introductory psychology: brain
DESCRIPTION
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. ([email protected]) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)TRANSCRIPT
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Neuroanatomy
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
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Goals
• Major Brain Areas• Neuroimaging
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Spinal Cord
• Divided into regions:– Cervical– Lumbar
• Function– Motor– Sensation
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Brainstem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Example: SIDS
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______ lobe
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Match Color
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Sensory Areas
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Description of 3-Dimensional Space
• Coronal: – section from ear to ear, like a loaf of bread– most commonly used for animal research
• Sagital: – section from front to back– mid-sagital shows brain with left and right
cortex separated • Axial:
– section that parallels horizon – Common for showing humans
2.2
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Different Planes
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Anatomical Terminology
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Functions of Different Cortical Areas
• Frontal: cognition, executive function• Temporal: hearing• Occipital: vision• Parietal: integration of sensory information
AnteriorPosterior
Dorsal
Ventral
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Corpus Callosum
• Fibers that connect left and right cortex
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Cerebellum (a mid-saggital)
• Located below the occipital cortex
• Important for motor function
• Site of action of alcohol
CC
BS
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Cerebellum
• Located below the occipital cortex
• Important for motor function
• Site of action of alcohol
CC
BS
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Thalamus
• Located in the center of the brain
• Major relay center, information from spinal cord goes to thalamus, thalamus has many connections to the cortex
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Hippocampus
• Bilateral structure• Hippocampus is greek
for seahorse• Essential for memory,
especially spatial memory
• Effected by long term alcohol exposure
1.9
http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/pathway/hippocampal.htm
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Hippocampus: Coronal
Box a contains hippocampus: CA = cornu ammonisDG = dentate gyrusCC = corupus collosum
cc
1.2
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Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
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Brain Areas Important for Hormone Control
• Pineal Gland– Very small subcortical structure– Releases the hormone melatonin
• Hypothalmus– Hypo = “below” therefore located
under thalamus– Regulates activity of Pituitary– Pituitary communicates with
other endocrine glands (e.g. testes)
– Important for steroids
Rene Descartes
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Ventricles: Contain CSF
Abnormal Ventricles
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http://www.omsi.edu/visit/life/aging/brainText.cfm
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Neuroanatomy Video (1.5 min)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk
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Animal Research
=
?Very helpful, but ….
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More brainsrat & dog
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(Thalamus
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A BC
D
E
F
G
H
IJ
K
L
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and sheep brain
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Brain Imaging
• Can provide information about anatomy (structure) or physiology (function)
• Imaging procedures differ in their:– Spatial resolution: the ability to differentiate nearby brain
regions– Temporal resolution: the ability to differentiate brain
activity at different times
For more about brain imaging and drug abuse goto:http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N5/Basics.html
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Developed by Hans Berger in 1929
• Electrodes are placed on the surface of the skull
• Electrical activity from the cortex is recorded
2.5
1873-1941
Time
<- Click here for more info on this traacing.
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Computed Tomagraphy (EMI scan, axial)
• Developed in the 1970’s• X-ray beams are passed
through the head• A 2 or even 3-
dimensional structural map is created
For more information about CT, goto:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_axial_tomography
1.7
Gr: tomos (slice) & graphein (to write).
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET, another axial)
• Radioactive material is injected into the blood
• Scanner records the radioactivity (positron) in different parts of the brain
• Provides information about function
• Very useful for research
For more detailed information about PET, goto: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography
1.7
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
• A cylindrical magnet creates a magnetic field
• A sensor records blood flow and brainactivation
2.2
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Comparison of Imaging Techniques
Procedure Measures Brain:
Advantage Disadvantage
EEG Function Excellent temporal resolution (msec)
Measures only from brain surface
CT Structure Found in many hospitals
Some radiation exposure
PET Function Wide variety of uses
Poor temporal resolution (min), Poor spatial resolution (cm)Radiation
fMRI Function Good temporal resolution (sec), Good spatial resolution (0.5cm)
Patient cannot have metal implants
4.7
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The Brain
Techniques to Study the Brain
A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study
animal behaviors after such
destruction. Hubel (1990)
2 Min Funny Neuroanatomy Overviewhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAurv6mAWKM
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What plane?
Sarah Tappon, 8/5/2009
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Sarah Tappon, 8/5/2009
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What is the impact of …?