investigation of the suitability of pre-cast/pre-...

ReCAP | Nepal Modular Bridge Construction Completion Report: Bridge 1 1

Investigation of the Suitability of Pre-cast/Pre-Fabricated Modular Bridges for Rural Roads in Nepal – Pilot Study Construction Completion Report: Baugi Bridge, Parsa

Milan Kominek

Robin Workman

TRL

NEP2088A

March 2020


Preferred citation: Kominek, M., Workman, R., TRL (2019). Investigation of the Suitability of Pre-cast/Pre-

Fabricated Modular Bridges for Rural Roads in Nepal – Pilot Study; Construction Completion Report: Baugi

Bridge, Parsa, NEP2088A. London: ReCAP for DFID.

For further information, please contact: Robin Workman, [email protected]

ReCAP Project Management Unit

Cardno Emerging Market (UK) Ltd

Level 5, Clarendon Business Centre

42 Upper Berkeley Street, Marylebone

London W1H 5PW United Kingdom

The views in this document are those of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views of the

Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP) or Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd for whom the

document was prepared

Cover photo: Milan Kominek, AF-CityPlan

Quality assurance and review table

Version Author(s) Reviewer(s) Date

1.0 Milan Kominek, Robin Workman Greg Morosiuk (TRL) M. Abedin (ReCAP PMU) N. Leta (ReCAP PMU)

16/03/2020 19/03/2020 19/03/2020

1.1 Milan Kominek, Robin Workman M. Abedin (ReCAP PMU) 20.03.2020

ReCAP Database Details : Investigation of the Suitability of Pre-cast/Pre-Fabricated Modular Bridges for Rural Roads in Nepal – Pilot Study

Reference No: NEP2088A Location Nepal

Source of Proposal TRL Procurement Method Competitive Bid

Theme Infrastructure Sub-Theme Bridges

Lead Implementation Organisation

DoLI Partner Organisation LRBP

Total Approved Budget UK £ 278,434.03 Total Used Budget UK £ 120,689.91

Start Date 1/11/2016 End Date 30/5/2020

Report Due Date 30/03/2020 Date Received 17/03/2020


Contents

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Key words .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 6

1 Background ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

3 Site Visits .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Visit 1: Assembly and Construction ....................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Visit 2: Completion ................................................................................................................................................ 9

4 Photographic Evidence from Completion Visit ................................................................................................. 10

5 Next Steps ....................................................................................................................................................... 15

5.1 Load Testing ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.2 Design Manual ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

5.3 Bridge 2 Visit ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.4 Training ................................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.5 Stakeholder Workshop ........................................................................................................................................ 15

6 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

Annex 1 Bridge Location map ........................................................................................................................... 17

Annex 2 Bridge Location from Satellite Imagery ................................................................................................ 18

Annex 3 Load Testing Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 20

Annex 4 Cable Grouting Report ........................................................................................................................ 45

Annex 5 Revised Work Schedule ....................................................................................................................... 49


Abstract

This research has focused on defining and developing a new modular system of bridge construction for Nepal,

which is suitable for all environments. The motivation for this project came from DoLIDAR with their need to

construct up to 2,000 new bridges to support the expansion of the rural road network. A modular bridge for

Nepal has been designed and is being trialled in two locations, one in Doti district (a hilly area in the far west

of Nepal) and one in Parsa district on the flat Terai area of Nepal, to the south west of Kathmandu. This report

currently covers the completion of the Baugi Bridge in Parsa, on the Terai.

The report details two site visits of the Bridge Expert, one during construction and one after the bridge was

completed. The visit reports contain a summary of issues noticed during and after construction, and the

remedies applied. These have been recorded and passed on to the contractor so that similar issues can be

avoided on Bridge 2 in Doti. They will also be noted in the design manual. A photographic record has been

produced for the completed report and can be seen in the Annexes.

Key words

Nepal, Modular Bridge, Design, Fabrication, Construction, Pre-stressing

Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP)

Safe and sustainable transport for rural communities

ReCAP is a research programme, funded by UK Aid, with the aim of promoting safe and sustainable transport for rural communities in Africa and Asia. ReCAP comprises the Africa Community Access Partnership (AfCAP) and the Asia Community Access Partnership (AsCAP). These partnerships support knowledge sharing between participating

countries in order to enhance the uptake of low cost, proven solutions for rural access that maximise the use of local resources. The ReCAP programme is managed by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd.


Acronyms

AsCAP Asia Community Access Partnership DFID Department For International Development DoLI Department of Local Infrastructure DoR Department of Roads GoN Government of Nepal LRBP Local Roads Bridge Programme LRBSU Local Roads Bridge Support Unit ReCAP Research for Community Access Partnership TRL Transport Research Laboratory ToR Terms of Reference UK United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) UKAid United Kingdom Aid (Department for International Development, UK)


Executive Summary

This project aims to provide a new design for modular bridges in Nepal, with one system being preferred

for both Terai and hilly areas. The project was kicked off in Kathmandu on 8th November 2016. A workshop

was held soon after, at which the design principles for the modular bridge were agreed. DoLI noted that

they would prefer a design that maximises the use of concrete, because this is more readily available in

Nepal as a local resource whereas steel has been found to be expensive and more difficult to maintain. A

design for the bridge was produced by LRBP, with the assistance of LRBSU and advice from the Bridge

Expert (Milan Kominek).

The construction of Bridge 1, Baugi Bridge in Parsa, is now complete. The Bridge Expert advised on the

fabrication and construction of this trial bridge, and made two visits, one during fabrication/ construction

and one after construction was complete. This report covers the completed construction of the bridge and

includes photographic evidence of various aspects of the completed bridge in Annex 4.

A number of minor issues were noted, all of which have been remedied on site. The contractor and LRBSU

have been notified of the issues and trained in how to avoid similar problems for Bridge 2. These will be

noted in the design manual.

It was not possible to undertake the load testing at the time of the final completion visit, but the Bridge

Expert has produced a procedure for load testing, that can be seen in the Annexes to this report.

Undertaking a load test on a new bridge technology is very important, so the load test will be undertaken at

a later date and supervised by LRBSU and DoLI.


1 Background Nepal’s economy needs to grow to fundamentally solve the problem of limited transport infrastructure in

the country. Crucial to this aim is the development of roads and bridges. The Government of Nepal (GoN) is

fully aware of this problem and is committed to addressing this issue. GoN has given high priority to bridges

and has rapidly increased the bridge construction budget every year.

The motivation for this project came from DoLIDAR (now DoLI) and is borne out of their need to construct up

to 2,000 new bridges to support the expansion of the rural road network. At present they use mainly

reinforced in-situ concrete bridges, which are slow to construct and pose particular challenges with quality

control and transport of materials, especially in hilly areas. The Department of Roads (DoR) also constructs

up to 200 bridges per year on the strategic network. The DoR is interested in learning about a modular system

for bridges in Nepal, as many of their bridges in the hills are short span. DoLI has the capacity to build more

than 100 bridges per year. For such a high number of bridges, it is essential that any solution for bridges in

Nepal must be feasible, appropriate, flexible and durable. Given this information it can be assumed that pre-

cast/pre-fabricated modular bridges are a potential solution for bridges on rural roads in Nepal.

It is understood from the ToR that a modular bridge is one that is formed, largely from pre-fabricated parts

that are manufactured off-site in a controlled environment. The parts are then transported to site and

assembled. The modular bridges designed on this project are of short to medium span and are capable of

being assembled and placed without the use of heavy equipment, maximizing the employment of local

labour. Furthermore, the modular bridge system is adaptable to the varied site and environmental conditions

and situations found in Nepal and provides a practical solution to a wide range of scenarios. The ToR further

suggests that the bridge components should be fabricated in Nepal as this will provide employment and

develop local industry and capacity. It is also assumed that maximum use of local materials will be made,

hence the selection of concrete as the key material.

A desk study and literature review of the available technologies and systems of structures for modular bridge

construction from around the world was prepared at inception stage. Meetings with local experts were held,

and information and documents concerning the bridge issue and current state of roads and bridges

development in Nepal were received. Many interesting bridges have recently been completed or are under

construction or design in Nepal.

The GoN focuses great attention on developing transport infrastructure, especially roads and bridges, as

evidenced by the various government programmes. An example of this commitment is the National Program

for Motorable Bridges on Local Roads – an assignment under the Local Road Bridge Programme (LRBP),

completed in July 2014. The LRBP was undertaken from February 2011 to July 2016 in Phase I, with Phase II

to 2017 and Phase III due to complete in July 2020. A concept paper on adaptation of pre-stressed pre-cast

modular bridges for Nepal was prepared for the Local Road Bridge Support Unit (LRBSU) before this project

commenced, so the idea of modular bridges in Nepal is not new.

Therefore, this ReCAP project in Nepal has the potential to be the start of important research into the impacts

of modular bridges from a developing country perspective.

2 Introduction This report includes details on the supervision and advice provided during construction of Bridge 1: Baugi

Bridge, in Parsa district. The location of the bridge can be seen in Annexes 1 and 2. It is the role of the

Bridge Expert to support construction of Bridge 1 remotely, and to make one supervision visit on

completion. This Construction Report includes details of the completed bridge, as inspected by the Bridge

Expert, along with photographic evidence.

The process of the bridge construction was as follows:


• The foundations and abutments were completed in 2017, as part of the original design for the

bridge. The superstructure of the bridge was designed as a modular assembly, designed to fit with

the existing foundations/abutments. The tender notice for the superstructure was published on

October 14, 2018 and the contract was awarded to Joint Venture of M/s Elite Construction/ K.M.

Engineers Builders/Jai Bishnu Nirman Sewa on February 6, 2019 with a completion period of 12

months

• The modular beams of the bridge were assembled and prestressed on site during October and

November 2019. The Bridge Expert visited during this process to advise on assembly and

prestressing, at the request of DoLI and LRBSU.

• The bridge deck was cast in-situ and was completed during January 2020. The bridge was opened

to traffic during February 2020, although the approach roads are not yet complete, so heavy traffic

is not yet able to access the bridge.

Remote advice has been provided throughout this period at the request of DoLI and LRBSU.

3 Site Visits An initial visit was made by the Bridge Expert, part-way through assembly in November 2019, to assess

fabrication of the modules and advice on construction assembly and prestressing. The details of this visit

are included in the Fabrication report and summarised here in Section 3.1. A final construction visit was

made to the bridge from 2nd

to 7th

March 2020, and the findings of this visit can be seen in Section 3.2.

3.1 Visit 1: Assembly and Construction

A visit was made to Baugi Bridge in Parsa, Bridge 1, primarily to review the fabrication of modules and the

processes in pace for assembly and prestressing of the beams. Details can be found in the Fabrication

Report, but a summary is shown below:

3.1.1 Planning

The Bridge Expert made a visit to Nepal from 25 to 29 November 2019 as requested by DoLI and LRBSU,

firstly to experience fabrication and construction issues first hand and secondly to provide reassurance and

confidence to DoLI to proceed with the construction process.

On 18 November 2019 LRBSU sent concrete materials for testing and analysis to confirm the quality of

module fabrication, the results for which can be seen in Annex 7 of the Fabrication report. The results

showed that the concrete is of adequate strength.

3.1.2 Purpose

The main purpose of this visit was:

• To assess the fabrication issues being experienced on site by the contractor, DoLI and LRBSU.

• To advise on potential solutions and/or remedial actions as necessary.

• To support the contractor, DoLI and LRBSU to deal with the issues and to give them confidence to

proceed with the fabrication and construction.

3.1.3 Schedule

The following schedule was undertaken during the visit to Nepal:

• 24th

November: Arrival in Kathmandu, preparations for the site visit, meeting at the LRBSU.

• 25th

November: Meeting with key stakeholders in LRBSU and DoLI.

• 26th

/27th

November: The team travelled to the bridge fabrication site.


• 28th

November: In Kathmandu further consultations took place at the LRBSU regarding the

construction. Pre-stressing of the bridge structure was then completed.

• 29th

November: Cable grouting was started on site, following established procedures as advised by

the Bridge Expert.

• 30th

November: Further reporting was continued and processed, based on incoming news from the

construction site.

3.2 Visit 2: Completion

A post-completion site visit was made to Bridge 1 in March 2020. The purpose of this visit was:

• To supervise load testing on Bridge 1.

• To inspect the completed Bridge 1 and produce a completion report, with photographic evidence.

3.2.1 Load Testing

One aim of this visit was to supervise the load testing on the completed Bridge 1. However, DoLI indicated

in early February 2020 that they did not have the resources, expertise or experience to undertake load

testing, and LRBSU required guidance on how it should be carried out. It was therefore agreed that if the

load testing could not be carried out during this visit, the Bridge Expert would advise on the process and

equipment required, and DoLI would find appropriate resources to carry it out in the near future. If

possible, the Bridge Expert will supervise the load testing on a subsequent scheduled visit, but his presence

is not essential. It is however very important that the testing is carried out. The key participants for load

testing are LRBSU, as designers of the static analysis for the bridge superstructure.

The recommended procedure for load testing can be seen in Annex 3.

3.2.2 Schedule

The schedule for this visit was as follows:

• 1st March: Meeting in Kathmandu – preparing and arranging the site visit and planning activities for

the week

• 2rd

March: Visit bridge site for completion report. It is a requirement of the contract to visit the

completed bridge, take photographs and report on the finished article. LRBSU representative

(supervisor) was present at the construction site. TRL provided transport.

• 3rd

March: Completion of the site visit and return to Kathmandu. Important meeting in Kathmandu

with LRBP, LRBSU, DoLI, with Mr Ram Chandra Shrestha DG, Mr. Mahesh Chandra Neupane, SDE

Planning Section, Mr. Madhav Bhattarai, SDE, Bridge Section, Mr. Krishna Katuwal, SDE and Mr.

Ranjan Manandhar, LRBSU. Agreement was made on three main topics – training, load test, design

manual.

• 4th

March: Review bridge visit and start report.

• 5/6th

March: Meeting in Kathmandu LRBSU – Shakil Manandhar, Ranjan Manandhar, Milan

Kominek, Bishnu Shah. Detailed negotiations about design manual, load test, planning training in

early May and workshop. Continuation of bridge visit report as a preparation for the Completion

Report.

• 7th

March: Milan returns home

• 8/9th

March: Holidays in Nepal

3.2.3 Findings

The following are the key findings from this visit:


• The bridge is completed according to the project terms of reference. The load test is pending.

• The longitudinal axis of the three bridge girders is straight. This is as a result of the long-line

method of fabrication, recommended by the Bridge Expert.

• During the November 2019 site visit, minor deficiencies in the concrete surface were found in the

second module B in the wall and at the edge of the lower flange at the first girder. On the

completed bridge these have been remedied.

• Some aesthetic adjustments would be appropriate (cleaning the joints between the modules,

removing poured concrete on the walls of the modules that was spilled when concreting the

composite deck slab, unequal slope of the drainage pipes on the village side, clearance gap under

bridge dilatation at bearings level, and a wooden plate left in the space of one bearing on the side

further from the village). None of these issues affect the structural integrity or function of the

bridge.

• The completed bridge is ready to be trafficked. Until the approach roads are completed it is likely to

take only light vehicles and non-motorised traffic.

These findings are important for the long-term quality control of modular bridges.

4 Photographic Evidence from Completion Visit The key points from the recent site visit to Bridge 1 were as follows, and photographic evidence can be

seen below.

1. The original crossing point of the river, approximately 300 m upstream, can be seen in the

pictures in Figure 1. The road users would cross through the river in the dry season, and there

would be frequent disruptions during the wet season when the road would be impassable for

several hours, or even days, at a time.

Figure 1: Original river crossing, vehicles would drive through the river when low enough

Original Crossing Point


2. The approach roads are not yet complete. At present the main traffic is pedestrians and

cyclists, with a few motorised vehicles. Figure 2 shows the temporary approach roads that have

been constructed of local gravel and earth.

Figure 2: Approach roads unfinished, bridge accessible via temporary embankments

3. The main prestressed beams were placed on site using temporary formwork and were

longitudinally straight. Figure 3 shows the beams in place after prestressing, and before the

deck is cast.

Figure 3: Beams in place before prestressing, alignment is straight and supported on temporary supports.


4. Prestressing: This was carried out using the Freyssinet method of prestressing from both ends

of the beam at the same time, with equal pressure. Figure 4 shows the prestressing process

being undertaken on site.

Figure 4: Prestressing of cables using Freyssinet method

5. Concrete quality and finish: The concrete testing confirmed that the concrete strength in the

modules was perfectly adequate for the design. Test results for the concrete can be seen in the

Fabrication report for this project. There were some minor issues with the concrete finish, but

these were resolved on site, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Concrete Finish, spalled concrete at joint following prestressing, and finished beams


6. Joint finish: It was agreed that it would not be necessary to grout the beam joints. This is

normal practice for this type of bridge. The Bridge Expert originally considered using epoxy in

the joints between modules. After consultation with LRBSU, who strongly recommended

against it because of the difficulties and conditions on site and lack of local expertise, it was

agreed to use “dry joints” without epoxy, which is acceptable using module fabrication by the

accurate long-line method. This is common practice in USA, Japan and some other countries,

but less common in Europe. The Bridge Expert noted that the joints closed sufficiently on

prestressing, as shown in Figure 6, and is happy with the joints as they have been constructed.

This topic will be covered in the Design Manual.

Figure 6: Joint finish, before and after prestressing. Joint has closed sufficiently.

7. In-situ deck slab: The deck slab was cast in-situ. A good finish was observed. The photographs in

Figure 7 show the finished deck and the deck joint at the abutment.

Figure 7: In-situ deck slab, main slab and joint at abutment/bearing

8. Bridge being used: The bridge is being used by a variety of non-motorised traffic, including

pedestrians, bicyclists and animal transport, as shown in Figure 8. Several motorcycles also use

it and a very small number of cars/trucks, as shown in Figure 9. Traffic counts are due to be

carried out in the near future.


Figure 8: Bridge in use, mainly non-motorised traffic

Figure 9: Bridge with mixed traffic

9. The completed bridge, shown from the east side in Figure 10.

Figure 10: Completed bridge

10. Cable grouting was carried out after the beams were prestressed. The Bridge Expert was not

present for this activity, but the contractor’s report can be seen in Annex 4. The Bridge Expert is

satisfied that the grouting was carried out appropriately and produced a suitable result.


5 Next Steps The next steps for the project are discussed below. A revised work schedule can be seen in Annex 5.

5.1 Load Testing

Load testing of the first bridge will need to be carried out by DoLI in conjunction with LRBSU. Load testing is

essential because this is a new technology for Nepal and has no precedent in terms. The Bridge Expert has

advised on the process and equipment required and if the scheduling allows will be present for the test, but

his attendance is not essential.

5.2 Design Manual

The Bridge Expert will continue to liaise with LRBSU and DoLI to produce the design manual. This will focus

on the modular superstructure of the bridge, as designs already exist for foundations, abutments, piers etc.

5.3 Bridge 2 Visit

Fabrication for the second bridge at Golmagad Khola in Doti has commenced. Due to access road issues the

contractor has decided to fabricate the modules on site, against the advice of the Bridge Expert. For this

reason, a visit was agreed for the Bridge Expert to Bridge 2. This visit will also be used to check that the

issues encountered with Bridge 1 have been overcome, and to document any lessons learned with

construction of modular bridges in a mountainous environment. Bridge 2 will be supported remotely,

mainly by the Bridge Expert, and is expected to be completed within April 2020. This visit is therefore

planned for early April 2020, but may be subject to restrictions due to the recent Coronavirus outbreak.

5.4 Training

The forthcoming training was discussed with DoLI and LRBSU during the March 2020 visit. The format and

duration were agreed and a training agenda will be produced for approval. Concerns over the recent

Coronavirus outbreak exist and is a risk to the training going ahead in the planned format. Alternative

options will be discussed with PMU in the near future.

5.5 Stakeholder Workshop

The forthcoming stakeholder workshop was also discussed and will be planned in conjunction with the

training. Similar concerns exist over Coronavirus.

6 Conclusions The current course of this research project, including its implementation, has shown the suitability of the

proposed new modular bridge construction technology in Nepal, in line with the project objectives. On the

basis of extensive analysis of the problem, taking into account the specific conditions in Nepal, and after

intensive consultation and cooperation with Nepalese experts, the method of prefabrication of prestressed

concrete girders was chosen.The designs were found to be appropriate and fulfil the requirements

identified at the beginning of the project; concrete was the preferred material because it is available locally,

the design of limited weight and length prefabricated sections was selected to facilitate transport to

remote locations and prefabrication in a controlled environment negated the influence of the monsoon

season. The suitability of this method is demonstrated by the implementation of the trial bridges, so no

substantial changes are needed.


Some issues were encountered as this was an entirely new technology for Nepal. This was to be expected

on a pilot bridge of a new technology, and although they were overcome in this instance and the impact

was minimal, they can be prevented in the future through good practice and experience. It is important

that the contractor and supervisors embrace the advice given and apply it to the forthcoming construction

of Bridge 2. The contractor has been instructed in how to resolve these issues and LRBSU are competent to

supervise their implementation. The issues will be noted in the design manual.


Annex 1 Bridge Location map


Annex 2 Bridge Location from Satellite Imagery

Previous crossing point on Baugi River

Previous access road

New bridge, with modular beams in place

(November 2019)

New Approach road

Main road

Main road to Strategic Highway, (Hetauda – Birgunj)

Baugi Bridge, with modular beams in place, 30th November, 2019


Location of Baugi Bridge

Location of Baugi Bridge, between Hetauda and Birgunj

Baugi Bridge, with new approach road under construction: February 2019 …. and …… with abutments and river protection: February 2019


Annex 3 Load Testing Procedure

Background

Load testing was recommended for the trial bridges because it is a new technology for Nepal. In Europe bridge load tests are primarily carried out, among other reasons, in the following situations:

• Bridges with unusual static systems

• Bridges of extraordinary spans

• Bridges using new technologies or new materials

• Bridges after complete reconstruction

Types of Load Test

The two basic types of bridge load lest are static and dynamic.

The Baugi bridge belongs to a group of new technologies, so it was recommended to undertake a Static Load Test.

Specifications

In Nepal it is appropriate to follow the Indian Road Congress IRC Specifications, Standards and Design Codes. For bridge load tests the following IRC Special publications can be used:

IRC:SP:51-2015 Guidelines for Load Testing of Bridges (with partial support IRC:SP:37 Guidelines for Evaluation of Load Carrying Capacity of Bridges), (see attached below as part of Annex 3)

These guidelines deal with the Proof Load Test. They cover testing of super-structures, excluding arches, for evaluation of their flexural capacity. Testing for shear capacity is not considered. This test is not intended to assess the ultimate load carrying capacity of bridge superstructures.

These Guidelines for load testing of bridges contain the following chapters:

3. Requirement of Load Testing and types of Load Tests.

4. Expected behaviour of bridge components during and after the Load Test.

5. Structural modelling and methods of analysis

6. Planning of Load Testing (This chapter lists the instruments of measurement for carrying out the load test, the specifications of which were requested at the DoLI, LRBP and LRBSU meeting on March 3, 2020).

6.5 Methods of Measurement – Instrumentation

6.5.1 Instruments for the Measurements: The correct type, number and location of instrumentation used on a structure during a load test is critical to achieve a satisfactory outcome. An example of test instruments is given on page 11 of IRC:SP:51. (Page 11 of IRC:SP:51 is included below)

7. Conduct of Load Test

8. Analysis of results

9. Report


Practical TRL recommendations for load testing of the modular Baugi bridge, including superstructure from prestressed girders and composite deck slab.

Basic assumptions.

1. Determine the static calculation of deflection from a standard load in the centre of the bridge span.

2. Determine real Mobile Test Vehicles that can be used on the specific bridge site and load them to match the standard load used in the static calculations.

3. Calculation of the deflection from this vehicle load. The efficiency of this load (the ratio between code standard load and actual load) should approach at least 50% of the standard load.

4. Vehicle location in the centre of the bridge span.

5. Measure the deflection of all three bridge girders.

6. If the deflection is the same on all girders, there is no need to relocate the load.

7. If not, this is due to the cross-spreading effect. The position of the vehicle can be changed to verify this lateral load distribution. There will be three load cases:

• First basic - vehicle will be located in the centre of the road

• Second - vehicle will be located at the right sidewalk

• Third - vehicle will be located at the left sidewalk

8. The following quantities should be measured:

• Vertical deflection of the girders

• Decrease of the bridge supports in the location of the bearings

• Air temperature

9. Instruments for the measurements are given on page 11 of IRC:SP:51. It is important to realise a “fixed point” in the centre of the bridge span. (Possible practical options for this were discussed at the LRBSU meeting on March 5, 2020).

10. The total, permanent and elastic deflections are evaluated. The decrease in bridge support and the effect of temperature are subtracted.

11. The load test shall not affect the load-bearing capacity, serviceability and durability of the bridge and shall not cause damage to the bridge structure.


Annex 4 Cable Grouting Report


Annex 5 Revised Work Schedule

Milestone Flight No. Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

1 5 Fabrication Bridge 1 (complete)2 6 Construction and load test Bridge 13 Load Test and completion of bridge4 Visit - MK for constrn./load test5 Payment 6: Complete Construction 66 7 Fabrication/Constrn. Bridge 2 (not supervised)7 Visit - MK for Leta Bridge 1/Bridge 2 1 (+ local flights x 2)8 Payment 7: Visit to Bridge 2 79 Cost benefit analysis (incl. in final report)

10 Visit - JH (Bishnu from Ktm) 2 (+ local flight)11 8 Design manual + specs.12 Payment 8: Draft Design Manual 813 9 Final stakeholder workshop14 Visit Training + wkshp - RW, MK, JH 515 Payment 9: Workshop Report 916 10 Training for 60 engineers17 Visit training - RW, MK 3, 418 Payment 10: Training 1019 12 Final Report20 Payment 12: Final Report 12

Total 5

Visit to Nepal

Payment milestone

S. No.

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