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Investigations of TB List of investigations 1. Radiology 2. Bacteriology examination 3. Histopathological examination 4. Immunological diagnosis 5. Nucleic acid amplification methods 6. Biochemical markers of diagnosis Primary TB Normal radiographic findings may be seen in up to 15% of patients with proved tuberculosis. Parenchymal disease Disease manifests as dense, homogeneous parenchymal consolidation in any lobe; however, predominance in the lower and middle lobes is suggestive of the disease, especially in adults Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy in a patient with primary tuberculosis Miliary disease Pleural effusion Post primary Parenchymal disease The earliest finding in parenchymal disease is patchy, poorly defined consolidation, particularly in the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes. Airway involvement Pleural extension Extra pulmonary Tuberculous meningitis. Axial contrastenhanced T1weighted MRI shows florid meningeal enhancement that is most pronounc ed within the basal cisterns. Pott abscess in a patient with TB spondylitits

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Page 1: Investigations+ofTB+ 1. List+of+ 2. investigations+ 3. 4 ...coffeebreakcorner.weebly.com/.../5/1/0/5/51059527/investigations_o… · Investigations+ofTB+ + List+of+ investigations+

Investigations  of  TB    

List  of  investigations  

1. Radiology    2. Bacteriology    examination    3. Histopathological  examination  4. Immunological  diagnosis  5. Nucleic  acid  amplification  methods  6. Biochemical  markers  of  diagnosis  

                                   

Primary  TB  

Normal  radiographic  findings  may  be  seen  in  up  to  15%  of  patients  with  proved  tuberculosis.          

Parenchymal  disease    

Disease  manifests  as  dense,  homogeneous  parenchymal  consolidation  in  any  lobe;  however,  predominance  in  the  lower  and  middle  lobes  is  suggestive  of  the  disease,  especially  in  adults  

 

           

Lymphadenopathy    

Lymphadenopathy  in  a  patient  with  primary  tuberculosis    

         

Miliary  disease    

 

Pleural  effusion                

Post  primary  

 Parenchymal  disease  

 

 The  earliest  finding  in  parenchymal  disease  is  patchy,    poorly  defined  consolidation,  particularly  in  the  apical  and  posterior  segments  of  the  upper  lobes.    

Airway  involvement    Pleural  extension    

               

Extra  pulmonary  

   

Tuberculous  meningitis.    Axial  contrast-­‐enhanced  T1-­‐weighted  MRI  shows  florid  meningeal  enhancement  that  is  most  pronounc  ed  within  the  basal  cisterns.          

 Pott  abscess  in  a  patient  with  TB  spondylitits                    

 

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Bacteriological  examination  

     

Specimen  

Pulmonary  TB   Extra  pulmonary  TB  ● Sputum  ● Induced  sputum  ● Laryngeal  swab  ● Bronchoalveolar  lavage  ● Lung  biopsy  

 

● Renal  TB  →  first-­‐morning  urine  ●  Intestinal  TB  in  AIDS  patients  →  Stool    ●  Disseminated  TB  →  Whole  blood  and/or  bone  marrow  ●  Skeletal  TB  →    Bone    ●  In  tuberculous  pleural  effusions  →  pleural  biopsy  ●  Lymph  nodes,  skin  lesion  material  ●  Abscess  contents  

 Smear  

1. AFB  smear  staining  o Smear  staining  is  based  on  the  high  lipid  content  of  the  cell  wall  of  mycobacteria  which  makes  them  

resistant  to  decolorization  by  acid-­‐alcohol  after  the  primary  staining.  2. ZN  stain  

   

Culture  

Culture  media:  ● Löwenstein-­‐Jensen    ● Liquid  medium  ● The  BACTEC  TB-­‐460    

 

   “The  definitive  diagnosis  f  TB  is  isolation  of  MTB  in  pure  culture.”    

Bactec  culture  system  

● Results  can  be  obtained  after  10  days  ● Its  principle  is  based  on  that  the  TB  bacilli  metabolize  C14  containing  palmetic  acid    of  a  broth  media,  

producing  radioactive  labeled  14CO2  in  the  atmosphere  that  collect  above  the  broth  in  the  bottle.    ● The  bactec  instrument  measure  the  amount  of  radioactivity  called  (growth  index)  

 Histopathological  examination  

● For  detection  of  TB  granuloma  (also  diagnostic  for  TB).    ● Histopathological  examination  is  done  for  biopsy  specimen:    

a) Transthoracic  CT  guided  biopsy  for  pulmonary  lesions.  b) Pleural  biopsy  for  pleural  TB.  c) Biopsy  specimen  from  extra-­‐pulmonary  TB  lesions.  

                                           

Immunological  

Serology  has  advantages  in  situations  when:  ●  The  patient  is  unable  to  produce  adequate  sputum  ●  Sputum  smear  results  are  negative  ●  TB  is  extrapulmonary  

                                 

Tuberculin  Test  

Intradermal  injection  of  0.1  purified  protein  derivative    Interpretation  after  48-­‐72  hours  

   

An  induration  of  5  or  more  mm  is  considered  positive  in  

• HIV  infected  persons    • A  recent  contact  of  a  person  with  TB  disease  • Persons  with  fibrotic  changes  on  CXR  consistent  with  prior  TB  • Patients  with  organ  transplants    • Persons  who  are  immunosuppressed  for  other  reasons  (eg  taking  the  

equivalent  of  >15mg  /day  of  prednisolone  for  1  month  or  longer,  taking  TNF-­‐alpha  antagonist)  

        An  induration  of  10  or  more  mm    

is  considered  positive  in  

• Recent  immigrants  (<5years)  from  high  prevalence  countries  • Injection  drug  users  • Residents  and  employees  of  high  risk  congregate  setting    • Mycobacteriology  laboratory  personnel  • Persons  with  clinical  conditions  that  place  them  at  high  risk    • Children  <4  years  of  age  • Infants,  children  ,  and  adolescents  exposed  to  adults  in  high  risk  

categories    An  induration  of  15  or  more  mm  

is  considered  positive  in  Any  person    including  person  with  no  known  risk  factors  for  TB  

   

What  are  false  negative  results  ?    

• Preallergic  phase.  • Fulminant  cases,  especially  in  miliary  TB.  • Steroid  therapy  or  immunocompromized  hosts.  • Technical  reasons.  

     

What  are  false  positive  results?  

• Had  recent    BCG  vaccine  before    • Infection  from  non  MTB  

     

Interferon-­‐gamma  release  assays  

 

● IGRAs  are  in  vitro  blood  tests  of  cell-­‐mediated  immune  response.  ● They  measure  T  cell  release  of  interferon-­‐gamma  (IFN-­‐gamma)  following  stimulation  by  antigens  unique  to  M.  

tuberculosis.    ● Not  affected  by  Bacille  Calmette-­‐Guérin  (BCG)  vaccination  status  ● Unaffected  by  most  infections  with  environmental  nontuberculous  mycobacteria  ● Tyoes  of  assays  

o QuantiFERON-­‐TB  Gold  In-­‐Tube  (QFT-­‐GIT)  assay:  quantification  of  IFN-­‐gamma    o  T-­‐SPOT.TB  assay:  number  of  IFN-­‐gamma  producing  T  cells  

 TST  &IGRAs  cannot  distinguish  between  latent  infection  and  active  TB  disease  

   

ELISA      

● Using  ELISA  test:  of  little  use  in  diagnosis  of  TB  as  it  has  low  sensitivity  and  specificity    ● ELISA  based  methods  for  the  detection  of  mycobacterial  antigen  in  body  fluids.    ● Positive  test  may  perhaps  “rule  in”a  diagnosis,  but  a  negative  test  cannot  “rule  out”a  diagnosis  of  

tuberculosis.  ● Affected  by  BCG  vaccination,  previous  infection  and  environmental  NTM  exposure.  

Nucleic  acid  amplicfication  method  

PCR  

Biochemical  markers  of  diagnosis  

● Adenosine  deaminase  (ADA)  ● Bromide  partition  test  ● Gas  chromatography  of  mycobacterial  fatty  acids  (Tuberculostearic  acid).