INVERTEBRATE INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGYZOOLOGY

BIOLOGY 320BIOLOGY 320FALL 2005FALL 2005

COURSE INTRODUCTIONCOURSE INTRODUCTION

General InformationGeneral Information Aaron L. Payette, M.S.Aaron L. Payette, M.S.

WHI 177aWHI 177a

895-4918895-4918

payettea@unlv.nevadapayettea@unlv.nevada.edu.edu

Office hoursOffice hours Tuesday, 10am – 11am Tuesday, 10am – 11am Also by appointmentAlso by appointment

Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, herehere Textbook – Ruppert, Fox and Barnes 7Textbook – Ruppert, Fox and Barnes 7thth Edition Edition

Laboratory – Tuesday in FMA 110Laboratory – Tuesday in FMA 110 Use side doorUse side door Section 01 – 12:30pm – 3:20pmSection 01 – 12:30pm – 3:20pm Section 02 – 5:30pm – 8:20pmSection 02 – 5:30pm – 8:20pm Manual – Wallace and TaylorManual – Wallace and Taylor

Lab instructor – Marty ErwinLab instructor – Marty Erwin 895-0807895-0807 erwinm2@unlv.nevada.eduerwinm2@unlv.nevada.edu

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Understand the basics of common phylaUnderstand the basics of common phyla

Protozoa, plus 19 out of roughly 35 animal phylaProtozoa, plus 19 out of roughly 35 animal phyla

TaxonomyTaxonomy Important Phyla, Classes, Genera, and SpeciesImportant Phyla, Classes, Genera, and Species

Anatomy and physiologyAnatomy and physiology Interesting structuresInteresting structures How body systems functionHow body systems function Links between form and functionLinks between form and function

EvolutionEvolution AdaptationsAdaptations Evolutionary relationshipsEvolutionary relationships

EcologyEcology

AssessmentAssessment LectureLecture

3 lecture exams3 lecture exams Cumulative final Cumulative final

examexam 65% of total grade65% of total grade

LaboratoryLaboratory 2 laboratory exams2 laboratory exams Lab notebookLab notebook Field trip or paperField trip or paper 35% of total grade35% of total grade

Tips for Succeeding in LectureTips for Succeeding in Lecture

Read assigned chapters before attending lecture Read assigned chapters before attending lecture (do the same for lab)(do the same for lab)

Study at least 10 hrs per week, from book and Study at least 10 hrs per week, from book and notes (similar but not exactly the same)notes (similar but not exactly the same)

See me with specific questionsSee me with specific questions

Tests are combination of multiple-choice and Tests are combination of multiple-choice and short answer / fill-in questionsshort answer / fill-in questions

Test questions will be derived from both the book Test questions will be derived from both the book and lecture notesand lecture notes

Grading and “Will There Be a Grading and “Will There Be a Curve?”Curve?”

Vote for preferred Vote for preferred systemsystem

StandardStandard A = 90% or aboveA = 90% or above B = 80% - 89%B = 80% - 89% C = 70% - 79%C = 70% - 79% Etc.Etc.

No curve unless No curve unless absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary

No extra creditNo extra credit

Plus / MinusPlus / Minus A = 93% or aboveA = 93% or above A- = 90% - 92%A- = 90% - 92% B+ = 87% - 89%B+ = 87% - 89% Etc.Etc.

Missed / Late Exam Missed / Late Exam PolicyPolicy

No make-up exams, except with:No make-up exams, except with: Medical documentationMedical documentation Legal documentationLegal documentation

Make-up exams will be essay formMake-up exams will be essay form

If you arrive late to an exam, and even If you arrive late to an exam, and even one exam has already been turned in, one exam has already been turned in, you will be given an essay testyou will be given an essay test

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous

Do NOT share information regarding Do NOT share information regarding laboratory exams with students in laboratory exams with students in another section. This is cheating, another section. This is cheating, and if you are caught sharing and if you are caught sharing information, you will fail the course information, you will fail the course and possibly be expelled.and possibly be expelled.

Lecture and laboratory schedules Lecture and laboratory schedules are TENTATIVEare TENTATIVE

The Biological SciencesThe Biological Sciences Biology – study of lifeBiology – study of life

Many different fields (some examples)Many different fields (some examples) Zoology – study of animalsZoology – study of animals Anatomy – study of morphological structuresAnatomy – study of morphological structures Physiology – study of how body structures Physiology – study of how body structures

(cells, organs, organ systems, etc) function (cells, organs, organ systems, etc) function Evolution – study of change over time Evolution – study of change over time

(molecular level to ecosystem level)(molecular level to ecosystem level) Ecology – study of how organisms interact and Ecology – study of how organisms interact and

affect their environments, or vice versaaffect their environments, or vice versa

Hierarchy of Hierarchy of LifeLife

Atomic level to the Atomic level to the biosphere levelbiosphere level

Figure covers molecular Figure covers molecular level to ecosystem levellevel to ecosystem level

An ecologist may be a An ecologist may be a community ecologist, a community ecologist, a population ecologist, etc.population ecologist, etc.

Three Domains of LifeThree Domains of Life

Three large groups called Three large groups called domainsdomains Bacteria - prokaryotes Bacteria - prokaryotes Archaea - prokaryotesArchaea - prokaryotes Eukarya - eukaryotesEukarya - eukaryotes

Prokaryotic – cells lack a nucleusProkaryotic – cells lack a nucleus

Eukaryotic – cells possess a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells possess a nucleus and membrane bound organellesand membrane bound organelles

Classification is Classification is continually changingcontinually changing

Some scientists Some scientists don’t subscribe to don’t subscribe to the three domain the three domain method of method of classificationclassification

Some still use the Some still use the Five Kingdom Five Kingdom methodmethod

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya

consists of several consists of several kingdomskingdoms

Protista - single Protista - single celled (several celled (several kingdoms)kingdoms)

Plantae - multicellularPlantae - multicellular

Fungi - multicellularFungi - multicellular

Animalia - Animalia - multicellularmulticellular

Protists

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life DNA is the molecule responsible for diversityDNA is the molecule responsible for diversity

Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types of proteinstypes of proteins

Speciation occurs several waysSpeciation occurs several ways Allopatric Allopatric Adaptive radiationAdaptive radiation SympatricSympatric

If reproductive barriers arise between If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation will occurpopulations, speciation will occur Prezygotic barriersPrezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers

EvolutionEvolution

Origin of Species Origin of Species published by Charles published by Charles Darwin in 1859Darwin in 1859

ConceptsConcepts Descent with modificationDescent with modification

Natural selectionNatural selection – – inherited traits within a inherited traits within a species are selected for species are selected for or againstor against

AdaptationAdaptation – features that – features that have evolved by means of have evolved by means of natural selectionnatural selection

Invertebrate ZoologyInvertebrate Zoology Study of invertebrate animalsStudy of invertebrate animals

Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal species on the planetanimal species on the planet

Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostly insects)planet (mostly insects)

Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be describeddescribed

We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animal phyla35 animal phyla

Preview of Phyla We Will Preview of Phyla We Will CoverCover

Protozoa – animal-like Protozoa – animal-like protistsprotists

Do not belong to kingdom Do not belong to kingdom animalia, and thus are not animalia, and thus are not considered to be considered to be invertebrate animalsinvertebrate animals

Important evolutionary Important evolutionary link between prokaryotes, link between prokaryotes, and everyday plants and and everyday plants and animalsanimals VolvoxVolvox

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera

SpongesSponges

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, Anemones, and CoralsJellyfish, Anemones, and Corals

Portuguese Man O’ WarPortuguese Man O’ War

Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora

Comb JelliesComb Jellies

Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes

FlatwormsFlatworms

Phylum NemerteaPhylum Nemertea Ribbon WormsRibbon Worms

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and OctopiChitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi

Banana SlugBanana Slug

Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida

Segmented WormsSegmented Worms

Phylum EchiuraPhylum Echiura

SpoonwormsSpoonworms

Phylum SipunculaPhylum Sipuncula

Peanut WormsPeanut Worms

Phylum TardigradaPhylum Tardigrada

Water BearsWater Bears

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids,

Crustaceans, Myriapods, and InsectsCrustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects

Phylum GastrotrichaPhylum Gastrotricha

Name means “stomach hair”Name means “stomach hair”

Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda

RoundwormsRoundworms

Caenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegans = good = good Ascaris lumbricoidesAscaris lumbricoides = bad = bad

Phylum RotiferaPhylum Rotifera

Wheel bearersWheel bearers

Phylum PhoronidaPhylum Phoronida

A lophophorateA lophophorate

Phylum BrachiopodaPhylum Brachiopoda

Lamp shells, another lophophorateLamp shells, another lophophorate

Phylum BryozoaPhylum Bryozoa Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the

superphylum Lophophoratasuperphylum Lophophorata

Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea CucumbersStarfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata is the only is the only phylum phylum containing containing vertebrate vertebrate animals, however, animals, however, there are some there are some invertebrate invertebrate chordateschordates

TaxonomyTaxonomy Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,

Family, Genus, Species) is almost abandonedFamily, Genus, Species) is almost abandoned

Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still usedGenus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used Lumbricus terrestrisLumbricus terrestris Lumbricus terrestrisLumbricus terrestris

Scientists are more interested in evolutionary Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (how are organisms similar / relationships (how are organisms similar / different), as opposed to what “What class do different), as opposed to what “What class do shrimp belong to?”shrimp belong to?”

Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationships change frequentlyrelationships change frequently

CladisticsCladistics Method embraced by the authors of your text for Method embraced by the authors of your text for

constructing evolutionary relationships in the form of constructing evolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, or cladogramsphylogenetic trees, or cladograms

May be assembled according to morphology and/or May be assembled according to morphology and/or molecular data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences)molecular data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences)

Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

But it is easy to make mistakesBut it is easy to make mistakes Homology – good indication of a relationshipHomology – good indication of a relationship Analogy - misleadingAnalogy - misleading

Morphological Vs. Morphological Vs. Molecular DataMolecular Data

Body Plan Data rRNA Data

Ground PlanGround Plan

For each Phylum we cover, you want to For each Phylum we cover, you want to understand that group’s ground plan (basic set understand that group’s ground plan (basic set of characteristics)of characteristics)

These characteristics are useful for These characteristics are useful for determining differences / similarities between determining differences / similarities between phylaphyla

Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example): Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example): segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts, and jointed appendages periodic molts, and jointed appendages