inventory and cost of goods sold by whittington and pany
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Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold by Whittington and Pany
True / False Questions
1. Observation of inventories is a generally accepted auditing standard.FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
2. The receiving department should accept only goods for which there is an approved purchase order on hand.TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
3. For good internal control over purchase transactions, purchases should be made from approved vendors by the department needing the goods.FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
4. Auditors should not review the client's planning of the physical inventory.FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
5. The proper cutoff of inventories is best achieved when the client uses prenumbered purchase orders.FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
6. The lower of cost or market test by the auditors is generally designed to assure that inventories arenot valued above their net realizable values.TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
7. When the auditors cannot satisfy themselves as to the accuracy of ending inventory and a material misstatement may exist, they normally may still give an unqualified opinion on the client's income statement.FALSE
Difficulty: Medium
8. To test the client's cutoff of inventories, the auditors will make a record of the serial number of the final receiving and shipping documents used prior to the taking of the physical inventory.TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
9. The use of a tagging system for inventory taking is designed to prevent double counting of goods.TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
10. The examination of warehouse receipts is not sufficient verification of a material amount of goods stored in public warehouses.TRUE
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice Questions
11. An auditor suspects that certain client employees are ordering merchandise for themselves over the Internet without recording the purchase or receipt of the merchandise. When vendors' invoices arrive, one of the employees approves the invoices for payment. After the invoices are paid, the employee destroys the invoices and the related vouchers. In gathering evidence regarding the fraud, the auditor most likely would select items for testing from the file of allA. Cash disbursements.B. Approved vouchers.C. Receiving reports.D. Vendors' invoices.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
12. Which of the following is not true relating to the auditors' observation of the client's physical inventory?A. The auditors should evaluate the client's planning of the physical inventory.B. The auditors should make certain that consigned items from suppliers are included in physical inventory totals.C. The auditors should evaluate the adequacy of the client's counting procedures.D. The auditors should take test counts of the client's inventory.
Difficulty: Easy
13. A receiving department compares inventory items received with copies of purchase orders. The purchase orders list the name of the vendor and do not list the quantities of the material ordered. Using the purchase orders, the receiving department is most likely to detect:A. Deliveries for which no purchase order was issued.B. Unapproved sales orders.C. Partial deliveries.D. Deliveries of a greater quantity of items than those ordered.
Difficulty: Hard
14. To measure how effectively a client employs its assets, an auditor calculates inventory turnover by dividing the average inventory into:A. Net sales.B. Cost of good sold.C. Operating income.D. Gross sales.
Difficulty: Medium
15. Which of the following audit procedures most likely would provide assurance that a manufacturing entity's inventory valuation is proper?A. Testing the entity's computation of standard overhead rates.B. Obtaining confirmation of inventories pledged under loan agreements.C. Reviewing a cutoff procedure for inventories.D. Tracing test counts to the entity's inventory listing.
Difficulty: Hard
16. A client uses a periodic inventory system. Would one expect a credit to which of the following accounts at the point of sale?
A. Option AB. Option BC. Option CD. Option D
Difficulty: Easy
17. A client uses a perpetual inventory system. Would one expect a credit to which of the following accounts at the point of sale?
A. Option AB. Option BC. Option CD. Option D
Difficulty: Easy
18. Which of the following would an auditor most likely question included in calculation of the overhead rate for a company that manufactures a product?A. Factory supervisor salary.B. Indirect materials.C. Miscellaneous expense.D. Sales expense.
Difficulty: Easy
19. A "bill and hold" scheme is most likely to include:A. Shipment of items to a customer beyond what the customer has ordered.B. Recording as sales items that the company retains as of year-end.C. Billing of items that are held by customers for future revenue production purposes.D. Selling items at substantial discounts near year-end.
Difficulty: Hard
20. Which of the following is an auditor least likely to consider a departure from generally accepted accounting principles?A. Valuing inventory at cost.B. Including in inventory items that are consigned out to vendors, but not yet sold.C. Using standard cost as the measure of inventory cost.D. Including in inventory items shipped subsequent to year-end, but for which valid orders did exist at year-end.
Difficulty: Medium
21. Which of the following is least likely to be accurate statement concerning characteristics of an audit?A. An analysis of inventory turnover addresses whether the proper method of determining inventory costs--as contrasted to market values--is being applied.B. Characteristics of the double entry bookkeeping system make it possible to test for overstated sales when tests of accounts receivable are being performed.C. The direction of tests for overstatement errors is generally directed from the recorded entry to source documents.D. Use of a perpetual rather than a periodic inventory system is likely to affect the nature of cutoff errors made at year-end.
Difficulty: Hard
22. Which of the following is not a reason for the special significance attached by the auditors to the verification of inventories?A. The determination of inventory valuation directly affects net income.B. The existence of inventories is inherently difficult to substantiate.C. Special valuation problems often exist for inventories.D. Inventories are often the largest current asset of an enterprise.
Difficulty: Hard
23. Which of the following is true about the auditors' observation of the client's physical inventory?A. The count must be made at year-end.B. The auditors should supervise the client's personnel.C. The auditors' observation addresses the existence assertion.D. The auditors should justify any omission of the observation in the audit report.
Difficulty: Medium
24. In verifying debits to perpetual inventory records of a non-manufacturing firm, the auditor would be most interested in examining the:A. Purchases journal.B. Purchase requisitions.C. Purchase orders.D. Vendors' invoices.
Difficulty: Hard
25. In verifying credits to perpetual inventory records of a non-manufacturing firm, the auditor would be most interested in examining the:A. Shipping documents.B. Receiving reports.C. Purchase orders.D. Vendors' invoices.
Difficulty: Hard
26. The client's physical count of inventories is lower than the inventory quantities in the perpetual records. This could be the result of a failure to record:A. Purchases.B. Purchase discounts.C. Sales.D. Sales discounts.
Difficulty: Medium
27. An auditor has accounted for a sequence of inventory tags and is now going to trace information on a representative number of tags to the inventory summary sheets. Which assertion does this procedure relate to most directly?A. Completeness.B. Existence.C. Legality.D. Valuation.
Difficulty: Medium
28. The use of a "blind" purchase order is designed to prevent errors by the:A. Purchase department.B. Receiving department.C. Stores department.D. Accounting department.
Difficulty: Medium
29. An auditor performs a test to determine whether all merchandise for which the client was billed was received. The population for this test consists of all:A. Merchandise received.B. Vendor's invoices.C. Canceled checks.D. Receiving reports.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
30. To assure that all purchases are authorized before payment is made, accounting department personnel should match the vendor's invoice to:A. The purchase requisition.B. The receiving report.C. The purchase order.D. The voucher.
Difficulty: Medium
31. Which of the following is true about the auditors' observation of the client's physical inventory?A. The auditors should plan the physical inventory.B. The auditors should segregate damaged and obsolete goods.C. The auditors should evaluate the adequacy of the client's counting procedures.D. The auditors should supervise the client's personnel.
Difficulty: Medium
32. Which of the following is not a procedure that typically is used by the auditors in their examination of a client's goods held in the custody of a public warehouse?A. Confirmation.B. Obtaining reports on internal control at the warehouse.C. Observation.D. Corresponding with the state agency regarding the authenticity of the public warehouse.
Difficulty: Medium
33. Which of the following best describes the reason that the auditors record their inventory test counts in the working papers?A. To document every test count.B. For subsequent comparison with the completed inventory listing.C. To document compliance with generally accepted accounting principles.D. For use in subsequent audits.
Difficulty: Medium
34. Which of the following best describes the auditors' response to a client's use of statistical sampling techniques to estimate the inventory?A. The auditors should satisfy themselves as to the statistical validity of the technique, and the reasonableness of the allowance for sampling risk and sampling error used.B. The auditors should qualify their opinion, because the client must perform a complete count of the inventory.C. The auditors should increase the extent of their test counts to compensate for the use of a statistical technique.D. The auditors should withdraw from the engagement.
Difficulty: Medium
35. Which of the following best describes the reason for the auditors' review of the client's cost accounting system?A. To obtain evidence regarding the quantities of good described as work-in-process.B. To obtain evidence about the valuation of work-in-process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold.C. To obtain evidence about the profit margin on specific jobs.D. To obtain evidence about compliance with Cost Accounting Standards.
Difficulty: Medium
36. Effective internal control for purchases generally can be achieved in a well-planned organizational structure with a separate purchasing department that has:A. The ability to prepare payment vouchers based on the information on a vendor's invoice.B. The responsibility of reviewing purchase orders issued by user departments.C. The authority to make purchases of requisitioned materials and services.D. A direct reporting responsibility to controller of the organization.
Difficulty: Hard
Source: AICPA
37. Purchase cutoff procedures should be designed to test that merchandise is included in the inventory of the client company, if the company:A. Has paid for the merchandise.B. Has physical possession of the merchandise.C. Holds legal title to the merchandise.D. Holds the shipping documents for the merchandise issued in the company's name.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
38. Which of the following is an internal control weakness for a company whose inventory of supplies consists of a large number of individual items?A. Supplies of relatively little value are expensed when purchased.B. The cycle basis is used for physical counts.C. The storekeeper is responsible for maintenance of perpetual inventory records.D. Perpetual inventory records are maintained only for items of significant value.
Difficulty: Hard
Source: AICPA
39. The auditors will usually trace the details of the test counts made during the observation of the physical inventory taking to a final inventory schedule. This audit procedure is undertaken to provide evidence that items physically present and observed by the auditors at the time of the physical inventory count are:A. Owned by the client.B. Not obsolete.C. Physically present at the time of the preparation of the final inventory schedule.D. Included in the final inventory schedule.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
40. An internal control questionnaire indicates that an approved receiving report is required to accompany every check request for payment of merchandise. Which of the following procedures provides the greatest assurance that this control is operating effectively?A. Select and examine receiving reports and ascertain that the related canceled checks are dated no earlier than the receiving reports.B. Select and examine receiving reports and ascertain that the related canceled checks are dated no later than the receiving reports.C. Select and examine canceled checks and ascertain that the related receiving reports are dated no earlier than the checks.D. Select and examine canceled checks and ascertain that the related receiving reports are dated no later than the checks.
Difficulty: Hard
Source: AICPA
41. A client's physical count of inventories was higher than the inventory quantities per the perpetual records. This situation could be the result of the failure to record:A. Sales.B. Sales discounts.C. Purchases.D. Purchase returns.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
42. Which one of the following procedures would not be appropriate for the auditors in discharging their responsibilities concerning the client's physical inventories?A. Confirmation of goods in the hands of public warehouses.B. Supervising the taking of the annual physical inventory.C. Carrying out physical inventory procedures at an interim date.D. Obtaining written representation from the client as to the existence, quality, and dollar amount of the inventory.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
43. To best ascertain that a company has properly included merchandise that it owns in its ending inventory, the auditors should review and test the:A. Terms of the open purchase orders.B. Purchase cutoff procedures.C. Contractual commitments made by the purchasing department.D. Purchase invoices received on or around year end.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
44. Which of the following is not one of the independent auditor's objectives regarding the examination of inventories?A. Verifying that inventory counted is owned by the client.B. Verifying that the client has used proper inventory pricing.C. Ascertaining the physical quantities of inventory on hand.D. Verifying that all inventory owned by the client is on hand at the time of the count.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
45. Purchase cutoff procedures should be designed to test whether all inventory:A. Owned by the company was recorded.B. On the year end balance sheet was carried at lower of cost or market.C. On the year end balance sheet was paid for by the company.D. Owned by the company is in the possession of the company.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
46. Which of the following is an effective control that encourages receiving department personnel to count and inspect all merchandise received?A. Quantities ordered are excluded from the receiving department copy of the purchase order.B. Vouchers are prepared by accounts payable department personnel only after they match item counts on the receiving report with the purchase order.C. Receiving department personnel are expected to match and reconcile the receiving report with the purchase order.D. Internal auditors periodically examine, on a surprise basis, the receiving department copies of receiving reports.
Difficulty: Easy
Source: AICPA
47. The accuracy of perpetual inventory records may be established, in part, by comparing perpetual inventory records with:A. Purchase requisitions.B. Receiving reports.C. Purchase orders.D. Vendor payments.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
48. An inventory turnover analysis is useful to the auditor because it may detect:A. Inadequacies in inventory pricing.B. Methods of avoiding cyclical holding cost.C. The optimum automatic reorder points.D. The existence of obsolete merchandise.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
49. After accounting for a sequence of inventory tags, an auditor traces a sample of tags to the physical inventory listing to obtain evidence that all items:A. Included in the listing have been counted.B. Represented by inventory tags are included in the listing.C. Included in the listing are represented by inventory tags.D. Represented by inventory tags are bona fide.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
50. The most reliable procedure for an auditor to use to test the existence of a client's inventory at an outside location would be toA. Observe physical counts of the inventory items.B. Trace the total on the inventory listing to the general ledger inventory account.C. Obtain a confirmation from the client indicating inventory ownership.D. Analytically compare the current-year inventory balance to the prior-year balance.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
51. Tracing copies of computer-prepared sales invoices to copies of the corresponding computer-prepared shipping documents provides evidence thatA. Shipments to customers were properly billed.B. Entries in the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger were for sales actually shipped.C. Sales billed to customers were actually shipped.D. No duplicate shipments to customers were made.
Difficulty: Medium
Source: AICPA
52. In auditing a manufacturing entity, which of the following procedures would an auditor least likely perform to determine whether slow-moving, defective, and obsolete items included in inventory are properly identified?A. Test the computation of standard overhead rates.B. Tour the manufacturing plant or production facility.C. Compare inventory balances to anticipated sales volume.D. Review inventory experience and trends.
Difficulty: Hard
Source: AICPA
Essay Questions
53. In auditing a client's inventory, the auditors must be concerned with the detection of goods that are both damaged and obsolete. a. Why are the auditors concerned with detecting damaged and obsolete goods?b. How do the auditors test for damaged goods in the client's inventory?c. How do the auditors test for obsolete goods in the client's inventory?
a. Auditors are concerned about detecting damaged and obsolete inventory because the recorded cost of these goods may be significantly greater than their net realizable value.b. Auditors test for damaged goods by inquiry of client personnel and observation during the client's physical inventory.c. Tests for obsolescence include:1. Review of perpetual inventory records,2. Analytical procedures, such as calculation of ratios, such as inventory turnover, and3. Inquiry of client personnel.
Difficulty: Medium
54. Observation of a client's inventory is a generally accepted auditing procedure that should be performed whenever it is possible. a. What part should the auditors play in planning the physical inventory?b. Describe the procedures performed by the auditors during their observation of a client's physical inventory.c. Why do the auditors document their inventory test counts in their working papers?
a. The auditors should review the client's planning of the physical inventory and make suggestions for improvement.b. During the inventory observation the auditors:1. Evaluate whether the inventory procedures are followed that assure that all items are counted and nothing is counted twice.2. Be alert for goods that appear to be damaged or obsolete.3. Obtain information to test the client's cutoff of purchases and sales.4. Make test counts and record them in their working papers.5. Make inquiries regarding goods on consignment.6. Obtain tag control information and record the information in the working papers.c. The auditors document their test counts in the working papers to later test the accuracy of the final inventory listing.
Difficulty: Medium
Chapter 13 Disbursement Cycle by David Ricchiute
CHAPTER 13
b 1. A client erroneously recorded a large purchase twice. Which of the following control procedures would most likely detect this error in a timely and efficient manner?a. Footing the purchases journal.
b. Reconciling vendor's monthly statements with subsidiary payable ledger accounts.c. Tracing totals from the purchases journal to the ledger accounts.d. Sending written quarterly confirmations to all
vendors. (AICPA ADAPTED)
d 2. An internal control questionnaire indicates that an approved receiving report must accompany every check request for payment of merchandise. Which of the following procedures provides the greatest assurance that this control is operating effectively?
a. Select and examine receiving reports and ascertain that the related canceled checks are dated no earlier than the receiving reports.b. Select and examine receiving reports and ascertainthat the related canceled checks are dated no later than the receiving reports.
c. Select and examine canceled checks and ascertain that the related receiving reports are dated no earlier than the checks.
d. Select and examine canceled checks and ascertain that the related receiving reports are dated no later than the checks. (AICPA ADAPTED)
c 3. The accounts payable department receives the purchase order form to accomplish all of the following excepta. Compare invoice price to purchase order price.
b. Ensure that the purchase had been properly authorized.
c. Ensure that the goods had been received by the party requesting the goods.d. Compare quantity ordered to quantity purchased.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
b 4. For effective internal control purposes, which of the following individuals should be responsible for mailing signed checks?a. Receptionist.b. Treasurer.c. Accounts payable clerk.d. Payroll clerk. (AICPA ADAPTED)
a 5. A client's expenditure/disbursement cycle begins with requisitions from user departments and ends with the receipt of materials and the recognition of a liability. An auditor's primary objective in reviewing this cycle is to
a. Evaluate the reliability of information generated by the cycle.b. Investigate the physical handling and recording of unusual acquisitions of
materials.c. Consider the need to be on hand for the annual physical, inventory count if
this system is not functioning properly.
d. Ascertain that materials said to be ordered, received, and paid for are on hand. (AICPA ADAPTED)
b 6. Which of the following is a primary function of the purchasing department?a. Authorizing the accounting of goods.
b. Ensuring the acquisition of goods of a specified quality.c. Verifying the propriety of goods of a specified
quality.d. Reducing expenditures for goods acquired.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
d 7. An auditor is planning the consideration of internal control over the expenditure/disbursement cycle. The auditor will be least influenced by
a. The availability of a company procedures manual describing purchasing and cash disbursement procedures.
b. The scope and results of work performed by the company's internal auditors.c. The existence within the purchasing department of control procedures that
offset deficiencies.d. The strength or deficiency of control procedures in other areas, for example,
sales and accounts receivable. (AICPA ADAPTED)
a 8. Omitting quantities from copies of purchase orders sent to the receiving department is a control procedure intended mainly to
a. Ensure that goods received are physically counted by receiving department personnel.b. Identify and return damaged goods as soon as they are
received.c. Provide a cross-check for verifying the accuracy of
perpetual inventory records.d. Prevent theft of goods by receiving department personnel.
d 9. Which of the following is not an appropriate activity for the treasury department?a. Prepare checks.b. Forward checks to vendors.c. Cancel vouchers.d. Prepare vouchers.
a 10. An effective internal control procedure that protects against the preparation of improper or inaccurate disbursements is to require that all checks be
a. Signed by an official after necessary supporting evidence has been examined.b. Reviewed by the treasurer before mailing.
c. Sequentially numbered and accounted for by internal auditors.d. Perforated or otherwise effectively canceled when they are returned with the bank statement.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
a 11. As an in-charge auditor, you are reviewing a write-up of internal control in cash receipt and disbursement procedures. Which of the following deficiencies should cause you the least concern?a. Checks are signed by only one person.
b. Signed checks are distributed by the controller to approved payees.c. The treasurer fails to establish bonafide names and addresses of check payees.
d. Cash disbursements are made directly out of cash receipts. (AICPA ADAPTED)
c 12. Matching the supplier's invoice, the purchase order, and the receiving report normally should be the responsibility of thea. Receiving department.b. Purchasing department.c. Accounting function.d. Treasury function. (AICPA ADAPTED)
a 13. To avoid potential errors and irregularities, well-designed controls in the accounts payable area should include a statement of which of the following functions?a. Cash disbursement and vendor invoice verification.b. Vendor invoices and merchandise ordering.
c. Physical handling of merchandise received and preparation of receiving reports.d. Check signing and cancellation of payment documentation.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
b 14. Which of the following is a necessary control procedure for cash disbursements?
a. Checks should be signed by the controller and at least one other employee of the company.
b. Checks should be sequentially numbered and the numerical sequence should be accounted for by the person preparing the bank reconciliation.
c. Checks and supporting documents should be marked "Paid" immediately after the check is returned with bank statement.
d. Checks should be sent directly to payee by the employee who prepares documents that authorize check preparation. (AICPA ADAPTED)
b 15. Which of the following is not a common activity of the expenditure/disbursement cycle?a. Purchasing c. Receivingb. Fixed asset addition d. Recording
b 16. Which of the following functions is not appropriate for the accounts payable department?
a. Compare purchase requisitions, purchase orders, receiving reports, and vendors' invoices.b. Prepare purchase orders.c. Prepare voucher and daily summary.d. File voucher package by due date.
d 17. The accounts payable department generally shoulda. Cancel supporting documentation after a cash payment is mailed.b. Approve the price and quantity of each purchase requisition.c. Assure that the quantity ordered is omitted from the receiving department's
copy of the purchase order.d. Agree the vendor's invoice with the receiving report and purchase
order. (AICPA ADAPTED)
d 18. Based on observations made during an audit, an independent auditor should discuss with management the effectiveness of procedures that control against the purchase of
a. Supplies purchased from a vendor who offers no trade or cash discounts.b. Inventory acquired just-in-time.
c. Equipment that is needed but does not qualify for investment tax credit.d. Supplies ordered without considering potential volume
discounts. (AICPA ADAPTED)
b 19. Internal control is improved when the quantity of merchandise ordered is omitted from the copy of the purchase order sent to thea. Department that initiated the requisition.b. Receiving department.c. Purchasing agent.d. Accounts payable department. (AICPA ADAPTED)
c 20. When goods are received, the receiving clerk should match the goods with thea. Purchase order and requisition.b. Vendor's invoice and the receiving report.c. Vendor's shipping document and the purchase order.d. Receiving report and the vendor's shipping document.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
a 21. The accounts payable department should compare the information on each vendor's invoice with thea. Receiving report and the purchase order.b. Receiving report and the voucher.c. Vendor's packing slip and the purchase order.d. Vendor's packing slip and the voucher.(AICPA ADAPTED)
c 22. Effective internal control over the purchase of raw materials should usually include all of the following procedures except
a. Reporting product changes that will affect raw materials needs.b. Determining the need for raw materials prior to preparing a purchase order.c. Obtaining third party written quality and quantity reports prior to paying for
the raw materials.d. Obtaining approval prior to making a purchase commitment.
(AICPA ADAPTED)
a 23. To improve control over merchandise purchases, a company's receiving department should
a. Accept merchandise only if an approved purchase order is on hand.b. Accept and count all merchandise received from known vendors.c. Rely on shipping documents to prepare receiving reports.d. Be responsible for handling merchandise but not for preparing receiving
reports. (AICPA ADAPTED)
b 24. To assure that disbursements are neither improper nor inaccurate, an entity could require that all checks be
a. Signed by an officer after supporting documentation has been examined.b. Reviewed by the treasurer before mailing.
c. Numbered sequentially and accounted for by internal auditors.d. Canceled when they are returned with the bank
statement. (AICPA ADAPTED)
a 25. The mailing of disbursement checks and remittance advices should be controlled by the employee whoa. Signed the checks last.b. Approved the vouchers for payment.
c. Matched the receiving reports, purchase orders, and vendor invoices.d. Verified the mathematical accuracy of the vouchers and remittance
advices. (AICPA ADAPTED)
b 26. An auditor plans to examine a sample of 20 checks for countersignatures as prescribed by the client's internal control procedures. One of the checks in the sample cannot be found. The auditor shoulda. Evaluate the results as if sample size had been 19.b. Treat the missing check as a deviation.
c. Treat the missing check in the same manner as the majority of the other 19 checks, that is, countersigned or not.
d. Choose another check to replace the missing check in the sample. (AICPA ADAPTED)