary necessarily Some news articles are not necessarily true.




Latin suffi x -ize (from Greek -izein)

TABLE 1


criticize “to show criticism” don’t criticize others

dramatize “to show drama” act up and dramatize the situation

brutalize “to show brutality” a brutal person who brutalizes the weak

sympathize “to show sympathy” sympathize with your suffering friend

specialize “ to show special skills in”

specialize in medical laws

energize “to make energy” energize your body with nutrients

memorize “to make a memory” memorize the multiplication tables

terrorize “to make terror” terrorize the people with brutality

civilize “to make civil” civilize the undisciplined cadets

centralize “to make central” centralize the school offi ce

fertilize “to make fertile” fertilize the fi elds of wheat

fossilize “to make a fossil” old bones that fossilize into rock

formalize “to make formal” formalize thoughts into statements

theorize “to make a theory” theorize about the origins of man

sensitize “ to make one sensitive to”

sensitize them to the needs of the poor

immunize “ to make one immune” immunize him against smallpox

*analyze “to make an analysis” analyze every fact in the case

* The suffi x -yze is a form of -ize; it has the same meaning and function.

So, -ize means “to make or to show” (verb).




TABLE 2

Combining Suffi xes: -ize + -a + -tion = -ization (noun)

Rule: Change the fi nal -e to a, then add -tion.

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

fertilize / fertilization

Fertilization is an important part of farming.

memorize / memorization

Memorization can be assisted with mnemonic devices.

fossilize / fossilization

A paleontologist may study the fossilization of ancient life.

civilize / civilization

Did ancient civilizations know how to read and write?




Latin suffi x -ure or -ture (pronounced /cher/)

TABLE 1


fi xture “in a fi xed condition” a permanent light fi xture

sculpture “in a sculpted condition” shaping a marble sculpture

moisture “in a moist condition” moisture on the bathroom mirror

creature “in a created condition” every living creature

scripture “in a scripted condition” reading the Holy Scriptures

signature “through the act of signing”

writing his signature

legislature “through the act of legislating”

laws determined by the legislature

So, -ure and -ture mean “the act or condition of” (noun).




TABLE 2


posture pose, position her posture is quite straight

pasture pastoral sheep grazing in the pasture

gesture gesticulate making a gesture with your hands

culture cultivate the customs and cultures of Mexico

future futurist, futuristic planning for the future

lecture lectern listening to a lecture about Chinese society

fracture fraction a broken leg with a hairline fracture

nature native, natural enjoying the beauty of nature in spring

puncture punctuate puncture the balloon with a pin

literature literacy, literate reading classic works of literature




TABLE 3

Pronounced /zher/ after base verbs that end with the letters -s, -se, or -t, -te.

VERB DERIVATIVE SENTENCE USING THE NOUN-FORMING DERIVATIVE

please pleasure Jimmy is feeling pleasure at the sight of his new puppy.

close closure Everyone felt sadness at the closure of the old library.

expose exposure Prolonged exposure to the sun’s harmful rays can cause skin cancer.

press pressure Air pressure is measured with a barometer.

mete measure Judge Griffi n attempts to mete out, or measure,justice fairly.

treat treasure What a treat! We have found a marvelous treasure!

TABLE 4

Combining Suffi xes: -ure + -able = -urable (adjective)

Rule: Drop the fi nal -e, then add -able.

NOUN RULE ADJECTIVE PHRASE

pleasure drop the -e, add -able

pleasurable a pleasurable day

measure drop the -e, add -able

measurable a measurable difference




Latin suffi x -ate

(pronounced /a(pronounced /a(pronounced /ate/)

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE MEANING SENTENCE

activate “cause to be active; to act” Activate the generator.

liberate “cause to be free” Liberate the slaves.

pulsate “cause to pulse” Strobe lights pulsate.

infuriate “cause to be furious; to feel fury” Do not infuriate the bear!

TABLE 2

SENTENCE USING VERB ENDING WITH -ATE

Participate in class discussions and activities.

Communicate clearly, and listen carefully.

We appreciate all the help we can get.

Situate that chair right here by the desk.

Both groups work together to coordinate the project.

Professor Finney will demonstrate magnetic force.

He exaggerates the truth into quite a far-fetched fi sh story.

The author sat for several hours to contemplate the plot.

Don’t complicate the matter; it is really quite simple.

Depletion of the ozone layer may devastate the land.

So, -ate means “to cause to be” (verb).



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TAB

LE 3

Ad

dit

ion

al F

un

ctio

n a

nd

Mea

nin

g of

-ate

(pro

nou

nce

d /

uh

t/)

EXA

MPL

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NTE

NC

E

ult

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awai

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des

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eTh

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eles

s, a

nd

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liter

ate

A li

tera

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s lit

erat

ure

fre

qu

entl

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des

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ate

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per

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wit

h fe

ar, t

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thie

f p

ulle

d o

ut

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n.

fort

un

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are

fort

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ld.

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“sta

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ity

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(adj

ecti

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LESS

ON

28

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28


Latin suffi x -ion (-sion) (-tion)

TABLE 1

Use -sion (pronounced /zhun/) with base verbs that end with -de or -se.

VERB NOUN SENTENCE

invade invasion Our troops were ready for the invasion.

divide division Practice your division facts.

decide decision He made the best decision.

collide collision Two cars crashed in a terrible collision.

provide provision Your food provisions are in the bag.

conclude conclusion What is the fi nal conclusion?

seclude seclusion He is hiding in lonely seclusion.

televise television Please turn off the television.

revise revision I made a revision to my essay.

supervise supervision Recess supervision is a busy time.

So, -ion means “act, process, or condition of” (noun).




TABLE 2

Use -ssion (prounced /shun/) with base verbs that end with -ss or -t.

VERB NOUN SENTENCE

express expression Actors excel at expression.

confess confession The defendant’s confession was accepted.

process procession The Scouts will march in the parade procession.

possess possession A person is not a possession.

profess profession She is in the medical profession.

submit submission After many disagreements, he nodded in submission.

admit admission He made an admission of guilt.

transmit transmission My car’s transmission needs repair.

intermit intermission Get a soda during intermission.

remit remission Tax remission is expected by April 15.

suspend *suspension Finally, they are retrofi tting that suspension bridge.

comprehend *comprehension I read for comprehension.

tense *tension His neck muscles are tight with tension.

apprehend *apprehension The ominous headlines fi lled us with apprehension.

* These words have only one s, yet the suffi x is pronounced /shun/, not /zhun/.



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TABLE 2

Additional Spelling Patterns Using -ion

VERB NOUN SENTENCE

edit edition One can buy fi rst editions at a rare bookstore.

ignite ignition Put the key into the ignition to start the car.

invent invention Are we ready for the invention of time travel?

demolish demolition It was a demolition derby.

TABLE 3

Words that end with -ation become -able (not -ible) derivatives.

consideration considerable

demonstration demonstrable

vegetation vegetable

operation operable

TABLE 4

But, words that end with -tion -sion, or -ssion become -ible derivatives.

vision visible

admission admissible

division divisible

production producible

permission permissible

expression expressible




Latin suffi xes -ance, -ence

TABLE 1

SUFFIX -ance RELATED WORD SENTENCE

ignorance ignore Ignorance can be cured by listening and reading.

defi ance defy She showed defi ance toward the bully.

alliance ally The British and the Americans created a friendly alliance.

appliance apply An oven is an appliance.

reliance rely He struggled to overcome his reliance on drugs.

resistance resist He dug in his heels with resistance.

insurance insure Do you have life insurance or car insurance?

abundance abundant We fi lled our baskets with an abundance of apples.

acceptance accept The valedictorian gave a speech of acceptance.

admittance admit The sign on the door reads “No admittance.”

endurance endure An athlete often has great endurance for pain.

importance import He didn’t understand the importance of education.

dominance dominate Some people are born with a natural dominance.

signifi cance signifi cant What is the signifi cance of that fl ashing light?

distance distant There is a comet in the distance.

brilliance brilliant Don’t stare into the brilliance of the sun.

radiance radiant She smiles with the radiance of a thousand candles.




TABLE 2

SUFFIX -ence RELATED WORD SENTENCE

persistence persist Her persistence paid off; she fi nally located her keys.

excellence excel His work was always marked by excellence.

dependence depend He must get over his dependence on others.

existence exist Do you believe in the existence of alien life?

evidence evident The jury looked at the evidence and found him innocent.

intelligence intelligent She speaks with intelligence.

innocence innocent The jury believed in her innocence.

audience auditorium The comic’s audience listened, awaiting the punch line.

conference confer Mr. Jones attended a parent-teacher conference.

confi dence confi de I have confi dence in you.

consequence consequent She suffered the consequences for her ill-advised action.

convenience convenient We enjoyed the convenience of our luxurious hotel.

preference prefer What is your preference for lunch—hot dogs or burgers?

patience patient Patience is a virtue.

occurrence occur Lightning is a rare occurrence in California.

residence reside His residence is on South Elm Street.

So, both -ance and -ence mean “state, quality, or action of” (noun).




Latin suffi x -ity

TABLE 1


ability “state of being able” an ability to speak Spanish

reality “quality of being real” reality strikes again

purity “quality of being pure” the purity of her heart

simplicity “quality of being simple” the simplicity of the recipe

security “state of being secure” a tight system of security

electricity “state of being electric” powered by electricity

curiosity “state of being curious” fi lled with curiosity

fragility “state of being fragile” the fragility of an egg

hostility “state of being hostile” anger and hostility

obscurity “an obscure quality” cloaked in obscurity

priority “ state of being prior, fi rst, urgent”

a high priority

So, -ity means “state or quality of” (noun).




TABLE 2

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

sanity We never questioned his sanity.

prosperity She enjoys fi nancial prosperity.

intensity He cried at the extreme intensity of the pain.

superiority That girl is a snob; she has a superiority complex.

inferiority Poverty gave him a sense of inferiority and shame.

vulnerability Protect the vulnerability of children.

infi nity Like the stars, infi nity is endless.

disability He overcame his reading disability.

reliability We can depend on his reliability.

possibility Many said that fl ight was not a possibility.

probability There is a slight probability of rain tonight.

adversity Through challenge and adversity, she became a stronger person.

propensity He has a propensity toward exaggeration.

Analogies• prosperity: effort:: poverty: neglect• security: locked:: vulnerability: open• simplicity: addition:: complexity: algebra




Latin suffi x -tude

TABLE 1

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

attitude Hard work and a positive attitude lead to success.

solitude This solitary woman enjoys moments of peaceful solitude.

gratitude Filled with gratitude, the hungry children recited grace before eating.

magnitude It is hard to understand the magnitude of the universe.

multitude A multitude of geese fl ew overhead, honking persistently.

plentitude Each wedding guest enjoyed a plentitude of tasty food.

exactitude The jeweler cuts gems with exactitude; his work is always precise.

latitude Tall ships sailed from one latitude to another.

longitude Lines of longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole.

rectitude Mr. Bob replaced the window in rectitude for his son’s vandalism.

aptitude Maria has an aptitude for science; perhaps she will be a physicist.

fortitude Giovanni was frightened, but he had the moral fortitude to face his fears.

beatitudes The beatitudes state, “Blessed are the peacemakers.”

platitudes During the speech, Katie heard numerous meaningless platitudes.

certitude With great certitude, she cast her vote.

decrepitude Growing feeble and frail, he fi nally began to feel his own decrepitude.

So, -tude means “condition, state, or quality” (abstract noun).




Related Words1. solitude: solitary, sole

2. plentitude: plenty, plentiful, plentifully, replenish, replenishments

3. magnitude: magnify, magnifi cation

4. exactitude: exact, exactly

5. aptitude: apt, aptly

6. rectitude: rectify, correct, correction, corrective, correctively

7. multitude: multiples, multiply, multiplication

8. certitude: certain, certainly, certainty, certifi ed, certifi cated

9. decrepitude: decrepit, decrepitly




Latin suffi x -ism

TABLE 1


realism real writes about realism and truth

idealism ideal practices idealism and dreams of what could be

heroism hero reading stories of heroism

racism race charged with acts of racism

patriotism patriot showing patriotism with the fl ag

skepticism skeptic skepticism and mistrust

criticism critic constant, hurtful criticism

journalism journal studied journalism in school

athleticism athlete enjoys athleticism

elitism elite practicing snobbish elitism

alcoholism alcohol overcame his alcoholism

vandalism vandal arrested for vandalism

Related WordsThe Latin root optimus means “best”:

An optimistic sailor expects fair winds and blue skies. Summer is the optimal

(best) season to go sailing on the San Francisco Bay, and one must optimize

the trim on the sails. When racing, tacticians strive toward the optimization

of the wind and the sails. A skipper who is fi lled with optimism shares a

positive attitude with the crew. The crew is at its optimum when every hand

is working in harmony.




TABLE 2

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

theism Theism is the belief in the existence of God.

monotheism Monotheism is the belief in only one God.

pantheism Pantheism is the belief in all gods, everywhere.

Hinduism Hinduism is the belief in the Hindu religion.

Islamism Islamism is the belief in the Islam religion.

Judaism Judaism is the belief in the Jewish religion.

Protestantism Protestantism is the belief in a Protestant religion.

Catholicism Catholicism is the belief in the Catholic religion.

TABLE 3

EXAMPLE RELATED WORD SENTENCE

capitalism capital Capitalism allows citizens to do business and save money.

communism commune Communism forces citizens to share their earnings.

feudalism feud Feudalism involves kings, barons, knights, and serfs.

monarchism monarch Monarchism allows a king or queen to rule a nation.

terrorism terror Some nations allow terrorism to rule.

tribalism tribe Tribalism involves leadership through a tribal chief.

So, -ism means “act, belief, or practice of” (abstract noun).



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