WELCOME TO SPEECH 151SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

“Great discoveries and achievements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds” ~ Alexander Bell

A Little History about Speech Modern Humans –

250,000 years Greatest contributing

factor to our domination over other animals is speech

Wherever humans are in groups they develop a way of communicating with each other

A Little History about Speech

Why is speech so important?

The development of human culture is made possible by our ability to...

Share experiences Exchange ideas Transmit knowledge

Shared Experiences

Examples of Shared Experiences:

The love of family and childrenThe instinct to survive The desire for health, knowledge and happinessThe concern for the safety and happiness of loved ones.We have a similar biological identifyWe have shared susceptibilities to injury and illness, pleasure and pain.

Shared inform our lives no matter who we are, no matter how different we are from others, no matter where we live.

Exchange of ideas: The trade routes were the communications highways of the ancient

world.

Cities along these trade routes grew rich providing services to merchants and acting as international marketplaces. (Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, China, and more.)

They also became cultural and artistic centers, where peoples of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds could meet and intermingle.

New inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages, and social customs, as well as goods and raw materials, were transmitted by people moving from one place to another to conduct business.

Examples of ideas, goods and raw materials:

China: Papermaking

Roman, Syria – The waterwheel

Food that was easy to carry – apples, grapes, and oranges

Trade routes

Modern ways for ideas to spread?• Recommendation from a friend, coworker, another student• Internet – Websites such as YouTube, Pinterest (see next

slide) • Books • Television• Magazines• Tweeter • Online Exchanges: Verizon has launched a new Idea

Exchange in its online communityhttp://verizon.com/ideaexchange that offers community members an opportunity to suggest product innovations and enhancements from Verizon, and to comment on suggestions by members' peers. Daily votes by community members move top suggestions to the company's product development teams for further review.

Pinterest Idea - Baby sister’s Box

Transmit KnowledgeQ: How do we transmit knowledge?

Television Movies - Documentaries Stories Internet Intranet Phones Demonstrations – Costco how to use some piece of

equipment Apprenticeships – Blacksmith, violin making, baking,

etc. Teaching - The amount of information exchanged by

speech (talking, teaching) is the greatest!

A Little History about Groups

Researchers say: Humans are genetically programmed for hunting and gathering.

Gathering nuts, berries, herbs, etc. could be done alone. Hunting in the past:

- Took an organized approach with group members- Was critical for survival- Brought groups together

- Took a unified plan

Learning to work in coordinated groups was one of keys to the creation permanent settlements.

Why Do We Communicate? Develop Identities (Who am I?) Establish and build relationships (What

groups do I want to be in?) Coordinate efforts with others Have impact on issues that matter Work out problems Other?

Levels of Communication – Except intrapersonal communication, all levels involve interpersonal communication.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNCIATION

Self Talk : Our inner thoughts and feelings (Occasional speaking to ourselves)

Self-concept: How we think and feel about ourselves (How we feel about our body, intelligence, occupation, income level, education, our gender, age, where we live.)

Experiences we have had in life, our religion, gender, age, what we value, what we believe is right or wrong, good or bad; it is our ethnic background ) All of this affects how we feel about ourselves, thus affecting how we communicate with ourselves, and ultimately others

Self-fulfilling prophesy: “Be careful what you ask for because you just may get it” (What you believe to be true, will usually come true.)

INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICAITON One-on-one communication (Dyad) Putting what we think and feel into

communication (verbal and nonverbal) What we say will be interpreted (and may or

may not be understood) by the receiver of our communication

Success of communication depends on (culture, past history with communicator, self-concept, education, life experience, and comfort with the communication process)

GROUP COMMUNICATION (3 to 7 people) Increases the communication complexity/more people to

interrupt the meanings of your words/more difficult to get point across

Increases uncertainty (especially with strangers) Group roles, power, status, and leadership become more

important (as most group function better under some from of leadership, and that offers power, status to group members involved)

Groups are important to the survival of human, fulfill personal needs by (eliminating loneliness, creating a place where humans can have/give love and affection, and a place where humans can get/give support, grow, and accomplish interests and be influenced and influence others.)

Organizational Communication The seeds of social organization help make our modern

world work. (Organizational Communication involves

all levels of communication.)

Organizations include: Primary and secondary groups: Profit making businesses – Self sufficient – sell goods

and services. Political organizations – Distribute power and control of

society. (federal and location government, police and military and financial institutions.

Organizations designed to help solve social problems – legal system, consumer advocacy, political parties, public interest groups.

Organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development. (families, schools, religious organizations, health care)

Public Communication includes:

A speaker who has reason for speaking An audience that gives the speaker attention A message that is meant to accomplish a specific

purpose (Inform, Persuade, Entertain, Eulogy, Toast, etc. )

A Speaker is usually responsible for their own words (Speech writers help political and civic leaders)

Public speaking events aren't’t usually interrupted Effective public speaking is learned and involves

specific skills

Mass Communication

Television (Cable, Satellite, Over the Air) Radio (AM/FM, Satellite, Online) Internet (Email, Tweeter, Facebook, Hoolo, YouTube, My Space) Handheld Devices – Text messaging, and all the applications that

can be accessed Skype – Users who share can do phone calls, meeting

Computer mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers.[

has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messages, e-mails, chat rooms), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging

•Occurs when a small group of people send messages to a larger audience through a specialized media•There is usually not an audience present (Unless there is a planned audience, debate, talk show.)

Intercultural Communication

One of the most important forms of communication that takes place between persons:

Intercultural communication principles guide the process of exchanging meaningful and clear information across cultural boundaries, in a way that preserves mutual respect and minimizes antagonism.

For these purposes, culture (including gender, age, ethnicity, religion, group membership, sexual orientation) is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behaviour

THE DEFINITION OF SMALL GROUP

1) An identifiable human communication system composed of between three to seven individuals

2) Interacting over time for the achievement of a common purpose or goal

3) Who feel a sense of belonging to the group

4) Who exert influence and are influenced by one another.

THE DEFINITION OF SMALL GROUP 2) INTERACTING OVER TIME

FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A COMMON PURPOSE

A goal or task– to raise money, sell girl scout cookies

To survive: family, friends living together; supporting each other financially

To win (Sports team, election for president, senator, congressperson, beauty pageant, etc.)

To make music (band, orchestra, choir)

To make decisions (city council, juries, supreme court, etc.)

Or, just to have fun; family, friend

THE DEFINITION OF SMALL GROUP

3) FEEL A SENSE OF BELONGING

For a group to be success, it is important for its members to feel like they belong.

Group members should feel included, respected, and needed.

If not, they will lose people and the group can fall apart.

Or, group can be left with demoralized people who can no longer function in a healthy manner.

THE DEFINITION SMALL GROUP4) WHO EXERT INFLUENCE ON ONE

ANOTHER

The difference between a collection of individuals and a group is the influence group members have over one another

Every group member influences others (status, power, knowledge, experience, resources, skills, personality, etc.)

Nonverbal messages are a powerful method of influence (silence/body language/facial expressions)

Each member exerts some leadership and influence in the group by experience and or knowledge

THE DEFINITION OF SMALL GROUP Review Questions Which of the following

best meets the criteria for being labeled a “small group”?

A. four college professors from the Speech Department listening to an address by the college president

B. Four members of the city council meeting to rule on a city zoning violation

C. four friends deciding what to do that evening.

D. Dogs and cats falling from the sky

Review QuestionsWhat abilities(s) were mentioned that made it possible for humans to be successful:a.Shared experiencesb.Exchange of ideasc.Transmitting of knowledged.The ability to fighte.A, B, and Cf.Or, all of the above.

Review Question

True or False : Humans needed a unified plan and cooperative group for hunting?

True or False: Intercultural Communication One of the most important forms of communication that takes place between persons.

True or False: Intrapersonal communication is communication between humans and animals.

Remember:

Primary groups- fulfill basicneed to associate with others

• Family

• Friends

Secondary Groups – Tasks or achieve goals Problem solving Decision making

Committees, courts, Study groups Therapy groups Committees Sport teams

Remember: No group can be considered a purely primary or secondary. Primary group will accomplish a specific task or a secondary group fulfills inclusion and affection needs.

Group Effectiveness vs. Individual Efforts Functioning groups have these advantages:

Greater sum total of knowledge and information - Accepts diversity. More resources and knowledge = opens up more opportunities.

Stimulates Creativity - Encourages open minds. Discourages biases or personal agendas.

Members happier with Decisions - Difficult problem solving = participation and ‘buy-in’ enhance commitment. Example: LAVC Shared Governance structure.

Your remember what you discuss - Groups increase comprehension and reduce uncertainty – encourages questions and helping each other. (Websites to store meeting notes, etc. help

Better understanding of self – The group serves as a mirror. Reflecting your communication back to you. If you are effective, if your not effective… (if you are open-mined you can learn much)

Advantages - Power of Groups

Unity is Strength - When there are hundreds or thousands of people dedicated for the same cause the chances of failure is less. (Susan B. Anthony, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, and Nelson Mandela )

Example: End of Apartheid - After the 1992 referendum, deciding to end apartheid, universal suffrage was implemented allowing people of all races to take part in the first democratic elections in 1994.

Less Chances of Harassment - Groups have played a major historical role in harassing the weak. Being a part of the group can help protect the weak from the strong.

Example of harassing group:

Ku Klux Klan - Founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866, it spread throughout the South under the leadership of former.

- The Klan became a potent instrument of terror against freed people, their white allies, and Republican state governments.

Examples of groups to protect security and harassed groups:

National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) established 1909 – to fight the KKK. They peacefully defended civil rights of blacks, primarily through an aggressive watchdog system addressed through political and legal means.

American Association of People with Disabilities – a non-profit advocacy group recognized nation-wide as one of the most powerful and active advocates for compliance with the “Americans with Disability Act.

National Council of La Raza (NCLR) – Established during the civil rights era. The largest national Latino civil rights and advocacy organization. Works to improved opportunities for Hispanic Americans.

FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection – To prevent business practices that are anticompetitive, deceptive, or unfair to consumers. In response to predator lending and deceptive credit card practices.

Examples of groups to protect security and harassed groups:

Unions – Most common purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, collective bargaining for wages, and a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. No more 7 day work weeks!

Labor union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912 Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

Shelters – A shelter is also a place to go for help. •Homeless shelters•Bomb shelter protects people in a war zone. •Animal shelter houses dogs and cats without a home. •Women and Children shelters who are abused, pregnant or homeless.

Group Effectiveness vs. Individual Efforts Ineffective groups have these disadvantages:

Group conformity – I think, you think, we think!Teams members conform by adopting similar behaviors – Need to fit in or reduce disagreements. behaviors becomes the group norm. ****Team members conforming to group norms can lower productivity or lack of creativity and innovation.

People believe that in order to have friends, be loved, be accepted, stand out……they need to be noticed by others.

Problems with wanting or needing to conform: High Cost $$$$ = Desire for the latest….causes conflict with friends, parents, self, and others. Leads to debt, theft, bullying, and more. Depression, suicide, pregnancy, binge drinking, doing drugsStress at work

Example: Disney Group (Black Friday, Bob’s Big Boys on Sunday, Waitress Harassment. Bad employee using songs to put people down.)

Group –Think Ineffective groups have these disadvantages:

Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within decision-making group. It happens when the desire for harmony in a overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives ---Groups close out any feedback from the outside -- to the extreme bad things happen.

Examples of Groupthink: Nazi Germany The witch-hunts of the Middle Ages. Al Qaida, the I.R.A. and other terrorist groups believe best way to create “peace” is to murder and destroy. The invasion of the Bay of Pigs. Thought an overthrow of Castro would bring glory to the U.S and JFK, and Nothing could possibly go wrong. WWIII almost started. Hate groups are organized groups or movements that advocate and practice hatred, hostility or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or other designated sector of society.

Cuban Missile Crisis John F. Kennedy was presented with a number of choices by group members in his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

When time came to choose one of them, he is reported to have said to the other group members, “Whichever plan I choose, the ones whose plans are not

taken are the lucky ones.” What do you think he meant?

Ineffective groups have these disadvantages:

A Dominator - Individual group member who may have more knowledge, are more aggressive, can spot weak group members -- may dominate the discussion.Solution: Groups need to channel their energy, encourage others to talk, talk with the person, report to instructor.

Solving problems can take longer – Faster on-line groups, no non-verbal communication.Solution: Results are often better, but group needs to take the time to talk and listen.

Free Riders – Social Loafing – Expecting others to do the work…Solution: Find out group members strength, assign specific duties, give deadlines, have rules if members don’t deliver…talk to the instructor.

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM

Hallmark One: A Clear, Elevating Goal

A common, well-defined goal Goal should be elevating and

important Team goals ahead of personal

goals.

Apollo Moon Project: Clarity: To place a man on the moon by the end of the 1960 vs. to be leaders in space exploration.

The Challenger Disaster: Clarity: Jan. 1986, Space Shuttle disaster claiming all seven passengers. The mission of the Rogers Commission was to investigate and determine the cause within 120 days. And they did. The mission was clear and concrete.

The 2000-pound SUV-sized rover has been on the surface of Mars for about one month, and operating as expected.

On 40 occasions, humans have attempted to send missions to Mars. Only 16 of these missions have succeeded.

Doug McCuistion, director of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, said Thursday.

“Perseverance and patience are critical to the success of any of government’s missions, he said: “The key is to keep going. Make those hard decisions. Don’t be afraid of them.”

Throughout that time, the team of engineers and scientists on the project “didn’t lose sight of what that final path was,” McCuistion said. “And we made it.”

Hallmark One: A Clear, Elevating Goal

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM

Hallmark Two: A results Driven Structure

Team structure – The way a group is organized; who reports to whom and who does what are key elements in developing a team structure.

To note: A structure that tolerates ineffective meetings, busywork, and “administration” - distracts from team effectiveness.

Examples: Mt. Everest climb of 1985.Leader George McLeod. --Team objective was to get one member of the team to the top of the mountain. (Needed lots of equipment, sherpas and no one made it to the top.)

Examples: First women’s team to be invited to climb Mt. Kongur in China “The goal was not to get one person on top – but rather to get as many people as high on the mountain. (Carried their own equipment and got most people to the top.)

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM

Hallmark Three: Competent Team Members(1) The necessary technical skills and abilities to achieve the

desired objective.(2) The personal characteristics required to achieve

excellence while working well with others. (3) Knowledge of strengths and weaknesses…get training if

necessary.What companies are looking for in team members:

– Intellectual Ability– Results Orientation– Interpersonal Skills– Planning and Organizing– Team Orientation– Maturity– Presence

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM

Hallmark Four: Unified Commitment

“Michael, if you can’t pass, you can’t play.” ~Legendary basketball coach Dean Smith,

speaking to Michael Jordan

High-performance team members are: passionate dedication to goals identification and emotional bonding among

team members balance between unity and respect for

individual differences.

Lack of unified commitment is often the most important feature of ineffective teams.

Example: Antarctica

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAMHallmark Five: A Collaborative Climate.

Q: #1 reason get fired?

TRUST most important virtues to create a positive working climate.

When a team member doesn’t support the team, lies, doesn’t do their work, etc. TRUST IS HARD TO BUILD BACK.

TRUST: Allows team members to stay problem-

focused. Promotes more efficient communication

and coordination. Trust improves the quality of

collaborative outcome.

Example: Quote: Captain Joe Prucher – U.S. Navy Strike Warfare

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAMHallmark Six: Standards of Excellence

Pressure to perform and reach high standards – can be negative and or positive…a strong capable leader determines this.

Starts with Individual standards (our experiences, what have done, successes, failures, role models and manner to which we’ve been encouraged.)

Team pressure (past history, expectations determine level of success. Some groups accept mediocrity, and punish those who don’t.)

The consequence of failure can exert pressure create higher standards.

External pressure (Sports, NASA, Rogers Commission – investigating the Challenger disaster)

The four minute mile barrier

After WWII, Britain's Roger Bannister broke the long held record with a 4 minute mile.

Australian John Landy followed 46 days later. And, many others followed after him.

By the end of the 20th century, the record had been lowered to 3:43.13, by Hm El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1999.

WHY?

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAMHallmark Seven: External Support and

Recognition “Invisible Team” (People outside team

who have expectations. Fans, community, and media)

To succeed teams need: Support from outside - information

and materials. Need to be rewarded (Tangible

rewards…Show me the $$$) Recognition as group, without focus

on the individual.

Q: Any examples of how teams are supported and recognized in your companies on your teams?

8 HALLMARKS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM Hallmark Eight: Principled Leadership

The right person in a leadership role can add tremendous value to any collective effort.

Be Transforming: Seek to arouse and elevate: Gandhi “aroused and elevated the hopes and demands of millions of Indians and whose life was enhanced by the process.”

A consistent message The ability to recognize talent and provide the

tools The ability to turn a negative situation into a

positive. (Football, basketball, soccer…all sports have success stories about coaches and player leaders who turned things around.

Creates a supportive decision making climate– and let others contribute to the team success.

Reasons a team may not be successful

Teams don’t have authority to accomplish goals Teams feel isolated Teams don’t get support from the outside

with materials and information they may need Team members aren't’t recognized for their efforts Teams need to know they won’t be penalized for whatever

results they produce

Example: The “O” ring incident

Chapter 1 Review Questions

Advantages of working in a small group include:A.pooling of informationB.better self-understandingC.allows you to work lessD.A & BE. all of the above

Disadvantages of working in a small group include:A.pressure to conformB. length of time to solve a problemC.dominance by individualsD.A & BE. all of the above

Chapter 1 Review Questions

Reasons a team may not be successful include:

a.Teams don’t have authority to accomplish goals

b.Teams feel isolated Teams don’t get support from the outside with materials and information they may need

c.Team members are recognized for their efforts

d.Teams need to know they won’t be penalized for whatever results they produce

e.A, B, and D

f.All of the above.

Chapter 1 Review Questions

1. True or False – A strong leader can determine the success or failure of a team?

2. 3. True or False – Intrapersonal communication is

referred to as a dyad?

4. True or False – Teams do best when they have a clear elavating goal to achieve?

5. True of False – Some groups want to underachieve?

6. True or False – The four mile barrier was broken because Roger Bannister had low expectations for himself.

Group Discussion

Q: Answer the following questions. Peer pressure – When someone or an organization tries to influence what you do and the way your act.1.What are some situations in which you have, or someone you know has, experienced peer pressure?

2.What types of organizations exert pressure to conform?

3.Why do you think it’s so difficult to withstand peer/organization pressure?

4.What strategies have used to withstand peer pressure?

5.Often peer pressure revolves around negative behavior, what are some ways you can avoid negative peer pressure?

The End – Time to Go!

Why do we join groups?

My routines come out of total unhappiness. My audiences are my group therapy. ~ Joan Rivers

When you work out or you're doing anything active, it's more fun as a group. You may lose track of the time, and the next thing you know, you're working out for two hours because you're having fun. ~ LeBron James (Miami Heat)

I have a group of people, about 40, in a local church in Surrey in England, who pray for me regularly. ~Cliff Richard

We were all on this ship in the sixties, our generation, a ship going to discover the New World. And the Beatles were in the crow's nest of that ship. ~ John Lennon

Q: What do you Need???Q: How does this determine what groups you are involved with?

Groups fulfill Needs:As long as a group fills a need we will stay associated; The less alternatives that exist to fulfill that need, then the more obedient we will be.

Reason: Women stay in abusive relationships, or people stay in gangs, cults, or therapy groups

Biological imperative – Humans are social animals by nature.

“Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of society, is either a beast or a god. ” Q: Do you agree? Can we survive without each other?

1.Group attraction

Why do we join groups?

Survival – Animals have

a biological imperative and rarely, if ever, “go it alone.”

Wolves are notorious pack-hunters, and always have a clear chain of command in their ranks.

Orca whales travel in pods like their smaller cousins Dolphins. Bands of gorillas, if ever sighted, are feared and held in awe for lack of

presence anywhere in the world but central Africa. Each of these species move about their surroundings with a territorial

purpose, and defend what they deem as rightfully their own. They defend the members of their social grouping, and they care for

their young, old, and sick. They use babysitters, they have affairs, they have deadbeat fathers

and even the occasional runaway bride, and they mourn their recently departed.

Interpersonal Needs

ABRAHAM MASLOW was a leading humanistic

psychologist (Third Force) developed the Hierarchy of

Needs promoted the concept of self-

actualization was born in 1908, Brooklyn,

New York

Hierarchy of Needs

growth

emotional

physical

Love & Belonging Needs

Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Esteem Needs

Self-Actualization

Hierarchy of Needs

Survival Needs – Group necessary

B- Emotional Needs – Group necessary

Groups are seen as place for expressing personal wholeness rather than means for making up deficiencies

Physiological Needs

food water air SleepQ: What can happen,

if these needs not met?

Food: A Most Powerful Need• South

American Rugby team crashed in 1970

• Food was the most pressing problem.

• They ate human flesh for survival.

• Even the strongest taboo was broken to fill the basic need for food.

Safety Needs

from physical attack

from emotional attack

from fatal disease

from invasion

from extreme losses

(job, family members,

home, friends)

Safety: A Most Powerful Need when frightened, our

thoughts and energies are diverted

threat of, or actual attack creates “fight or flight” reaction

threats to safety can be physical or emotional, lead to anger “ Road rage”

Physiological Needs

Love & Belonging Needs

Safety Needs

Hierarchy of Needs

Love and Belonging(social/emotional)

Inclusion - part of a group: colleagues, peers, family, clubs

Affection - love and be loved

Control - influence over others and self

Esteem Needs

Love & Belonging Needs

Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Hierarchy of Needs

Esteem Needsemotional (ego)

respect from others through: awards honors status

respect for self through: mastery achievement

competence

Self-Actualization Needs stop cruelty and exploitation

encourage talent in others

try to be a good human being

do work one considers worthwhile

enjoy taking on responsibilities

prefer intrinsic satisfaction

seek truth

give unselfish love

be just

Some Self-Actualizing People from History Abraham Lincoln Thomas Jefferson Mahatma Gandhi Albert Einstein Eleanor Roosevelt William James Benedict Spinoza

B-Needs of the Self-Actualized

Truth Goodness Beauty Unity Aliveness Uniqueness Perfection and

Necessity

Completion Justice and order Simplicity Richness Effortlessness Playfulness Self-sufficiency Meaningfulness

Qualities of the Self-Actualized

An non-hostile sense of humor Intimate personal relationships Acceptance of self and others Spontaneity and simplicity Freshness of appreciation More peak experiences Democratic values Independence

Peak ExperiencesMoments of Pure Bliss

MASLOW’S NEED HIERACHY - Review

Survival Needs1.Physiological – People band together to survive. Co-ops are formed to make large purchases of food and other items. Limited partnerships may be created to purchase a house.2.Safety – Neighborhood watch groups. A union at one’s workplace to obtain a level of security. Joining a group health plan also fulfill this need.Emotional Needs1.Belonging or Love -- People often join groups to receive affection and comfort from others. This allows people to get affection from others.2.Self-esteem – A person’s prestige may be enhanced by a membership in a certain group, club, organization (a fraternity, sorority, a certain club with limited membership)Reaching full potential Need1.Self – actualization – There are many groups whose goal it is to help you reach your full potential. (consciousness raising organizations, networking groups, toastmasters, scientology)

Interpersonal Needs

William Schultz - Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation (FIRO) Theory

Groups often provide or deny the following needs:Inclusion - Groups accept you, respect you, and offer a place to belong.

Control - Groups can offer you status and power. Or, provide a place for you to influence and earn prestige.

Affection - Groups can provide you with emotional warmth and closeness.

Interpersonal Needs

All needs have three components:

1.Express – Pro-Active– We express ways or behave in ways to fulfill our needs.

2.Want - In Active – We want others to behave towards us. We wait and often needs aren’t met.

3.Ideal – The goldilocks people understand not all needs can be met. Will be patient or have other groups to fulfill needs.

The Goldilocks Rule:

Goldilocks model, inspired by the work of Dr. Robert Bjork and Lev Vygotsky. As in the story, there are three zones of failure: too soft, too hard, and just right.Zone 1: Too soft - The Comfort Zone: You’re able to hit your target more than 90 percent of the time. You’re in control; relaxed, confident. You’re not reaching past your current abilities, but operating firmly within them. You’re like an advanced skier on a beginner run, carving turns with ease and grace.Zone 2: Too hard - The Thrash Zone: You’re failing more than half the time. When you succeed, it’s mostly because you’re getting lucky. You’re behaving like a beginning skier fighting his way down a steep expert run: occasionally you might make a good turn, but more often you’re just trying to get to the bottom in one piece.Zone 3: Just right - The Sweet Spot: You’re in between Comfort and Thrashing. You’re putting forth maximal effort and you’re succeeding between 60 percent and 80 percent of the time. You’re failing — sometimes spectacularly — and you’re paying attention, and learning from each mistake or fall.

The Goldilocks Rule:

As with Goldilocks, this goal of this rule is to help us make the right choice between different options. To put this idea to work, here’s a quiz:

Q: Should a student cram for a history test by (A) reading a chapter over and over five times, or (B) by reading the chapter once and then constructing an outline of the key points?

Q: Should a business train its new sales force by (A) sending them into the field to see how they do or (B) by constructing a series of role-playing exercises led by a master coach?

Q: Should a pianist spend her practice hour  (A) playing a song perfectly, over and over, or (B) isolating the weak spots in a new song, repeating them until they’re improved?

The Answer! The basic rule in all cases is to choose (B),

and aim for the sweet spot. Steer clear of comfort and thrashing,

especially when you’re starting something new. 

The second rule is that when in doubt, keep things small and simple. The smaller and simpler the task, the easier it is to locate your sweet spot.

Inclusion:

Express: We call or text a friend, reach out to others, plan things.

Want: We wait for others to text or call us, reach out to us.

Ideal: We reach out, if you want…and you are ok if people don’t always reach out.

Example: Waiter/Waitress

Expressing Control: The extent to which we control others’ actions’. We like to make decisions.

Want Control: You decide - We want others to guide us (What to have for dinner, What movie to go to, driving, etc.) Can be out of weakness.

Ideal: You give and take. You don’t always need to control and enjoy having others be part of decisions. You know when to control and when to let others.

Control:

Affection:

Expressing Affection: You express affection by smiling, prolonged eye contact, or giving compliments. Over personal – Too much touching, hugging etc.

Wanting Affection: Wanting affection from others, wanting compliments from others. Covert – hinting at gifts, or invitations. Asking do you like this….dress, purse, etc.

Ideal- Appropriately Personal: Are ok with what people want to do.

Schutz’s FIRO Theory

Schutz’s FIRO Theory

Schutz’s FIRO Theory

Schutz’s Interpersonal Needs Theory

Cycle of a groups when they begin: Initial formation stage - communication aims at

inclusion Group members friendly, and cautious as they try to

evaluate each other and try to be accepted by others As group develops, control needs become more

evident: members contest issues and vie for leadership

Conflicts happen - are resolved, people turn toward affection needs

This process is cyclical, and plays itself over and over with each new group

All steps necessary for a strong group to survive

How do you apply this?

Q: How can understanding Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs help you understand how you relate to others?

Q: How can understanding Shutz’s FIRO Theory help you understand yourself? Help you understand others?

Individual GoalsInfluences choice of group.

I gave my life to the Group Theatre, because in it I'm building something for myself. What I build, I am.

~ Elia Kazan (American director, producer, writer and

actor)

Q: What goals do you have that a group can help fulfill?

A: Our personal goals direct our group choice. (Enjoyment, health, personal growth, status and power, and prestige)

INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

Similarity: We join a group because of how much we have in common with other group members. <Bird of a feather flock together>. Can lead to conformity and group think.

Complementarily: People join groups they are attracted to or have abilities or skills they do not possess, but admire. <Opposites attract> In relationships and groups better to have a combination of needs represented.

Proximity/Contract/Interaction: Attracted to people who we are physically close to. We try harder with people who are near. Examples; coworkers, neighbors (side by side, backyard)

Physical attractiveness: In the initial stages of group formation we are drawn to people to whom we are physically attracted. Attractive people can get their ‘foot’ in the door first, attract mates faster, but beware. Caution: Con Artist Research

Can you spot the Con Artist (s)?

A B C D

The Con ArtistsA) Stacey Lynne Smith

Along with her husband, she raised more than $1 million from approximately 27 investors who purchased stock and notes from their two companies. The Smiths invested most of the money they raised in two speculative companies that never turned a profit. They diverted more than $200,000 of the investor funds to their personal use, including a Hawaiian trip, Cartier jewelry, and day-today living expenses.

B) Phyllis Rich

Bend. Along with her husband, Michael Rich, she convinced more than 250 people to invest nearly $20 million in trust deeds ostensibly secured by properties in Oregon, Washington, Arizona and Hawaii. They used the money to purchase a corporate jet and exotic vacations.

C) Wesley Rhodes, Jr.

West Linn. This financial adviser misappropriated approximately $16 million in investor funds to purchase collector cards, art, and a lavish lifestyle. To further his scheme, he created and distributed fictitious account statements that purportedly represented actual stocks held in his clients' accounts.

D) Nice Guy

Con artists draw on a variety of strengths, including:Power & Influence: When he talks, people listen. He has a position of power and friends in high places. He exudes an aura of success.Charisma: He appeals to most people. He makes people feel clever and charmed.Strong Cover: He seems almost incapable of wrongdoing. His cover might be his solid reputation and the loans he’s secured from big banks and investment firms. A respected pious member of the community or a gifted, but naive, businessman.

The Con Artist looks for those who any strength or weakness that can be exploited.

GROUP ATTRACTION – You like what the group does.

Group activities: What does the group do? Sometimes it doesn’t matter, just the regular meetings, structure and human contact can be rewarding.

Examples: Running clubs, book clubs, sewing circles, etc.

Group goals: The goals or values of the group attract people If a

person values the goals of a group they will likely to seek membership.

Example: Activists groups, religious or spiritual groups.

Group membership: Group that offer potential group members/status or prestige can be attractive.

Example: Exclusive club, honor society, chamber of commerce, etc.

REVIEW QUESTION

People join groups:

A. to fulfill interpersonal needs

B. to fulfill individual needs

C. because of group goals

D. because of group attractiveness

E. all of the above

REVIEW QUESTION

The three needs included in Schutz’s Interpersonal Needs Theory are:

A. ability, communication, persistenceB. inclusion, control, affectionC. companionship, excitement, loyaltyD. shelter, food, safetyE. the need to be in Roana

Thornock’s Speech 151 class

REVIEW QUESTION

Maslow suggests that before you can meet your safety needs, you need to satisfy:

A. esteem needs

B. control needs

C. love needs

D. physiological needs

Review QuestionsTrue or False – Con Artists prey on the strengths and weaknesses of a person

True or False – The goldilocks rule says a happy medium is the best approach to meeting your interpersonal needs.

True or False – We are usually nicer to people who we work with or live close to.

True or False – The honor society would be an example the type of club we would join for prestige.