Inventory of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in

Slovenia

Jože VERBIČ

Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana

Methodology used for estimating emissions

• GHG: IPCC Greenhouse Inventory Reference Manual 1997

• NH3: EMEP/CORINAIR 2002

Menzi et al. 1997 (Ammoniak-Emissionen in der Schweiz)

Structure of GHG emissions in agriculture

Nitrous oxide

emissions 58%

Methane emissions

42%

Pigs - enteric

fermentation2%

Cattle - enteric

fermentation76%

Sheep, goats,

horses - manure

management0%

Poulty - manure

management1%

Pigs - manure

management8%

Sheep, goats,

horses - enteric

fermentation3%

Cattle - manure

management10%

Structure of methane emissions

Structure of nitrous oxide emissions

N leaching26%

Mineral fertilizers

15%

Manure management

22%

NH3 and NOX

6%

Crop residues

6%

Grazing4%

Organic fertilizers

20%

Symbiotic fixation

1%

If indirect emissions and emissions due to fertilization with animal manures are attributed to animal production, cattle contribute 60 % of N2O.

Structure of ammonia emissions

Fertilization with animal

manures43%

Mineral fertilizers

8%

Biological fixation0,1%

Manure storage11%

Emissions from housing and

grazing38%

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle

Detailed method (Tier 2)• Herd of dairy cattle disaggregated into 18 subclasses (from

less than 1000 kg of milk to over than 9000 kg of milk yield per year)

• Theoretical diets were calculated by taking into account animal requirements and quality of local feeds for each individual subclass

• Methane emissions were calculated on the basis of gross energy intake – methane conversion rate 0.07 for milk yields up to 3000 kg per year and 0.06 for higher yields

• Total dairy cattle population was distributed to individual subclasses on the basis of data from official milk recording (Cattle Breeding Service) – extrapolated to data published by Statistical Office

Based on data from period 1985-1996 an equation was developed that enables the estimate on the basis of average milk production.

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Milk production (kg/cow/year)

Me

tha

ne

em

isio

n

(kg

/co

w/y

ea

r)

Used for suckler cows

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – non-dairy cattle

Detailed method (Tier 2)• Gross energy intake estimated on the basis of

animal requirements.

• Data on total live-weight gain (Statistical Office) distributed to classes of growing cattle (fixed values for heifers).

Category of population EF (CH4)

(enteric fermentation)

Sub-category kg/head*yearCattle total

Young cattle (under 1 year)

30

Young cattle (1-2 years)

Breeding heifers 65.5

Heifers for fattening 66.6

Fatening bulls and steers 66.6

Cattle over 2 years

Breeding heifers 75.1

Heifers for fattening 66.6

Fatening bulls and steers 66.6

Bulls for breeding 59.1

Dairy cows 93.4

Other cows 80.4

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – emission factors*

* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

Methane emission from manure management - cattle

Detailed method (Tier 2)• Estimates based on

volatile solids excretion which is calculated using the same approach as for enteric fermentation.

Methane producing capacity (B0)

Cows 0,24 m3/kg VS

Other cattle 0,17 m3/kg VS

Methane conversion factor has been calculated on the basis of partial methane conversion

fractions for cool climate and proportions of individual manure storage types.

Manure management

Manuremanagementpractices (%)

Grazing* 11.7

Solid storage** 39.6

Liquid storage** 48.7

* census data corrected with regard to the lenght of grazing season

** estimates on the basis of census data on farm structure

11.5 Other cows

12.7 Dairy cows

7.6 Bulls for breeding

6.3 Fatening bulls and steers

6.3 Heifers for fattening

8.8 Breeding heifers

Cattle over 2 years

6.3 Fatening bulls and steers

6.3 Heifers for fattening

7.7 Breeding heifers

Young cattle (1-2 years)

3.8Young cattle (under 1 year)

Cattle total

kg/head*yearSub-category

EF (CH4)

(manure managem.)

Category of population

Methane emission from manure management in cattle production – emission factors*

* Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

Methane emissions from pig production-enteric fermentation

PIG PRODUCTION

LARGE PIG FARMS

31 %

MARKET ORIENTED

FAMILY FARMS

47 %

SMAL SCALE FARM

PRODUCTION22 %

1.5 kg of methane per

year2.33 kg of

methane per year

1.5 kg of methane per

year

Average factor 1.67 kg CH4/pig

Methane emissions from pig production - manure management

PIG PRODUCTION

LARGE PIG FARMS

31 %

MARKET ORIENTED

FAMILY FARMS47 %

SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION

22 %

0.5 kg VS/d

0.775 kg VS/d

0.5 kg VS/d

solid 56 %liquid 17 %anaer. dig. 12 %lagoon 15 %

solid 5 %liquid 95 %

solid 95 %liquid 5 %

9.00 kg CH4/pig

5.25 kg CH4/pig 1.24 kg CH4/pig

Average factor 5.74 kg CH4/pig

Methane emission in sheep, goats, horses and poultry

Default factors suggested by IPCC (1997) have been considered.

Nitrous oxide emissions in animal production

DATA ON ANIMAL

POPULATION(Statistical Office)

ESTIMATES ON N EXCRETION(IPCC, 1997)

N EXCRETED IN GRAZING SYSTEMS

N EXCRETED IN HOUSING SYSTEMS

Specific factors:

Lagoons 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr.

Liquid 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr.

Solid 0.020 kg N2O/kg N excr.

N in animal manure

NH3 and NOX emissions

NO2 emisions

Emissions from soils

Indirectemissions

N leaching

N excretion (for N2O emisions)

Dairy cows 100 kg/ year

Other cows* 100 kg/ year

Other cattle 70 kg/ year

Nitrogen excretion in cattle

* To keep continuity from basis year

N excretion (for N2O emissions)

N excretion (for NH3 emissions)

Dairy cows 100 kg/ year 105.5* kg/ year

Other cows 100 kg/ year 70 kg/ year

Other cattle 70 kg/ year 35 kg/ year

Nitrogen excretion in cattle

* Related to milk production

Ammonia emissions - mass flow

EXCRETED N Emission from animal housing

N IN SLURRY AND MANURE

STORES

N IN ANIMAL MANURES

N IN SOIL

Emission from storage

Emission from spreading

N excretion

105.5 kg

Manure with Urine

bedding

43% 57%

EF housing* 7% 7%

EF storage**

opened 30% 15%

covered 3% 1.5%

EF spreading***

basic factor 60% 50%

reduced factor 36% 30%

* From excreted ** From soluble ex housing*** From soluble ex storage

Total: 31 % of excreted N

Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding

Dairy cattle

Other cows

Other cattle

Grazing 5.3 3.9 1.8

Tied system

32.8 24.1 10.9

Slurry 40 29.5 13.3

Total herd 33.1 24.4 11.0

Emissions of NH3-N (kg/year) in cattle production

Reduction of GHG emissions from 1986 to 2000 (1986 = 1.00)

Index

Methane 0,85

Enteric fermentation 0,92

Cattle 0,91

Pigs 0,91

Sheep, goats, horses 2,21

Manure management 0,62

Cattle 1,11

Pigs 0,42

Poultry 0,38

Sheep, goats, horses 1,51

Index

Nitrous oxide 0,84

Manure management 0,65

Cattle 0,60

Pigs 0,85

Poultry 0,36

Sheep, goats, horses 2,46

Direct emissions from agricultural soil

0,89

Mineral fertilizers 1,14

Animal fertilizers 0,80

Symbiotic fixation 0,22

Grazing 1,58

Crop residues 0,84

Indirect emissions 0,93

NH3 and NOX 0,90

Leaching 0,94

IndexTotal emissions 0.84

Reduction of ammonia emissions

From 1990 to 2002 ammonia emissions were reduced by 10 %.