investigation of transformation characteristics from wood to charcoal at elevated temperature
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IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan. Investigation of transformation characteristics from wood to charcoal at elevated temperature. Sung-Min Kwon · Nam-Hun Kim (Department of Wood Science & Engineering, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1Investigation of transformation characteristics from wood to
charcoal
at elevated temperature
College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Korea)
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Charcoal ?
IUFRO conference
2007 in Taiwan
Charcoal is the solid residue from the pyrolysis of wood. The best materials for making charcoal in Korea are the oak woods such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica and Quercus dentata.
* Characteristics of charcoal
pH : ca. 8 - 9
Heating value : ca. 7000cal/g
Specific surface: ca. 200-400m2/g
Utilization of charcoal
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Early studies
Anatomical and physical characteristics;
Beall et al. (1974), Cutter et al. (1980), Prior and Alvin (1983)
Angeles (2001), Kim and Hanna (2006) …
Chemical characteristics;
Sadakata et al. (1987), Kumar et al. (1992), Nishimiya et al. (1998),
Marshall et al. (2005), Trompowsky et al. (2005) …
Carbon absorption;
IUFRO conference
Major Questions
Carbonization process
[Ishihara S. Journal of Japan Wood Research Society. 42(8):717-723 (1996)]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
160 450
Charring temperature (°C)
[Prins M.J., Krzysztof K.J. and Janssen F.J.J.G., J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 77:28-34 (2006).]
IUFRO conference
Water evaporation
Generating gases
Objective of this study
Up to now, the transition characteristic from wood to charcoal has not been clearly understood.
Clarifying the transition characteristics from wood to charcoal during carbonization process.
IUFRO conference
Experimental
Material and Methods
Sample tree
Specimens for carbonization
The electric furnace
used for carbonization.
Carbonization using an electric furnace
N2 gas
and 350°C
30 minutes
N2 gas
Diameter of vessel
V1 :the volume of original wood
V2 :the volume of carbonized wood
Material and Methods
IUFRO conference
- VS (%) =
X-ray diffraction method
- X-ray diffractometer (RIGAGU, DMAX 2100V)
: Nickel-filtered CuKα radiation (tube voltage: 40 kV, filament current: 40 mA)
- Smooth surfaces in three-plane were obtained by cutting with a sliding
microtome.
- Coating : gold, about 100 thick, Ion sputtering coater (Cressington, 108).
- Scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-5510, 15~20kV).
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Fig. 1 Carbonized woods of Quercus variabilis at different temperatures.
Control
Control
Sapwood
Heartwood
Wood
200
320°C
Fig. 2 Quercus variabilis wood (left) and the carbonized wood (right)
at different temperatures.
Fig. 2-1 Quercus variabilis wood(left) and the carbonized wood(right)
at different temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Fig. 3 Changes of volumetric shrinkage during carbonization
at different temperatures.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 4 Changes of weight loss during carbonization at different temperatures.
Weight loss
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
Fig. 5 Changes of vessel diameter during carbonization at different temperatures.
Sapwood
Heartwood
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
Fig. 6 Changes of pH during carbonization at different temperatures.
pH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pH
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
SEM observation
Fig. 7 Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Wood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 7-1 Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
330°C
350°C
340°C
SEM observation
Fig. 8 Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Wood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 8-1 Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
330°C
350°C
340°C
Fig. 9 Equatorial X-ray diffractograms of tangential surfaces of
Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Summary
- checks were developed along with radial direction
Vessel diameter shrinkage :
- weight loss rapidly increased at the temperature ranging
from 330 to 340°C
IUFRO conference
IUFRO conference
Detected
Not
detected
Thank you for your attention !
More information : [email protected]
at elevated temperature
College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Korea)
IUFRO conference 2007 in Taiwan
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Charcoal ?
IUFRO conference
2007 in Taiwan
Charcoal is the solid residue from the pyrolysis of wood. The best materials for making charcoal in Korea are the oak woods such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica and Quercus dentata.
* Characteristics of charcoal
pH : ca. 8 - 9
Heating value : ca. 7000cal/g
Specific surface: ca. 200-400m2/g
Utilization of charcoal
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Early studies
Anatomical and physical characteristics;
Beall et al. (1974), Cutter et al. (1980), Prior and Alvin (1983)
Angeles (2001), Kim and Hanna (2006) …
Chemical characteristics;
Sadakata et al. (1987), Kumar et al. (1992), Nishimiya et al. (1998),
Marshall et al. (2005), Trompowsky et al. (2005) …
Carbon absorption;
IUFRO conference
Major Questions
Carbonization process
[Ishihara S. Journal of Japan Wood Research Society. 42(8):717-723 (1996)]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
160 450
Charring temperature (°C)
[Prins M.J., Krzysztof K.J. and Janssen F.J.J.G., J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 77:28-34 (2006).]
IUFRO conference
Water evaporation
Generating gases
Objective of this study
Up to now, the transition characteristic from wood to charcoal has not been clearly understood.
Clarifying the transition characteristics from wood to charcoal during carbonization process.
IUFRO conference
Experimental
Material and Methods
Sample tree
Specimens for carbonization
The electric furnace
used for carbonization.
Carbonization using an electric furnace
N2 gas
and 350°C
30 minutes
N2 gas
Diameter of vessel
V1 :the volume of original wood
V2 :the volume of carbonized wood
Material and Methods
IUFRO conference
- VS (%) =
X-ray diffraction method
- X-ray diffractometer (RIGAGU, DMAX 2100V)
: Nickel-filtered CuKα radiation (tube voltage: 40 kV, filament current: 40 mA)
- Smooth surfaces in three-plane were obtained by cutting with a sliding
microtome.
- Coating : gold, about 100 thick, Ion sputtering coater (Cressington, 108).
- Scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-5510, 15~20kV).
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Fig. 1 Carbonized woods of Quercus variabilis at different temperatures.
Control
Control
Sapwood
Heartwood
Wood
200
320°C
Fig. 2 Quercus variabilis wood (left) and the carbonized wood (right)
at different temperatures.
Fig. 2-1 Quercus variabilis wood(left) and the carbonized wood(right)
at different temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Fig. 3 Changes of volumetric shrinkage during carbonization
at different temperatures.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 4 Changes of weight loss during carbonization at different temperatures.
Weight loss
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
Fig. 5 Changes of vessel diameter during carbonization at different temperatures.
Sapwood
Heartwood
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sheet3
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
Fig. 6 Changes of pH during carbonization at different temperatures.
pH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pH
0
0
2.25
2.25
3.01
3.01
0
0
3.15
3.15
2
2
0
0
2.98
2.98
4.08
4.08
0
0
4.1
4.1
1.23
1.23
0
0
2
2
3.05
3.05
Sapwood
Heartwood
SEM observation
Fig. 7 Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Wood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 7-1 Transverse surfaces of parenchyma cells of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
330°C
350°C
340°C
SEM observation
Fig. 8 Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Wood
60th Anniversary 1947~2007 Kangwon National University
Fig. 8-1 Transverse surfaces of wood fibers of Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
330°C
350°C
340°C
Fig. 9 Equatorial X-ray diffractograms of tangential surfaces of
Quercus variabilis charred at different temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Summary
- checks were developed along with radial direction
Vessel diameter shrinkage :
- weight loss rapidly increased at the temperature ranging
from 330 to 340°C
IUFRO conference
IUFRO conference
Detected
Not
detected
Thank you for your attention !
More information : [email protected]