invasive species of plants in the anthropogenic … · 50 ivasive species of plants in the...

Mirjana Krstivojević, Ružica Igić, Dragana Vukov, Marko Rućando, Saša Orlović 49

International Symposium: Current Trends in Plant Protection UDK: 574(497.113) Proceedings 630*182(497.113)

INVASIVE SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE ANTHROPOGENIC

WOODLANDS

MIRJANA KRSTIVOJEVIĆ 1, RUŽICA IGIĆ 1, DRAGANA VUKOV 1, MARKO RUĆANDO1, SAŠA

ORLOVIĆ2

1 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21 000 Novi Sad

2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21 000 Novi Sad

e-mail: [email protected] This paper presents an insight into the representatives of invasive species that occur in antropogenic woodlands in Vojvodina. The purpose of the paper is creating an inventory of invasive species that frequently occur in forest plantations. In the preparation of this paper, literature data, information from the Herbarium of the Department of Biology and Environmental Science - Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad (BUNS), and the data obtained by field research were used. Based on the obtained informations, a list of invasive plants that occur in antropogenic woodlands was created. The paper gives a brief overview of plants species- their description, distribution data, analysis of life forms and origin of taхa. Giwen that many of these species occur very often in forest plantations and their impact on flora and forest ecosystems is extremely large, research in this area should continue. Key words: anthropogenic woodlands, invasive species.

INTRODUCTION

Anthropogenic woodland ecosystems Woodland ecosystems representvery complex communities of living beings,the most magnificent communities of plants and animals on Earth (Horvat, 1950).Flora of the woodland ecosystemhas a very complex structure that is primarily reflected in its spatial arrangement. Three or more vegetation strata are usually distinguished in woodlands (herbaceous plants stratum, shrub vegetation and trees). Storey vegetation is caused by a specific soil structure in the woodlands, and the amount of nutrients and light.These conditions provide a significant periodicity in the annual development fromearly spring to late autumn, thus the space of the woodland is perfectly exploited (Horvat, 1950). Woodlands integrate in themselves something magnificent and always provide us with something new and interestingany season of the year (Silic, 1990). In addition to spatial and temporal complexity, woodlands are also characterized by very complex relations between the members of this biocoenosis, reflected in mutual adjustment and the struggle for survival (Horvat, 1950). Each woodland community in fact, is the result ofinteraction between its members through the history of its development.Woodland ecosystems are

50 Ivasive species of plants in the anthropogenic woodlands

dynamic and subjected to changes, and those elements that have high fitness and competitive ability are the one that survive and dominate them. Woodlands in AP Vojvodina cover 137 000 ha, representing 6.37% of its total area (Vlatković, 1986). In agricultural zones, the percentage of woodland area drops below 1%, which clearly indicates that the northern Serbian province is a region with very degraded and endangered ecosystems (Ivanisevic, 2008). It is considered that the optimal percentage of woodlands in Vojvodina should be 14.3% (Vlatković, 1986), because than the balance of ecosystems would be restored and further degradation would be prevented. Afforestation of new areas (zones along roads, railways and rivers, hunting reserves, sandy areas, erosion areas) could be the means to reach the optimum percentage of woodlands in Vojvodina, which would directly contribute to stability and sustainable development of ecosystems of the area. Also afforestation in Vojvodina contributes to the increase in its financialand general economic stability. Woodland plantations and woodlands of anthropogenic origin in Vojvodina make up more than 49% of the totalwoodland vegetation of the northern Serbian province (Tomovic, 2006).In anthropogenic woodlands, mainly present are the species of poplar, willow, ash, and oak. Invasive species

The concept of invasiveness and invasion Introduced species, neophyte or exotics include species, subspecies or lower taxa that occur outside their natural habitat, with expansion into other habitats naturally or under direct or indirect anthropogenic influence.Under the influence of humans, as vectors of introduction, introduced species in a particular habitat can be entered deliberately, with a specific purpose (such as horticulture, medicinal, industrial or species of agricultural importance).This introduction of alien species is often uncontrollable, and even illegal.Exotic species may be introduced accidentally – via seeds of some plants, in transport etc. Exotic species can have positive, negative and neutral impact on the ecosystem.Positive and neutral influence implies strict control of alien species, which are commonly used in the diet of indigenous organisms, or are used in horticulture.On the other hand, exotic species can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem they arrive in and take over the food and living space of indigenous organisms, can extremely increase its population and continue expanding its range.This process, that the species aregoing through in order to become successful harmful invasive species, without the available data on the consequences for the economy and the environment, is called invasion. Stable ecosystems resist invasions more easily.However, ecosystems where the ecological balance is already disturbed are more susceptible to invasions.The susceptibility to invasions varies depending on the region and habitat type (Tunic, 2008). Characteristics of invasive species and their impact on biodiversity Invasive species include species, subspecies or lower taxa that are introduced from areas of their previous or present distribution into spaces in which they have not naturally occurred. (Anon, 2003). All invasive species characteristically have no natural enemies on the newly occupied spaces and are very easily adapted to all conditions of the new environment, and therefore are superior in competition compared to native species and haveno limitations for their reproduction and expansion. With that, they very easily and quickly establish dense and often monotypic population on large areas (Daehler, 1998).


Invasive species are capable of vegetative and sexual reproduction, they are characterized by rapid growth, early sexual maturity, high reproduction rate (multi-production of seed and long retention of germination), great ability of sapling expansion (aggressive expansion with rhizomes, shoots and expansion with the help of various factors- water, wind, wildlife, human); they are capable of nourishing ona wide range of materials, have a wide ecological valence, high phenotypic plasticity. Invasive types necessarily have negative effects on the environment, and often also on economy, agriculture, water management, woodlandry, as well as urban and rural ruderal communities (Stevanovic and al., 2004). Negative influence of invasive species on native ones can be direct and indirect. Directly, invasive types represent exceptionally strong competitors for nutrients, lightand moisture, can cause or convey different diseases to domestic populations or parasite on them, prevent their reproduction or cross-fertilize with native species. Indirectly, invasive types cause disorders in the original processes in ecosystems (Pimentel and al., 2000). Due to the forming of populations of non-native species in these habitats, density of the native vegetation reduces and significant changes are made in the composition and structure of native biocenosis. In some parts of the world some indigenous communities contain an equal number of indigenous and introduced species, or even, introduced invasive types can be dominant and give basic contribution to the physiognomy of the conquered communities. Negative influence of invasive species on native can also cause a series of negative interaction within natural biocenosis. Invasive species often change the hydrologica lregime of aquatic ecosystems. They are capable of changing the erosion level. Also, it isknown that a large percent of invasive species has allelopathic properties, i.e. secretion of substances that other native types do not tolerate. Invasive types have the ability to change chemical composition and pH of the soil or to change the amount of nutrients and moisture in the base and in that way threaten the domestic flora. It is considered that invasive species affect frequency, intensity and outcome of natural fires, and they affect mutual relationships between plants (pollination, dispersal, parasitism and commensalism) (Panjković and al. 2006). In addition to pressuring domestic vegetation and degrading the existing ecosystems, and therefore being a problem for local ecosystems, invasive species are exceptionaly dangerous for global biodiversity, with often being causes of disappearance of a vulnerable taxa from the flora of the world. Invasive species can hybridize with native species and thus give a negative genetic impact on the authenticity of the species and their adaptation acquired through evolution. Invasive woody species are a danger that threatens the natural balance of European woodlands. These species are more and more frequent in the ecosystems of Europe. They inhabit all segments of woodland habitats, all vegetation strata, inhibiting the productivity of woodland ecosystems and disrupting forestry activities, degradingthe habitat and affecting biodiversity (www.nps.gov). Measures of invasive species suppression Losses caused by invasive species are not only registered at biodiversity level. Economic losses caused by invasive species are high. These losses can be classified under the direct costs of production loss in agriculture and forestry and the costs of removing and controlling invasive species. The costs of prevention, monitoring and control of invasive species in the U.S. annually exceed 137 billion of U.S. dollars (Tunic, 2008). Economic losses occur due to attenuationof tourism, as invasive species affect recreational activities; many of them are allergens and threaten people‘s life and activity. Invasive species are


more and more difficult to control because of the rapid global commercialization, world trade and facilitated travel possibilities. Introduction of non-native species is occurring still today, very intensively. Plant and animal species are introduced where they naturally do not belong in different parts of the world, so that the risk of new environmental disorders and degradations of natural ecosystems increases daily (Vitousek and al., 1997). One of the main measures of invasive species suppression is to regulate the introduction of new plant species, as well as suppressing of further invasion of already introduced species. In order to prevent further expansion of invasive species and to reduce harmful influence of the already present ones, it is necessary to know their biology, ecology, and especially invasive ability. Invasive species are becoming an increasingly important subject of research in many scientific disciplines, which is certainly one of the important measures taken to solve the aforementioned problems. On the Figure 1 is showed number of papers in environmental journals referring to invasive species during ten years (1990-2001).

Figure 1: Number of papers in environmental journals referring to invasive species, 1990-2001

(Z. Botta-Dukat et. Al. 2004) Besides getting to know the characteristics of invasive species, it is necessary to take various applicative measures for suppression, in the form of monitoring and control of the populations of invasive species, but also mechanical, chemical and biological removal. Also, a legislative background is very important in the actions against invasive species in the form of global initiatives, conventions and law regulations. For this reason, there are numerous European and international strategies with sole purpose to solve the problem of invasive species. Under the national legislation of our country, the problem of invasive species, their control and measures of suppression as undesirable weeds, are mentioned in the laws on forestry and agriculture. However, the necessary legal support to solve the problem in Serbia is still lacking. Among the invasive plant species are those that are extremely harmful to human health, so they receive the most attention. In our country there are programs (in several municipalities) for suppression of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia L.), a weed species that


causes a lot of damage to agricultural crops,and is also one of the strongest allergens. The fight against ragweed in these municipalities is an example of a successful action against invasive species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature data and data obtained by processing the plant material from Herbarium of the Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences - Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad (BUNS) were used for the preparation of this paper, as well as data obtained from field research. On Photo 1. below is showed one of anthropogenic woodlands in Vojvodina, primarily of poplar. Literature and herbarium data present the source of information which includes most of the anthropogenic woodlands in Vojvodina, primarily of willow and poplar. Based on the obtained information a list of invasive plants that occur in anthropogenic woodlands was created. Presented in this paper is a brief description of the species. Gained results about invasive species in anthropogenic woodlands are systematized and coordinated with the synonymy of species in the Flora of Europe (Ball, 1968).Information about the general distribution in Serbia have been retrieved from the flora of Serbia (Nikolic, 1973, Nikolic et al. 1986). Ecological index was determined for each species, as well as affiliation by ecological groups in relation to the indicator values of ecological index (Landolt, 1977; Kojic et al., 1997). For each species, a life form by Ranunkieu was determined, but revised and supplemented for the Flora of Serbia (Stevanovic, 1992). The origin, i.e. native range for each taxon was represented.

Photo 1: Anthropogenic woodland community in Kovilj-Petrovaradin marsh (Krstivojević, 2011)


RESULTS

Invasive species in anthropogenic woodland In the anthropogenic woodlands of Euro-American poplar and willow, 32 invasive plant species, classified into 18 families, were recorded. Species and their families are presented in Table 1: Table 1. Invasive species and subspecies of plants that occur in anthropogenic woodland

ecosystems Species Family

Acer negundoL. 1753 Aceraceae Ailanthus altissima(Mill.) Swingle 1916 Simarubaceae Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. 1753 Asteraceae

Ambrosia trifida L. 1753 Asteraceae

AmorphafruticosaL.1753 Fabaceae

Artemisia annuaL. 1753 Asteraceae

AsclepiassyriacaL. 1753 Apocynaceae

BidensfrondosaL. 1753 Asteraceae Broussonetiapapyrifera(L.) Vent. 1799 Moraceae

CeltisoccidentialisL. 1753 subsp. occidentalis Ulmaceae Conyzacanadensis(L.) Cronquist. 1943 Asteraceae

Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. 1812 Poaceae Echinocystislobata(Michx.) Torr. et Gray 1840 Cucurbitaceae

ElaeagnusangustifoliaL.1753 Elaeagnaceae

Eleusineindica(L.) Gaertn. 1788 Poaceae Erechtiteshieraciifolius(L.) DC. 1838 Asteraceae

Erigeron annuus(L.) Pers. 1807 Asteraceae

FraxinusamericanaL. 1753 Oleaceae

FraxinuspennsylvanicaMarsh. 1785 Oleaceae

GleditsiatriacanthosL. 1753 Fabaceae

Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle 1834 Balsaminaceae

Juglansnigra L. 1753 Juglandaceae Oxalis strictaL. 1753 Oxalidaceae PhytolaccaamericanaL. 1753 Phytolaccaceae

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. 1777 Polygonaceae

Rhustyphina L. 1756 Anacardiaceae RobiniapseudacaciaL. 1753 Fabaceae

SicyosangulatusL. 1753 Cucurbitaceae SolidagocanadensisL. 1753 Asteraceae

SolidagogiganteaAiton. 1789 Asteraceae

Symphyotrichumsalignum(Willd.) G.L.Nesom 1995 Asteraceae

Vitisriparia Michx. Vitaceae Total number of species 32 Total number of families 18

Percentual representation of different families in the total list of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands is presented in Table 2.


Table 2. Percentual representation of different families in invasive species flora in anthropogenic woodlands

Family Number of taxa

within the family Representation (%)

Aceraceae 1 3.125 Anacardiaceae 1 3.125 Apocynaceae 1 3.125 Asteraceae 10 31.250 Balsaminaceae 1 3.125 Cucurbitaceae 2 6.250 Elaeagnaceae 1 3.125 Fabaceae 3 9.375 Juglandaceae 1 3.125 Moraceae 1 3.125 Oleaceae 2 6.250 Oxalidaceae 1 3.125 Phytolaccaceae 1 3.125 Poaceae 2 6.250 Polygonaceae 1 3.125 Simarubaceae 1 3.125 Ulmaceae 1 3.125 Vitaceae 1 3.125

Figure 2 shows the representation of different families among the invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands.

Figure 2. The representation of different families among invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands


Table 3. Life forms of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands

Species Life form

Acer negundoL. 1753 dec Mes P scap Ailanthus altissima(Mill.) Swingle 1916 dec P scap Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. 1753 a-autMes-Alt T scap Ambrosia trifidaL. 1753 a-aut Meg-Alt T scap AmorphafruticosaL.1753 dec P caesp Artemisia annuaL. 1753 a-aut Meg-Alt T scap AsclepiassyriacaL. 1753 a Meg-Alt G scap/rhiz BidensfrondosaL. 1753 aut Meg T scap Broussonetiapapyrifera(L.) Vent. 1799 v fodecMesP scap CeltisoccidentialisL. 1753 subsp. occidentalis vfodecMes P scap Conyzacanadensis(L.) Cronquist. 1943 T scap Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. 1812 a MegT caesp Echinocystislobata(Michx.) Torr. et Gray 1840 ST herb ElaeagnusangustifoliaL.1753 fodecMesP scap Eleusineindica(L.) Gaertn. 1788 a Mes-Mac T scap Erechtiteshieraciifolius(L.) DC. 1838 a-autMee-Meg (Alt) T scap Erigeron annuus(L.) Pers. 1807 a Mes-Meg (Alt) T scap/bienn FraxinusamericanaL. 1753 v fodecMes P scap FraxinuspennsylvanicaMarsh. 1785 dec P scap GleditsiatriacanthosL. 1753 a-autMes-Meg (Alt) G scap/rhiz Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle 1834 a Meg-Alt T scap JuglansnigraL. 1753 fodecMes P scap Oxalis strictaL. 1753 v-a Mi-Mac H rept PhytolaccaamericanaL. 1753 a-autMes-Meg (Alt) G scap/rhiz Reynoutria japonica Houtt. 1777 a Meg-Alt H scap RhustyphinaL. 1756 v fodecMi-Mes P scap RobiniapseudacaciaL. 1753 dec P scap SicyosangulatusL. 1753 a ST herb SolidagocanadensisL. 1753 H scap SolidagogiganteaAiton. 1789 H scap Symphyotrichumsalignum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom 1995 a-aut Meg-Alt H scap VitisripariaMichx. P rept / a S P

Representation of different life forms is presented in Table 4. Table 4. Representation of different life forms among invasive taxa in anthropogenic woodlands

Designation Life form Number of

taxa Representation

(%) G scap/rhiz Geophyte with erect stem 3 9.375 H rept Hemicryptophyte with creeping stem 1 3.125 H scap Hemicryptophytewith erect stem 4 12.500 P caesp Phanerophyte, turf 1 3.125 P rept / a S P Phanerophytewith creeping stem 1 3.125 P scap Phanerophytewith erect stem 8 25.000 ST herb Vines 2 6.250 T caesp Therophyte, turf 1 3.125 T scap Therophytewith erect stem 8 25.000 T scap/bienn Therophyte with erect stem, biennial 1 3.125


Figure 3 shows the representation of various life forms among invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands.

Figure 3. Representation of different life forms among invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands

Table 5. presents the origins of invasive species that occur in anthropogenic woodlands in Vojvodina. Table 5. Indigenous ranges of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of Vojvodina

The title of the Indigenous areal

Acer negundo L. 1753 North America USA. - South, East

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 1916 Asia Eastern Asia

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 1753 North America USA - South

Ambrosia trifida L. 1753 North America Canada - Central and southern USA - the entire country

Amorphafruticosa L.1753

North America Canada - the southeastern part USA - the entire country Mexico – northern part

Artemisia annua L. 1753

Asia middle Asia Europe Eastern and southern Europe

Asclepiassyriaca L. 1753 North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country


Bidensfrondosa L. 1753

North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country Central America South America Northern tropical countries Pacific countries Atlantic countries

Broussonetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. 1799

Europe eastern, southern and western North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country

Celtis L. occidentialis 1753 subsp.occidentalis North America USA - South, East

Conyzacanadensis (L.) Cronquist. 1943 North and Central America

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. 1812

North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country Central America (Caribbean) Australia and Oceania

Echinocystislobata (Michx.) Torr. et Gray in 1840

North America, USA east

Elaeagnusangustifolia L.1753

Asia eastern, southeastern, middle Europe Eastern (Mediterranean), southern

Eleusineindica (L.) Gaertn. 1788

Africa middle Asia South and South East

Erechtiteshieraciifolius (L.) DC. 1838

North America Canada - Eastern part USA -western, eastern and southern parts South America Pacific countries

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. 1807

North America Canada - eastern, central and mid- western parts USA - the entire country Asia East (China, Japan)

Fraxinusamericana L. 1753 North America USA - the eastern part of the country

Fraxinuspennsylvanica Marsh. 1785 North America USA - the eastern part of the country

Gleditsiatriacanthos L. 1753 North America USA - the eastern part of the country

Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle 1834 Asia -southern, the Himalayas

Juglansnigra L. 1753 North America Canadian East USA - the eastern part of the country


Oxalis stricta L. 1753

North America A Canadian - eastern and central part of the country USA - the eastern part of the country

Phytolaccaamericana L. 1753 North America USA - eastern and southern parts of the country

Reynoutria japonicaHoutt. 1777 Asia East (China, Japan)

Rhustyphina L. 1756 North America Canadian East USA - the eastern part of the country

Robiniapseudacacia L. 1753 North America USA - the southeastern part of the country

Sicyosangulatus L. 1753 North America Canadian East USA - the eastern part of the country

Solidagocanadensis L. 1753 North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country

SolidagogiganteaAiton. 1789 North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country

Symphyotrichumsalignum (Willd.) GLNesom 1995

North America USA - the eastern part of the state

VitisripariaMichx. North America Canada - the entire country USA - the entire country

Table 6 presents percentual representation of the origin of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of euroamerican poplar and willow. Table 6. The representation of different indigenous areal of the invasive taxa

Indigenous areal Number of taxa Representation (%) Asia 3 9.375 Asia and Europe 2 6.250 Africa and Asia E 3.125 North America 21 65.625 North America and Asia 1 3.125 North America and Europe 1 3.125 North and Central America, Australia and Oceania

1 3.125

North, Central and South America

2 6.250


Figure 4 presents the participation of the origin of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of euroamerican poplar and willow.

Figure 4. participation of the origin of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of

euroamerican poplar and willow

DISCUSSION

According to data obtained by reviewing the literature and the material from the Herbarium of the Department of Biology and Ecology, - Faculty of Science in Novi Sad (BUNS), as well as the data obtained by field research, 32 invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of euroamerican poplar and willow were confirmed for the area of Vojvodina. Based on the reviewed literature and processed data from the field, we can say that invasive species that typically occur in anthropogenic poplar woodlands are: Acer

negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia

annua, Asclepias syriaca, Conyza canadensis, Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudacacia

and Solidago canadensis. These species have been recorded at all research sites, where they form dense populations that inhibit the growth and development of other plant species. The most common species in the floor of herbaceous plants are: Ambrosia artemisiifolia,

Conyza canadensis, Acer negundo saplings and Gleditsia triacanthos. Species Amorpha

fruticosa, Asclepias syriaca, Robinia pseudacacia and Ailanthus altissima occur in the peripheral parts of anthropogenic woodlands.


All invasive taxa are classified into 18 families: Aceraceae, Anacardiaceae,

Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Balsaminaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Fabaceae,

Juglandaceae, Moraceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Poaceae,

Polygonaceae, Simarubaceae, Ulmaceae, Vitaceae. The most represented family is Asteraceae which includes as many as 10 taxa (31.25%). Less represented families are Fabaceae (9.375), then Cucurbitaceae and Poaceae with 6.25%, while other families are represented by only one species (3.125%). Invasive species that grow in artificial woodlands occur in eight different life forms, geophytes with an upright stem, hemicryptophyte with creeping stem, hemicryptophyte with erect stem, phanerophyte in turfs, phanerophyte with creeping stem, phanerophyte with erect stem, vines, therophyte in turfs , therophyte with erect stem, therophyte with erect stem and leaf rosette. Analyzing life forms, it was found that the majority of invasive flora of artificial woodlands belongs to the group of phanerophyte with erect stem (25%) and the group of therophyte with erect stem (also 25%) . Among these taxa, significantly represented are also hemicryptophyte with erect stem (12.5%). Geophytes with erect stem are represented by three species (9.375%),vines by two species (6.25%), while other ecobiomorphs occur only in individual species. Most taxa have medium or tall stems and their phenophase of flowering is in the summer. Analysis of the origin of these invasive species revealed that 65.625% come from North America, the United States and Canada. Asian species are less frequent –9.375% species has this indigenous areal. Eurasian species that have invasively expanded their areal are represented by 6.25% of the analyzed flora. In the same percentage are represented the indigenous species of North, Central and South America. In Vojvodina’s anthropogenic woodlands grows one Afro-Asian, North American-Asian and American-Australian species.

CONCLUSION

Recordings in the anthropogenic woodland count 32 invasive plant taxa, classified in 18 different families. The most dominant species are of the family Asteraceae which includes as many as 10 taxa (31.25%). Invasive species that grow in artificial woodlands occur in eight different life forms. The most common are phanerophyte with erect stem (25%) and the group of therophyte with erect stem (also 25%). Most taxa have medium or tall stems and their flowering phenophaseis in the summer. Analysis of the origin of invasive species that grow in the artificial woodlands in Vojvodina, showed that the most frequent species are from North America (65 625%), i.e. from different parts of the United States and Canada. Invasive plant species significantly alter biodiversity of all ecosystems in which they occur. Also, these species degrade the biodiversity of anthropogenic woodlands. Invasive plant species that occur in anthropogenic woodlands negatively affect the biodiversity of these woodland communities and are establishing a foothold from which they can expand onto surrounding ecosystems. In order to maintain balance in woodland ecosystems, but also to prevent further expansion of exotic species, it is important to control the number and density of their populations with adequate measures of suppression.


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Websites

http://www.nps.gov http://www.ekoplan.gov.rs http://iasv.dbe.pmf.uns.ac.rs

Mirjana Krstivojević 1, RužicaIgić 1, Dragana Vukov 1, Marko Rućando1, Saša Orlović2

1 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University Novi Sad,

Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21 000 Novi Sad2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21 000 Novi Sad

The aim of the paper is creating an inventory of invasive species thatfrequently occur in forest plantations. The paper gives a briefoverview of plants species- their description, distribution data,analysis of life forms and origin of taхa.

Anthropogenic woodland community in Kovilj-Petrovaradin marsh

FamilyRepresentation

(%)

Aceraceae 3.125

Anacardiaceae 3.125

Apocynaceae 3.125

Asteraceae 31.250

Balsaminaceae 3.125

Cucurbitaceae 6.250

Elaeagnaceae 3.125

Fabaceae 9.375

Juglandaceae 3.125

Moraceae 3.125

Oleaceae 6.250

Oxalidaceae 3.125

Phytolaccaceae 3.125

Poaceae 6.250

Polygonaceae 3.125

Simarubaceae 3.125

Ulmaceae 3.125

Vitaceae 3.125

Designation Representation (%)

G scap/rhiz 9.375

H rept 3.125

H scap 12.500

P caesp 3.125

P rept / a S P 3.125

P scap 25.000

ST herb 6.250

T caesp 3.125

T scap 25.000

T scap/bienn 3.125

Indigenous areal Representation (%)

Asia 9.375

Asia and Europe 6.250

Africa and Asia 3.125

North America 65.625

North America and Asia 3.125

North America and Europe 3.125

North and Central America,

Australia and Oceania3.125

North, Central and South

America6.250

Results:

Analysis of the origin of invasive speciesthat grow in the anthropogenicwoodlands in Vojvodina, showed that themost frequent species are from NorthAmerica (65 625%).

Recordings in theanthropogenic woodlandcount 32 invasive plant taxa,classified in 18 differentfamilies. The most dominantspecies are of the familyAsteraceae which includesas many as 10 taxa (31.25%).

Invasive species that grow inartificial woodlands occur ineight different life forms. Themost common are phanerophytewith erect stem (25%) and thegroup of therophyte with erectstem (also 25%). Most taxa havemedium or tall stems and theirflowering phenophaseis is in thesummer.

Conclusons: Invasive plant speciessignificantly alter and degradebiodiversity of all ecosystems inwhich they occur. In order tomaintain balance in woodlandecosystems, but also to preventfurther expansion of exotic species,it is important to control thenumber and density of theirpopulations with adequatemeasures of suppression.

Participation of the origin of invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands of euroamerican poplar and willow: The representation of different families

among invasive taxa that occur inanthropogenic woodlands:

Representation of different life forms among invasive taxa that occur in anthropogenic woodlands:

invasive species of plants in the anthropogenic … · 50 ivasive species of plants in the...

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