invertebrates. section outline 29–1 invertebrate evolution a.origin of the invertebrates 1.the...
TRANSCRIPT
Invertebrates
Section Outline
29–1 Invertebrate EvolutionA. Origin of the
Invertebrates1. The First
Multicellular Animals2. Beginnings
of Invertebrate Diversity
Section 29-1
B. Invertebrate PhylogenyC. Evolutionary Trends
1. Specialized Cells, Tissues, and Organs
2. Body Symmetry3. Cephalization4. Segmentation5. Coelom Formation6. Embryological Development
Comparing InvertebratesComparing Invertebrates
Major Characteristics
Germ Layers
BodySymmetry
Cephalization
Coelom
Early Development
Major Characteristics
Germ Layers
BodySymmetry
Cephalization
Coelom
Early Development
Section 29-1
Sponges
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
—
Sponges
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
—
Cnidarians
Two
Radial
Absent
Absent
—
Cnidarians
Two
Radial
Absent
Absent
—
Flatworms
Three
Bilateral
Present
Absent
Protostome
Flatworms
Three
Bilateral
Present
Absent
Protostome
Roundworms
Three
Bilateral
Present
Pseudocoelom
Protostome
Roundworms
Three
Bilateral
Present
Pseudocoelom
Protostome
Compare/Contrast
Pg. 748-749
Comparing InvertebratesComparing Invertebrates
Major Characteristics
Germ Layers
BodySymmetry
Cephalization
Coelom
Early Development
Major Characteristics
Germ Layers
BodySymmetry
Cephalization
Coelom
Early Development
Section 29-1
Annelids
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Annelids
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Mollusks
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Mollusks
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Arthropods
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Arthropods
Three
Bilateral
Present
True coelom
Protostome
Echinoderms
Three
Radial (adults)
Absent (adults)
True coelom
Deuterostome
Echinoderms
Three
Radial (adults)
Absent (adults)
True coelom
Deuterostome
Compare/Contrast
Section 29-1
RadialSymmetry
Deuterostome Development
Coelom
Pseudocoelom
Protostome Development
RadialSymmetry
Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry
Tissues
Multicellularity
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods
Annelids Mollusks
Roundworms
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
Single-celled ancestor
Invertebrate Cladogram
Pg. 747
Section OutlineSection 29-2
29–2 Form and Function in InvertebratesA. Feeding and Digestion
1. Intracellular and Extracellular Digestion
2. Patterns of Extracellular Digestion
B. Respiration
1. Aquatic Invertebrates
2. Terrestrial Invertebrates
C. Circulation
1. Open Circulatory Systems
2. Closed Circulatory Systems
D. Excretion
1. Aquatic Invertebrates
2. Terrestrial Invertebrates
E. Response
1. Centralization and Cephalization
2. Specialization
F. Movement and Support
1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
2. Exoskeletons
3. Endoskeletons
G. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Type of Skeleton
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Type of Skeleton
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Section 29-2
Sponges
Simple (spicules or spongin)
Sponges
Simple (spicules or spongin)
Cnidarians
X
Cnidarians
X
Flatworms
X
Flatworms
X
Roundworms
X
Roundworms
X
Types of Invertebrate Skeletons
Section 29-2
Type of Skeleton
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Type of Skeleton
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Annelids
X
Annelids
X
Mollusks
Some
Some(shells)
Mollusks
Some
Some(shells)
Arthropods
X
Arthropods
X
Echinoderms
X
Echinoderms
X
Types of Invertebrate Skeletons continued
Section 29-2
Arthropod
Annelid
Flatworm
Cnidarian
Mouth/anus
Mouth/anusMouth
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Gastrovascularcavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
PharynxCrop
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Anus
Stomachand
digestive glands
Invertebrate Digestive Systems
Section 29-2
Mollusk
Insect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Booklung
Airflow
Trachealtubes
Spiracles
Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
Section 29-2
Insect:Open Circulatory System
Annelid:Closed Circulatory System
Heartlikestructures
Bloodvessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Bloodvessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinusesand organs
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
Section 29-2
Annelid
Arthropod
Flatworm
Malpighian tubules
Digestive tract
Nephridia
Excretory pore
Excretory tubule
Flame cell
Flamecells
Excretorytubules
Nephrostome
Invertebrate Excretory
Systems
Section 29-2
GangliaGanglia
Brain
BrainNerve Cells
Arthropod
Mollusk
CnidarianFlatworm
Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Video
Circulatory Systems
Sponges & Cnidarians
Worms & MollusksArthropods & Echinoderms
Characteristics of Animal Kingdom
Heterotrophs Mobile Multicellular Lacks cell walls Sexual
reproduction
Radial (radiate outward from center)
Bilateral (two sides) Dorsal = top side Ventral = belly (bottom)
side Anterior = front end Posterior = rear end
Asymmetrical (no plane dividing body into equal halves)
Body symmetry
Which Type of Symmetry?
A DCB
FFE
B C
G
Development & Body Cavities
Zygote (fertilized egg) blastula (hollow ball) gastrula (inward folding creating layers)
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Germ Layers form embryonic layers.
Endoderm: inner layer digestive tract and respiratory system
Mesoderm: middle layer muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory organs
Ectoderm: outermost layer sense organs, nerves, and epidermis
Body plansBody plans
No body cavity
Fluid filled body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Fluid filled body cavity partially lined with mesoderm
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Phylum Porifera, the sponges
Asymmetrical
Lacks tissues = cells embedded in matrix
Sessile adults
sponges
Phylum Cnidaria
Examples: jellyfish, coral, hydra,
sea anemones, man-o-war
Radial symmetry True tissues 2 cell layers
endoderm, ectoderm
Polyp (tubular body) & Medusa (bell-shaped body)
Feeding
Body tissue surrounds gastrovascular cavity, a single opening space, where digestion takes place.
Phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms
Examples: planarians, flukes, tapeworms
Acoelomates (no cavity)
Organs & systems Three germ layers Bilateral symmetry Cephalization
(concentration of nervous
tissue in head)
Flatworms
Planeria
Intermediate hosts•Tapeworm larvae burrow into cow or fish muscle tissue, which infects the animal that eats this tissue.
Rat tapeworm
Parasites have a complex life history with several hosts
Parasitic tapeworm from a fish
Human tapeworm
•Scolex: head with suckers or hooks
Tapeworm
Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms
Examples = heartworms,
hookworms, pin
worms
Roundworm Anatomy Pseudocoelom false body cavity
between endoderm & mesoderm
2 body openings (mouth and anus)
Guinea worm disease
Preventive Measures
Health education and low-technology measures to promote behavioral change are used to prevent Guinea worm disease.
The most effective way to prevent it is to filter the tiny water fleas out of drinking water. The Carter Center provides families with fine-mesh filter cloths that fit over clay pots used to hold water.
Some people, especially nomadic groups, receive pipe filters, which are small straw-like personal filters that can be worn around the neck. These simple but revolutionary devices enable people to drink water safely no matter where they are.
http://www.cartercenter.org/news/multimedia/media_console/console.aspx?sectionID=H&directoryEXT=h07&linkEXT=CC_video.swf
Pinworm infection in child’s intestine
Roundworms A report by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention found that about 14 percent of Americans are infected with Toxocara – a parasite commonly known as the round worm.
The disease is zoonotic – which means you can get it from your pet. The CDC says the parasite is most commonly found in children from low socioeconomic areas.
For the most part there aren't any symptoms. But in rare cases it can cause blindness, especially in children.
Researchers say the worms are transferred through cat and dog fecal matter – in yards and sand boxes – places where children often play.
Filarial worms
•Primary cause of elephantiasis condition where parts of the body are swollen
•Requires arthropod intermediate host to complete life cycle
Filarial worms
Elephantiasis is a condition of extreme edema that occurs when lymph vessels become blocked by filarial worms. Here the left leg is swollen with the fluids accumulated in the tissues as a result of the blockage.
Phylum Annelida
Examples: leeches, earthworms & marine worms
Segmented worms Separated by septa = dividing walls
Bilateral symmetry Coelomates 3 cell layers Advanced
organ systems
Annelids
Leeches release a chemical that prevents the prey from forming scabs. A leech bite is less painful than it is just messy with the profuse bleeding.
Phylum Mollusca
Coelomates=true body
cavity (between mesoderm)
Soft body Unsegmented 2nd most successful
land animal (after insects)
Mollusks
Mollusk Anatomy
3 body parts: Visceral mass = houses
body organs Mantle = heavy fold of tissue
surrounding visceral mass Foot = ventral surface for
locomotion Respiratory structure:
Gills = filamentous projections that capture oxygen from the water
Mollusk Groups
Cephalopod = “head-footed” little or no shell most advanced eye Jet propulsion Octopus, squid,
nautilus
Cuttlefish
Mollusk Groups
Bivalves = “2 shells” “hatchet-footed” Clams, oysters,
etc
Mollusk Groups
Gastropods = “belly-footed” One shell Snails, slugs, etc
Groups of mollusks
Gastropods: shell-less or single-shelled mollusks with muscular feet
Sea snail
Movement Snails: secrete
mucus and crawl slowly
Cephalopods: fast moving, drawing water into mantle cavity and forcing water out of siphon (like jet propulsion)
excessive amount of snail mucus secreted
Snail Trail
Mexican turbo snail
Phylum Arthropoda
Jointed appendages
Segmented bodies
Exoskeleton
Largest phylum in Animal Kingdom
Metamorphosis
Undergoes morphological changes during life history
Incomplete = 3 stages Egg, nymph, adult
Complete = 4 stages Egg, larva, pupa,
adult
Arthropod Groups
Arachnids = spiders,
scorpions Crustaceans =
lobsters, shrimp
Insects = grasshoppers,butterflies, bees
Diplopoda = millipedes
Chilopoda = centipedes
Specialized appendages
Mouthparts Antennae Legs Pincers Wings Swimmerets
Phylum Echinodermata
Spiny skinned Radial symmetry (as
adults) Endoskeleton made
of plates, ossicles Water vascular
system for moving & feeding
Regeneration
Water Vascular System,for feeding & locomotion
Echinoderm groups
Sea Stars (starfish)
Sand dollars & sea
biscuits
Sea urchins
Echinoderm groups
Sea cucumbers
Brittle stars (serpent stars)
Sea lilies
Echindoerms
Subphylum Arachnida – black widow spider
Brown Recluse Spider
Scorpion
Wolf Spider
Subphylum Crustacea – hermit crab
Subphylum Crustacea –crab
Subphylum Crustacea – fire shrimp
Subphylum Insecta – lady bug
Subphylum Insecta – bee moth
The purple Sea urchin has sharp spines to protect against predators.
A close-up of the mouth of a Green Sea urchin, called Aristotles lantern.
Diversity of Echinoderms
Sea cucumbers
Sea lilies & feather stars
Red Prickly Sea Cucumber
Yum Tasty!!!!!!!!
Sea Lilies