Invasive Species ThreatNorthern hardwood forest ecosystems

arethreatened by invasive species

                                                                                                        

                   

              

From Michigan Technological University

Global Trade Introduction

Global trade facilitates introduction of alien species into habitats free from natural predators

From The Global Invasive Species Programme

Asian longhorned beetle

Anoplophora glabripennis First discovered in North America in 1996

From Gasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat”

From Bob Childs, University of Massachusetts Extension

Means of IntroductionTransported to North America as eggs and larvae embedded in wooden shipping crates from China

From The Bugwood Network

                           

Countries of OriginNative to China, Japan and KoreaSerious orchard and forest pestNative predators include

Nematodes Woodpeckers Parasites

North American Host Species

Willow (Salix)

Primary host trees include species of

Maple (Acer) Poplar (Populus)

From Ohio State University

Sugar Maple Preference

Asian longhorned beetles prefer sugar maple hostsbecause of the high sugar content of their sap

From The University of Vermont

Egg Deposition Damage

From USDA

Oviposition site

Sap oozing from egg nicheMassachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project

Damage to Bark and Cambium

Female beetles chew pits in the bark of trees and deposit one egg per niche in the inner bark

Each female beetle lays an average of 70 eggs during her lifetime

Larval Damage

From

USDA

                                        

From The Bugwood Network

From USDA

Damage to Cambium,Phloem, Xylem,

HeartwoodAs the beetle larvae grow, they pass through a series of instars or developmental stages

•Young larvae feed on the cambium and damage the phloem or nutrient-conducting vessels of the tree

•Older larvae feed on the sapwood and damage the xylem or water-conducting vessels of the tree

•Mature larvae create burrowing galleries in the heartwood that structurally damage the tree

Adult Beetle Damage

                                        

From The Bugwood Network

                                       

                                        

Exit holes

Feeding damage                           

Damage to Leaves,Petioles, Shoots, Bark

After pupating in the heartwood, adult beetles bore tunnels through the tree and emerge from exit holes in the bark

Heavy beetle infestations kill trees

Difficult to Control

Overwinter as egg, larva or pupa

                                        

From The Bugwood Network

Feed and reproduceduring the summer

The majority of the beetle’s life is protected within its host tree

Sugar Maples Dominate Northern Hardwood

Forests

From Photo Net: Leping Zha

Threat to American Beech

                                                   From the University of South Florida

Healthy Damage from scale insects

                     

and fungi

                                      

From USDA Forest Service

Threat to Eastern Hemlock

From Kingston Field Naturalists

HealthyDamage

from woolly adelgid

From Global Invasive Species Database

Annual Costs

Economic losses and control of invasive species cost the United States $138 billion annually

From USDA Forest Service

Invasive Species Eradication

Adult trapping

From The Bugwood Network

Inspection                                        

Tree removal

From USDA APHIS

From USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

ReferencesGasman, B., et al, "Trees under threat: The Asian Longhorned Beetle in Greater Toronto", Toronto Urban Forestry Services, September 2004, http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/19260000/MTSmith/400_Trees.pdf. Houston, David R. and James T. O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75: Beech Bark Disease, April 1998, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/beechbark/fidl-beech.htm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle, August 2008, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/palerts/alb/alb_pa.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: A Snapshot of the Northeastern Forests, October 2005, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/snap_shot/ss.pdf. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Asian Longhorned Beetle, http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/alb/index.shtm. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Area: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Last updated 15 August 2008, http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Profile: Tsuga Canadensis, http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TSCA. University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service, USDA APHIS PPQ, Invasive and Exotic Species: Asian long-horned beetle, Last updated 25 August 2008, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=2178. University of Vermont, Entomology Research Laboratory, Asian Longhorned Beetle, Last updated September 2008, http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/. Virginia Tech, Department of Forestry, American beech, http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=47. Zilahi-Balogh, Gabriella, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Invasive Species Database: Adelges tsugae, Last updated 9 February 2007, http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=230&fr=1&sts.