invertebrate animals chapter 17 what is an animal? early animals significant invertebrate animal...
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Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17•What is an Animal?
•Early Animals
•Significant Invertebrate Animal Features
•Invertebrate Groups (Phyla)•Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
•Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
•Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
•Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)
•Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)
•Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
•Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
•Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
What Is an Animal?
• Animals
– Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion
– Mostly reproduce sexually and then proceed through a series of developmental stages
– Usually have muscle cells, as well as nerve cells that control the muscles
– Have distinct specialized cells (tissues)
– Digest their food within their bodies
Figure 17.3
Life Cycle of An Animal
Dominant diploid stage
Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
• Animals probably evolved from a colonial flagellated protist that lived in Precambrian seas
• At the beginning of the Cambrian period, 542 million years ago, animals underwent a rapid diversification.
Survey of Organisms Grid
• The development of true tissues
– Specialized cells living in sheets or masses within an organism
Major Evolutionary Novelties in the Evolution of Invertebrate Animals
• The development of radial or bilateral symmetry
• The development of a true body cavity (coelom)
– A fluid-filled, muscle-lined space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall.
• The development of segmentation
– Body is subdivided into separate parts which can then develop specialized functions
• The development of a complete gut
– Incomplete digestive tracts have a mouth but no anus
Figure 17.7
Types of Body Symmetry Seen in Animals
Major Invertebrate Phyla
• Invertebrates
– Are animals without backbones.
– Represent 95% of the animal kingdom
– Each invertebrate group we will study is in a different phylum:
• Domain Eukarya
– Kingdom Animalia
Phylum X
Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17•What is an Animal?
•Early Animals
•Significant Invertebrate Animal Features
•Invertebrate Groups (Phyla)•Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
•Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
•Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
•Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)
•Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)
•Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
•Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
•Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Sponges (Phylum Porifera)• Includes sessile (non-motile)
animals Lacks true tissues
• Is asymmetrical in body shape
– Porous, bulbous mass with hollow interior and exit hole at the top
• Composed of only three cell types, the most important are collar cells (choanocytes)
– Flagella drive water current inward to hollow space and out osculum
– Food particles are trapped on sticky collars and passed to other cells
• Some sponges produce spicules (skeletal rods) of silica to help support shape
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Cnidarians/Stinging Cell Animals (Phylum Cnidaria)
• True body tissues
• Body shape in floating medusa or anchored polyp form
• Radial symmetry
• Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
• Food items brought into gastrovascular cavity where they are digested by enzymes
Figure 17.11
Cnidarian Body Shape is Either a Polyp or a Medusa
• Examples of cnidarians
– sea anemones, jellies, and coral animals.
Hydra Budding
Hydra Eating Daphnia
Hydra Releasing Sperm
Jelly Swimming
Thimble Jellies
Coral Reef
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Flatworms (Phylum Platyheminthes)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Flattened body plan
• Cephalization of the nervous system: simple brain
• No body cavity (coelom)
• Incomplete gut with enhanced absorptive area
• Many are parasitic: they derive their nutrition by living on the flesh or juices of another animal
Figure 17.15
Examples of Some Flatworms That Cause Disease
Tapeworm Life Cycle Blood fluke Life Cycle
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Figure 17.8
Three Conditions of the Body Cavity (Coelom) Within Animals
Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)• Round in cross-
section
• Bilateral symmetry
• Complete gut
• Pseudocoelom (false body cavity)
• About 30% are parasitic
• Individuals are either male or female
• Occur in aquatic and moist terrestrial habitats.
Figure 17.16
Caenorhabtidis elegans Crawling
Examples of Roundworms
Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Round in cross-section
• Segmented
• True body cavity (coelom)
• Primitive circulatory system with “pumping” vessel elements
• Complete gut
• Includes earthworms, leeches, tube worms on dock pilings and ribbon worms in the sediment (polychaetes)
Figure 17.18a
Examples of Segmented Worms (Annelids)
Polychaetes in "A variety of marine worms": plate from Das Meer by M. J. Schleiden (1804–1881). Deposit and Filter Feeders
Leeches: fluid feeders
Earthworms are deposit feeders
Tubeworms
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Jointed-Footed Animals (Phylum Arthropoda)
• Jointed appendages
• Exoskeleton of chitin
• Segmented into 3 specialized body parts: head, thorax, and abdomen
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• True coelom
• Sophisticated sensory appendages (antenna, hairs, feelers, eyes)
• Some with elaborate social behavior (e.g. hives and colonies)
• Some (insects) undergo metamorphosis or body restructuring
• Most “successful” (diverse) of all animal groups
Lobster Mouth Parts
Arthropod Diversity: Four Main Groups
• Arachnids
– Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
• Crustaceans
– Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, barnacles, and pill bugs
Arthropod Diversity: Four Main Groups
Pill bugs (isopods)
• Millipedes and Centipedes
Arthropod Diversity: Four Main Groups
• Insects (many Orders)
Arthropod Diversity: Four Main Groups
Dragonflies Grasshoppers/Crickets True Bugs Beetles
Aphids/Cicadas Butterflies Flies Bees/Wasps
Figure 17.25Butterfly Emerging
Metamorphosis: Body Restructuring From Juvenile to Adult
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
• Soft-bodied animals with viscera, a mantle, and a foot
• Most molluscs have shells or shell remnants
• Rasping tongue (radula) used in grazing
• Bilateral symmetry, true coelom
• Includes snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, and squids, to name a few.
Nudibranchs
Three Major Classes of Molluscs
Figure 17.6
Evolutionary Tree of Kingdom Animalia
Spiny-Skinned Animals (Phylum Echinodermata)
• Spiny skin
• Not segmented
• Five-part radial symmetry
• Water pressure-based (hydrostatic) endoskeleton
• Tube feet for motility
• Exclusively marine
• Includes sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.
Echinoderm Tube Feet
Figure 17.28
Types of Echinoderms
Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17Invertebrate Animals CHAPTER 17•What is an Animal?
•Early Animals
•Significant Invertebrate Animal Features
•Invertebrate Groups (Phyla)•Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
•Cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria)
•Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
•Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)
•Segmented Worms (Phylum Annelida)
•Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
•Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca)
•Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)