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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Workshop Repo吋No.76
IOCIWESTPAC Scientific Symposium on Marine Science and Management of Marine Areas of the Western Pacific
Penang， Malaysia， 2・6December 1991
UNESCO
IOC Workshop Reports
The Scientific Workshops of the Intergoverl!n:!ental Oceanographic Commission are sometimes jointly sponsored with other intergovernmental or non-governmental bodies. In most cases， IOC assumes responsibility for printing， and copies may be requested from:
No. Tllle
CCOP.IOC， 1974， Me凶 切e問時， Hydro苧
ca由。nsand Tectonic Pattems in Eastern Asia (R叩町tolt同 l∞EWo向 加pon); Bar唱kok，官、ailand，24.29 Septem国r1973
UNDP (CCOP)， 138 pp CICAR Ichthyoplankton Wo向加p，
M制∞City，16.27 Juiy 1974 (UNESCO T，田hn回 1Paper in Marine Sα町田s，No. 20)
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11 Collect，困∞ntributions01 invijed蹴turers
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12 Re凹rt01 the IOCARIBE Interdiscipli問 ryWorkshop on Scien酬cProgrammes in Sup仰は01 Fisheries Pr叫ects，Fort.出 Fr町民
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14 IOC/FAOげWHO/UNEPInter崎 fional
Workshop on Marine Pollution in the Gull 01 Guinea and Adja聞 tAreas， Abidjan，
IvO叩ωast，2.9 May 1978 15 CPPSlFAO/IOC/UNEP International Workshop
on Marine向llutionin甘19South-East 両国首c，San掴90血 Chile，6-10 Novem回r1978.
16 Works同pon the We剖ernPac而c，
Tokyo. 19-20 February 1979 17 Joint IOCIWMO Wo山shopon 0田ano-
gr却hicProducts and the IGOSS Data
Pr悶悶ngand Serv四 sSystem (IDPSS)， M田叩w.9-11 April1979
17 Papers submitted to the Joint 10000MO Suppl 匂mmaげonOceanographic Products and
the IGOSS Data Pro碑'ssingand Se阿 国S
System， Mos∞W， 2-6 April 1979 18 IOC/UNESCO Wor回hopon Syllabus lor
Training Marine Technαans. Miami，
22・26May 1978 (UNESCO repo巾
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission -UNESCO Place de Fontenoy， 75700 Paris， France.
Languages No. Tille Languages No. Tltle Languages
E (out 01 sl国 k) 21 匂∞ndIDOE Symposium on Turbulen田 in E，F，S，R theO曲an，L句e，刷um，7-18 May 1979
22 刊ird10000MO Workshop on M剖開 E， F， S， R PoIlution Monijori時，NewO9lhi，
11-15 Fe町ua町1980
E (out 01 st目的 23 WESTPAC Workshop on the Marine Geology E， R S (out 01 st目的 田d白句hys陪 01the North-West Pac~ic ，
Tokyo， 27-31 March 1980 24 WESTPAC Wor回hopon Co踊凶 Tran叩ort E (out 01 st田k)
E， F， 01 P，凶u也晒， Tokyo， 27-31 M町 h1蜘
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29 FAαIOCW町陥h叩加陶e育部恒 01伺 lviron. E 問 n泊1va噸 剛1on the 5urvival 01抽同副田岡崎
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E (0叫 olst田k) 31 Third Intemation副W町抽加p叩 Mari間 E， F， S
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34 ∞Workshop on Re抑制co-o田市tion E， F， S E， F， S in Marine Sα百 四 In胸CentralEastern
Atlantic (W田ternAI同国)
Tener~e 12-17日目泡m国r1983
35 ∞。P/SOPAC-IOC-UNUWorks同pon E E， S 加記G田・出削t耐cMarine R醜宙凶
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38 Papers submitted to the IOC-FAO E
E (out 01 st田川 Suppl. Wo院shopon Inpro帽 dUses 01 Research Ve田els， Lisbon，お May-2Ju冊 1鈎4
37 IOCIUNESCO W帥 sh叩 onR句剛副 E
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Cam附同， Mexi回， 21-25 April 1986 45 IOCARIBE W.町陥h叩 onPhy5ical E
仇ean句『却hy剖 dClimate ca陶gena，CoIombia， Hト22August 1986
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47 IOC Symposium on Mari閣 Scien四 int憎 E
Westem P師lic官噌 Indo-PactlicConvergence T側附iI恰， 1-609国 mber1986
48 IOCARIBE MinトSymp叩 umlort同R句10叩 E，S O9vω叩me同01the IOC-UN (0町B)Pr河『師meon“O国 anScien曲 inRelation to No作Livir唱円借削T曲 s(OSNLR)"
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49 AGU-I∞-WMO-CPPS Chapm田Confere噌 E加 l同町闇陶n剖Sympo凱Jmon“EINi向。"Gu同quil，E，叩出。r，27-31 Octo出r1鎚6
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51 ∞:OPISOPAC-I∞Wo向 h叩 onco酷;talp，町期国5in the South Paroic Island Nations， 凶e，P叩凶.-N酬 Gui冊 a，1-8 Octo国r1987
52 S∞R-I∞UNESCOS仰向iumon Vertical Mo刷、 In加 Equal四回 U陪軒O田an
and尚 Effectsu凹nUvi句 R時制Jr田 S創叫廿19A肺10叩h町e，Paris，ι10 May 1985
日 IOCW町隔同pontheB抱109闘 1Eff，町胞 E olPoIlu祖nts，O剖0，11-29August 1986
54 Wo師同ponお8-levelM回 surem刷恒 in E 陶甜IeCond岡町15，自陣t朋， UK，28・31March 1868
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αJNrD ON INSIDE OF倒 CKCOVER
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Workshop Repo吋NO.76
IOCIWESTPAC ScientlTIC Symposium on Marine Science and Management of Marine Areas of the Western Pacific
Penang， Malaysia， 2・6December 1991
SC-921WS-23 UNESCO
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 page (i)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY REPORT page
1. INTRODUCT工ON 1
2. OPENING l
3. SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATION 2
4. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR WESTPAC PROJECT 2
4.1 TOX工CAND ANOXIC PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ALGAL BLOOMS 3
4.2 RECRU工TMENTOF PENAE工D PRAWNS IN THE 工NDO-WESTERNPACIF工CREGION 5
4.3 PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPPING 6
4.4 MARGINS OF ACTIVE PLATES 6
4.5 CLlMATE RECORDS IN LONG LIVED CORALS 6
4.6 COOPERATIVE STUDIES OF OCEAN DYNAMICS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC 8
4.7 MONITORING HEAVY METALS AND ORGANOCHLORINE PEST工CIDESUSING THE MUSSEL WATCH APPROACH 9
4.8 CO-OPERATIVE RESEARCH OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF C工RCULATIONIN THE WESTERN PACIFIC 10
4.9 ASSESSMENT OF RIVERINE INPUTS TO THE SEAS IN THE WESTPAC REGION 11
s. CLOSURE 11
ANNEXES
1. PROGRAMME OF THE SYMPOSIUM
11. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
111. ABSTRACTS OF SCIENTIF工CPAPERS
SC/92/wS/23
IOC Workshop Report No・76
1. INTRODUCTION
The 10C Sub-Commission for the Wes七ernPacific recommended， a七 i七sFirs七 Session， (Hangzhou， China， 5-9 February 1990)， by Recommenda七ion SC-WESTPACー工.1， 七ha七 a major interna七iona110C-WESTPAC Marine Science Symposium be organized in 1991 0ど 1992.
An 1n七ernationa1 S七eering Commi七七ee for 七he prepara七ion of 七heSymposium was es七ablished during 七he Firs七 Session of the Sub-Commission，
chaired by Dr. J. Baker. The Commi七七eediscussed the objec七ives， s七ruc七ureand 0七herdetailed issues of the Symposium and s七ronglyrecommended七hat七hevenue of七heSymposium be adjacen七七o the WESTPAC region.
The Delega七ion of Malaysia at 七he Twen七y-七hird Session of 七heExecu七iveCouncil of the工OCoffered七o hos七七heSymposium in Malaysia. The Council warmly welcomed the offer of Malaysia and invited regional and global in七erna七ionalbodies to support the international 10C/WESTPAC Marine Science Symposium.
Financial suppor七 providedby Australia， France， Japan， Malaysia，
七heNe七herlands， Uni七edKingdom and United S七a七es， con七ribu七ed七o七hesuccess of the Symposium. The Programme of the Symposium is a七七ached as Annex 1. Approxima七ely 150 par七icipants from 25 coun七ries in and ou七side七heWESTPAC region at七ended 七he Symposium. Abou七 90 papers were presen七ed ei七her at plenary sessions or a七 workshopsorganized in conjunction with七heSymposium. The Lis七 ofpar七icipants is shown in Annex 11.
2. OPEN工NG
The Symposium opened at 0900 hours on 2 December 1991 in the Bayview Pacific Hotel， Penang， Malaysia.
Dato ・MohdNoordin Hassan， Secretaどy-General of the Ministry of Science， Technology and the Environment of Malaysia delivered 七he opening address. He emphasized the important role of七heoceans， especially in七hecoastal zone areas， as a food-supply source or as major area foど s七udy of clima七e changes. He stressed the special a七七entionpaid by七heGovernmen七 of Malaysia to七hemarine sciences and their management， and the willingness of his authori七ies to co-operate with scientists fどomother countries， as well as with interna七ionalorganiza七ions.
The Secretary-General， speaking on behalf of 七he Organizing Commit七ee of 七he Symposium， thanked the Governments of Australia， France，
Japan， the Ne七herlands， the United Kingdom and the Uni七ed S七a七es foど七hesupport they kindly provided to七heSymposium. He welcomed all par七icipantsto七hebeau七ifulisland of Malaysia， and wished them a successful mee七ingand an enjoyable s七ay.
Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg， Secretary 10C， speaking on his own behalf and on七ha七 of七heCommission， expressed sincere gratitude七o the Government of Malaysia for hos七ingthe Symposium. He七hankedall of七hedonor countries for contどibuting to 七he success of the Symposium by the suppor七 they had provided. He also thanked Dr. J. Baker and all members of 工nternationalSteering Commi七七ee for 七heir excellent prepara七ion and organiza七ion of 七heSymposium. The Secretary welcomed all participan七s 七o this impor七antscientific meeting.
The Secretary 10C briefly reviewed pどogressin七heWESTPAC region. He introduced new programmes developed by 10C in co-operation with 0七herUN agencies and referred in particular to the Global Ocean Observing Sys七em(GOOS) . He welcomed scientists and institu七ions supporting and actively participating in such programmes.
The Symposium was officially opened by the Honoどable Pe七erChin Fah Kui， Deputy Minis七erof Science， Technology and the Environmen七， Malaysia，
who welcomed par七icipantsto the Symposium and s七ressed七heimpor七anceof七hedevelopment of the marine sciences， the rational uses of marine resources and
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 2
七hepro七ec七ionof七hemarine environmen七.
Professor John Gray， Universi七Y of Oslo， Norway， presen七ed an overview address七0七heSymposium. Taking G1oba1 1nves七iga七ionof Po11ution in七heMarine Environmen七 (G1PME) as an examp1e， he indica七ed七hesignifican七ro1e of in七erna七iona1 co-opera七ion in marine scien七ific research and monitoring. He reviewed his七orica1 deve10pmen七 of marine sciences and in七roduced some curren七七opics on marine science wi七h specia1 emphasis on marine environmen七 s七udiesand七heimpac七 onbio1ogica1 aspec七s. The overview address was七hesubjec七 ofa 10七 of in七eres七 on七hepar七 ofpar七icipan七s.
3. SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATION
As defined by七he1n七erna七iona1S七eeringCommi七七eeand adop七edby 七he 10C Execu七ive Counci1 a七 its Twenty-七hird Session，七he scien七ificpresen七a七ionscovered four七opicsand keynote speeches were given respec七ive1yon
(a) Ocean Variabi1i七y and Links wi七h C1imate Change Professor Tomio Asai， Ocean Research 1ns七i七U七e， Tokyo Universi七y，
Japan
(b) Causes and 1mpac七sof七heSea Leve1 Change Professor K1aus Wyrtki， Universi七Y of Hawaii， USA
(c) Biogeochemica1 Processes Professor Jean Mar七in，工ns七itu七 de Biogeochimie Marine， Eco1e Norma1e Superieure， France
(d) Managing the Marine Environmen七Dr. Abu Bakar Jaafar， Departmen七 ofEnvironment，Ma1aysia
工naddi七ion，七heSecre七ary10C made a presen七a七ionon七heneed for deve10pmen七 of a G1oba1 Ocean Observing System， the 10C ac七ions in 七hisrespec七 and七heassocia七edrequired coopera七ionand TEMA needs.
Some 25 papers were presented in七heP1enary Sessions under七hesefour七opicswi七hreferences七ona七iona1and regiona1 projec七s. Thanks七o七heeffor七smade by七heOrganizing Commi七七eeand donor coun七ries， i七 was obvious 七ha七 youngscien七is七s from七heregion are ac七ive1yinvo1ved in七hena七iona1，
regiona1 and interna七iona1programmes of marine sciences and services and some in七eres七ing resu1七s were presen七ed七0 七he Symposium. The abs七どac七s of 七hepresen七a七ions are a七七achedas Annex 工11of this report.
The Keyno七e speakers for each 七opic were invi七ed 七o fo11ow a11 presen七ations and discussions， and to summarize the ou七come 七oge七her wi七hsugges七ions七o a11 par七icipan七s in a p1enary session on七he 1as七 dayof七heSymposium.
A11 papers presented 七o the Symposium wi11 be pub1ished by 七heOrganizing Commi七七ee in the first ha1f of 1992 as the Proceedings of 七heSymposium.
A specia1 session， on Western Boundary Curren七 and i七s Decada1 Varia七ion，join七1yini七iatedby the CCCO Pacific Pane1 and七heWESTPAC projec七on Co-opera七ive S七udies of Ocean Dynamics in 七he Nor七hwes七 Pacific， was organized during 七heSymposium. This a七七emptto 1ink globa1 programmes wi七hregiona1 efforts has proved 七o be a successfu1 experience. A 七o七a1 of 6 papers were presen七ed七0 七hep1enary session， discussions and sugges七ionson which are dea1七 wi七h under七herespec七iveregiona1 topic.
4. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR WESTPAC PROJECT
Nine para11e1 workshops were organized for 七he respec七ive nine
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 page 3
WESTPAC projects adop七edby the IOC Sub-Commission for WESTPAC. The workshops どeviewed progress during 七he in七ersessiona1 period and discussed further imp1ementa七ion of 七he projec七s. The different workshops were dea1七 wi七hsequen七ia11y，the 9 七opicsbeing:
Toxic and anoxic phenomena associa七edwi七h a1ga1 b1ooms; Recどui七ment of penaeid prawns in the Indo-Wes七ernPacific Region; Pa1eogeographic mapping; Margins of ac七ivep1ates; Clima七icrecords in long lived cora1s; co-operative s七udies of ocean dynamics in 七he Northwes七Pacific; Moni七oringheavy meta1s and organochloeine pes七icidesusing the mussel watch approach; Co-opera七iveresearch of七hecon七inen七a1she1f circu1a七ionin七heWes七ernPacific; and Assessmen七 of riverine inpu七s to 七he sea in the WESTPAC regl.on.
The discussion a七七heworkshops conc1uded as fo11ows
4.1 TOXIC AND ANOXIC PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED W工THALGAL BLOOMS
Recommendations:
(i) The IOC and the IOC/WESTPAC Secretariat shou1d convene a working group and commit funds for the creation and distribution of a manua1 on techniques used in fie1d and 1aboratory studies on harmfu1 a1ga1 b1ooms.
豆2盟血豆旦主 This manua1 is to be a compi1a七ion of new ma七eria1七oge七herwi七hexisting pro七oco1s七ha七 arenow sca七七ered七hどoughou七七he 1iteどature. The emphasis shou1d be on 七he species and techniques tha七 are appropriate for 七he WESTPAC region， recognizing七he limi七a七ionsmany countries have with respec七 七oexpensive or high1y technica1 equipmen七 The manua1 wi11 ini七ia11y be distributed to individua1s for commen七s and revisions， and 七hen tested and ref ined fur七her a七 a training workshop. Trans1ation of this manua1 into nationa1 1anguages of 七heWESTPAC coun七ries shou1d be considered as a possib1e fu七ureWESTPAC ac七ivity.
(ii) The IOC and WESTPAC shou1d support the creation and distribution of a regiona1 news1etter on harmfu1 a1ga1 blooms.
Co盟旦皇旦主 This effor七 wi11 on1y succeed if Task Team members active1y contribute to the news1etter. Initia1 efforts to dis七ribute a news1etter twice each year 七o approxima七e1y 100 individua1s wi11 be coordinated by D.M. Anderson (USA) and Rhodora Corra1es (Phi1ippines) bu七七he eventua1 goa1 wi11 be for a publication entire1y sustained by workers from the region. On occasion，どapidcommunica七ionwi11 be needed (e.g・1argesca1e red 七ideou七 breaks)，so specia1 bu11etins can be dis七ribu七edfrom七heWESTPAC Secre七aria七 via fax to selected individua1s in each coun七ry.
(iii) The IOC and WESTPAC shou1d provide funds for training workshops and scientific exchange visits.
Co旦旦皇旦主 Oncea protoco1 manua1 is avai1ab1e， a regiona1 training workshop shou1d be convened a七 amarine fie1d s七a七ionwi七hin七heregion where there is easy access七owa七erswhere harmfu1 red七ideb100ms occur. The七rainingactivi七ieswi11 be cen七eredaround七hemanua1， as this wi11 no七 on1y provide va1uab1e feedback on 七heusefu1ness of the materia1 but wi11 a1so enhance 七he 七raining
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 page 4
process. Par七icipa七ion in the workshop shou1d be s七ric七1ycon七ro11ed七o inc1ude on1y七hosewho have had， and wi11 con七inueto have， direct activi七iesin七heco11ec七ionand ana1ysis of fie1d samp1es. Par七icipan七s wi11 be nominated by members of each coun七ry's Task Team， wi七h f ina1 se1ec七ion by 七he Task Team Chairman and Workshop Coordinator.
(iv) The IOC and WESTPAC shou1d provide funds for the crea七ion and dis七ribu七ion of pho七ographs， slides， and preserved samp1es of harmfu1 b100m speciesfrom七heWESTPAC region.
豆2旦担金旦主 Manyof七hepho七ographicmateria1s a1ready exis七， so i七is jus七 a ma七七erof dup1ica七ionand distribu七ion. A fixed number of se七sof七hisma七eria1 (5-10) wi11 be sen七七oeach coun七ry，with 七he dis七ribu七ion of 七hese se七s within each coun七ry 七o be de七ermined by Task Team Members. At present，七here are no七sufficien七 supp1ies of preserved p1ank七on ma七eria1s for distribu七ion. Through七he news1et七eど， requests wi11 be made for workers 七o obtain 1arge quantities of b100m organisms and to preserve 七hemwith appどopria七e me七hods. These samp1es wi11 be co11ec七ed in a cen七ra1 10cation and dis七ribu七ed in via1s as reference ma七eria1sonce七axonomicauthori七ieshave examined and ca七egorizedthem.
(v) As an adjunc七七o 七rainingworkshops，七he IOC and WESTPAC shou1d provide funds for expert visits七o individua1 coun七ries，and for 10ng-term training fe110wships (TEMA) for WESTPAC Coun七ryscientis七s 七o expert 1aboratories.
旦旦旦旦豆旦主 Workshopsprovide impor七an七七raining， bu七 considerab1e benefi七 canbe obtained from 10nger， more persona1 in七erac七ionsin exper七 1aboratoriesor by visits ofexperts七ospecific WESTPAC coun七ry 1abora七ories.
(vi) Recognizing the need for increased understanding and recogni七ionof七he serious threa七七o coasta1 marine resources and to pub1ic hea1th posed by harmfu1 a1ga1 b1ooms，七he IOC and 七he WESTPAC Secretaria七 shou1dwork c1ose1y with Task Team scientists and high 1eve1 po1icy-making officia1s in member countries and regiona1 organiza七ionsso that priori七yis given to ob七ainingexterna1 aid for b100m research and monitoring.
Co旦虫皇旦主 Severa11arge in七erna七iona1programmes on harmfu1 b100ms are under consideration foど funding，bu七 七he success of these proposa1s wi11 be a direct func七ionof七hespecific en七husiasmand suppor七 providedby nationa1 p1anning agencies. These agencies are faced with difficu1七 decisions be七ween compe七inginfras七ruc七uredeve10pmen七.工f the impor七anceof harmfu1 b100m s七udiescan be adequa七e1ycommunicated by Task Team scien七is七sand a high priori七y estab1ished a七七he nationa1 1eve1， ex七erna1agencies wi11 be responsive 七o the perceived needs. To achieve 七his， Task Team members， the IOC， and WESTPAC Secre七aria七 willneed to become po1i七icians and "sa1esmenjwomen"・ To s七ar七 七hispどocesssome guide1ines wi11 be mai1ed七o Task Team members七hatcan be used 七o bui1d argumen七s， and even七ually七o write 1e七七ersfoど p1anning agency use in their con七ac七s wi七h UNDP， and 0七herfunding sources. Funds wi11 no七 be provided by 七hese agencies un1ess 七hey are convinced 七hat harmfu1 b100m programmes are of grea七 na七iona1 and regiona1 impor七ance. Since mos七 na七iona1reseaどch and monitoどingprogrammes in七heWESTPAC coun七ries are no七 we11-funded at presen七 i七 wi11 no七 be easy to change 七heperception of七hesephenomena a七 thena七iona1 1eve1.
(vii) Convene a regiona1 symposium on七heharmfu1 a1ga1 b1ooms， possib1y to be he1d in conjunc七ionwith七hemarine po11u七ionprogramme in WESTPAC
(viii)
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 5
Co盟盟皇旦主 Periodic exchange of scien七ific information is a necessary componen七 ofthe WESTPAC harmfu1 a1ga1 b100m network. The symposium shou1d focus on harmfu1 b100ms， a1七hough some presenta七ions from regiona1 po11u七ion s七udies wou1d be informa七ive.
The IOC and the WESTPAC Secretaria七 shou1d exp10re ways to supp1ement ongoing or p1anned mu1ti-1atera1 programmes on harmfu1 a1ga1 b100ms (e.g. ASEAN/Canada) so that non-ASEAN WESTPAC countries can participate in the training activities of those programmes.
Com盟主旦主 Severa1major aid programmes are being imp1emen七ed七ha七provide七rainingin harmfu1 b100m research issues七o cer七ain， bu七not a11，七heWESTPAC coun七ries . Examp1es are七heASEANjCanada red 七ide pどogramme， and bi-1a七era1 agreemen七s be七ween Japan and Thai1and or the Phi1ippines. Through negotiations with responsib1e officia1s in七heseprogrammes and using WESTPAC funds， i七 maybe possib1e to expand par七icipa七ionin七he七rainingaspec七sof these programmes七o inc1ude more WESTPAC coun七ries.
4.2 RECRUITMENT OF PENAEID PRAWNS IN THE INDO-WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
(i)
Recommenda七ions:
( ii)
( iii)
(iv)
(v)
工OC and FAO to con七inue 七o suppoど七 PREP ac七ivi七ies under the Ocean Science in re1ation七o Living Resources programme (OSLR)・工n par七icu1arIOC-FAO must arrange a memorandum of understanding or con七rac七 be七ween 七he WESTPAC Sub-Commission and 七heparticipa七ingcountries.
Fo110wing the successful training workshops a1ready provided 七hrough PREP， IOC-FAO should provide support for a technica1 adviser七o conduct in-coun七rytraining in七heareas of
)
)
}
)
abed
sampling methods and s七andardization;da七a processing; 七axonomy; and publication of resu1ts
In response 七o the UNDP request for na七iona1 Governmen七s to express七heirsuppor七 for七heapplication of funding (RASj89j012)，
PREP National coordinators should request tha七 their respective coordina七ingagencies consider七he importance of 七he projec七 inre1a七ion七ona七iona1priorities， and communica七e七heirsuppor七七0UNDP.
Tha七七heIOC-FAO Secretaどiatscoordina七e nationa1 responses a七 aregiona1 1eve1 and communicate wi七h UNDPjACIAR.
PREP ac七ivities for 1992 shou1d include:
a) Con七inue month1y j foどtnightly samp1ing of adu1七sjspawning，sub adu1七semigrants， juveniles as high priority， and sampling of post larvae and 1arvae as 10wer priority;
b) Increase七heexchange of samp1ing resu1ts and taxonomic ma七eria1;
c) Continue co11ection of environmen七a1da七a;
d) Es七ab1ish regiona1 database of 1arva1 and pos七 1aどva1 七axonomybefore embarking on con七inuedsamp1ing;
(vi) Estab1ish better cooperative 1inks wi七h 七he re1a七ed WESTPAC
e) En七erand edit samp1ing da七ausing the PREP database.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 page 6
projec七 "Coopera七ives七udiesof continen七al shelf circula七ionin 七heWESTPAC".
4.3 PALEOGEOGRAPH工CMAPPING
The activi七iesrecommended for 1992/93 are:
Dis七ribu七ion of informa七ion package 七o po七en七ial working group members by February 1992;
Draf七ingof base-map for the proj ec七， including a sugges七edpaleo-coas七linea七七hepresen七 120misoba七h， January -May 1992;
Dis七ribu七ionof base-map to working group members， June 1992;
Compila七ionpreliminary da七a by七heworking group a七 a combined Training Couどse/Workshbpin either Hong Kong or Bangkok in Augus七1992;
Presen七a七ion of preliminary da七a 七0 七he Asian Marine Geology Conference， Tokyo， Augus七 1992;
Final compila七ionof map and submission for publica七ion，七oge七herwi七h rela七edpapers， May 1993;
publica七ionof maps and rela七edpapers before七heend of 1993.
4.4 MARGINS OF ACTIVE PLATES
The group concluded its discussions as follows:
An increasing demand for coas七al s七udies was reflec七ed. A new proposal on neo七ec七onicchange on coas七alareas represen七sa par七 ofboundary processes of foreaどc sliners/micropla七es.
Af七erdiscussion，七hefollowing七worevisions were made: addi七ionsof arc volcanism associa七edwi七h arc rif七 andneo七ec七onics in coas七alareas，
bo七h of which are very ac七ive componen七s of boundary processes of forearc sliners/micropla七es， and of七ransformfaul七 associa七edwi七h collision.
Coordina七ion/collabora七ion with 0七her bodies was also discussed. Ocean Mapping of IOC recen七ly es七ablishedWes七ern Pacific Edi七orial Board. CCOP (SEATER) ー Circumpacific' Conference for Energy Mineral Resources (CPC) decided七o crea七e geotec七onicmap project recen七ly. They should be con七ac七ed七o avoid duplica七ion.
Future Mee七ings and planned Cruises
The 2nd In七erna七ionalConference on Asian Marine Geology will be held in Tokyo， 19-22 Augus七 1992， and 七he 29七h In七eどna七ional Geological congress in Kyoto， 24 Augus七 1992. The Symposium on Ocean Science in Rela七ion七o Non-Living Resources (OSLR) will be arranged in conjunction with 七heseeven七s in Japan. Duplica七ionswill be avoided by ensuring regular flow of informa七ionbetween七hoseconcerned. IOC and WESTPAC Secre七aria七 areinvited to approach 七he Governmen七s concerned with a view七o having funds released inter alia七o suppor七 a few invi七edscientis七s from the WESTPAC region.
The Hakuho-maru cruise for Izu-Bonin Ridge from May七oJune 1992 and Tansei-maru cruise for South China Sea in 1993 are considered and planned as WESTPAC cruises in geology and geophysics. A七 leas七 one par七icipa七ingscien七is七 will join七 fromWESTPAC region.
4.5 CLlMATE RECORDS IN LONG L工VEDCORALS ・
Overall Ob守ec七ive: Australian Insti七U七eof Marine Science (AIMS) s七ressed七he
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 7
concep七七ha七七he objective is 七o 七rain，and subsequen七1y co11abora七e wi七h，scien七is七s and七echno1ogis七s from七heIOC-WESTPAC region.
The co11abora七ionis seen七obe 10ng-七ermand ex七ensive.
工ni七ia1con七actswi11 be in the par七icipa七ingcoun七どies. 工nitia1training on respec七ivehome-coun七どy samp1es wi11 be in AIMS.
Subsequent1y equipment wou1d be expected七obe deve10ped in each par七icipa七ingcoun七ry.
Da七a wou1d be he1d in home-countries and a cen七ra1，accessib1e， data-base wou1d be es七ab1isheda七 AIMS.
Firs七 Phaseof Studv
(i) 七o de七eどminethe avai1abi1i七y and suitabi1i七Y of massive cora1s in par七icu1ar10ca七ionsin七heWESTPAC region for banding studies;
( ii) 七o de七ermine七heavai1abili七y of 10gis七icsuppor七 forunderwa七ercore dri11ing in massive cora1s at these 10cations;
(iii) 七o iden七ify re1evan七 workers in member coun七ries curren七1yinvo1ved or wan七ing七o be invo1ved in pori七esbanding s七udies;
(iv) 七o co-ordinate 七he co11ection of sma11 cora1 heads for ini七ia1ana1yses a七 AIMS; and
(v) 七o report七o IOCjWESTPAC on the above.
Second Phase of S七udv
Purpose: To provide researchers from IOCjWESTPAC coun七どies wi七h a broad know1edge in 七he current techniques， methods and unders七anding of environmenta1 records in massive cora1s.
Activi七ies: Par七icipan七s shou1d bring a number of sma11 samp1es of massive cora1s 七o work wi七h during七heirvisit. These wi11 be sliced， X-rayed and various parame七ersmeasured e.g・f1uorescence，density profi1e. In carどyingou七七hese procedures on 七heir own samp1es 七he par七icipan七s shou1d gain an unders七andingof七heprocedures and prob1ems invo1ved.
Participants: The participants should be estab1ished reseaどchers(ra七her七hans七uden七sor technicians) with a s七rongin七erestin deve10ping cora1 chrono1ogy programmes in their home countries)・
Leng七h of stay Idea11y， 2 to 3 months with no more七han七wopar七icipan七s at any one七ime.
Funding Requirements: Return airfare， accommoda七ion and 1iving expenses. (possib1e use of AIMS on-site accommoda七ion$50 per week uni七 or$80 per week for a house $ 600 - 960 for 3 months).
Cos七 ofx-raying samp1es (abou七 $250per hour at 1oca1 hospita1)， deve10pment of posi七iveprin七s $5-8 each a七 A工MS about $100)， misce11aneous ma七eria1sand store ( abou七 $4000). Total for materials and s七ores abou七$ 750 per participant.
These f igures are Australian do1lars. The training a七 AIMS，inc1uding airfares， is es七imatedto average about US $4400 per person.
Amended七ime七ableand budget
(1 July - 30 June) US$
1991 -1992 Establishment of co11abora七ion 11，940
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 8
1992 -1993
1993 -1994
1994 -1995
1991- 1995
and regional collec七ion.
Training of 6x2 collabora七orsa七 A工MS
Construc七 andins七allspecial equipmen七in par七icipatingcoun七ries (seek ex七ernalfunds)
Train in remo七e sensing techniques {七o loca七e sui七ablecorals)
Training of 3x2 collabora七orsa七 A工MS
Continue equipmen七 provision(ex七ernal funds)
Workshop七o allow comparison of results
As per original concep七(Hangzhou 1990)
To七al
52，800
26，400
40，000
105，000
236，140
(of original 238，000)
4.6 COOPERATIVE STUDIES OF OCEAN DYNAMICS IN THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC
The name of 七he group ac七ivi七Y should be changed from Ocean Dynamics in七heNor七hwes七 Pacific七o Ocean Dynamics in七heWes七ernPacific.
工ncreasedWESTPAC ODC-2 ac七ivitiesshould be supported七oaddress clima七e-rela七ed s七resses on WESTPAC nations (e.g・drought in Indonesia and Australia)・
Recognizing七he in七erna七ional effor七s 七o design and implemen七 aglobal ocean observing sys七em，WESTPAC considera七ions yield the following recommenda七ions:
(i) No七inggrea七 progressin七heestablishment of sea-level s七a七ionsin WESTPAC na七ions，the long-term main七enanceof those importan七七imeseries should' be encouraged;
(ii) No七ing七he impor七anceof long-term observa七ionsof ocean七hermalstruc七ure changes (including SST and 七hermocline dep七h) in 七heWESTPAC region， using such devices and XBTs and七hermis七orchain moorings， national con七ribu七ions 七o 七his effor七 should be encouraged;
(iii) No七ingalso七heneed for systema七icmeasurements of七hes七rongand variable ocean curren七 sys七ems in the WESTPAC region， i七 shouldbe encouraged七ha七 na七ionalcon七ributions七oa long-七ermobserving sys七em using modern me七hods such as acous七ic Doppler curren七profilers (ADCP) and satelli七e-trackeddrif七ersi
(iv) Sampling for biogeochemical s七udies should be coordina七ed wi七hphysical measuremen七 programmeswhenever possible; and
(v) Na七ional s七udies of wes七ern boundary currents should be coordina七ed，and addi七ionalna七ionaleffor七sshould be encouraged by WESTPAC.
Activities
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 9
Organize a special session on low-la七itudewes七ernboundary currents a七七heWes七ern Pacific Geophysical Mee七ing (Hong Kong， 17-21 Augus七 1992) to accelerate joint activi七Y of 七he CCCO Pacific Ocean S七udies Panel and the
、、WESTPAC-ODC2.Required budget us事 13，000
Conduct a workshop along七heline recommended here before (or after) 七henex七IAMAPj工APSOmee七ing (Yokohama， July 1993) Required budget US$ 15，000
Support a JECSS-WESTPAC Symposium along the 1ine of recommenda七ions.Required budget US$ 10，000 for 1993 and 10，000 for 1995
S七ar七 aprogramme of七rainingcourses both on cruise and modeling， encouraging bilateral cooperation. Cruise facilities will be provided by USA， Japan and China. Modeling facili七ieswill be provided by China and Japan. Required budget for cruise US$15，000jyr; for modeling US事 15，000jyr.
4.7 MONITORING HEAVY METALS AND ORGANOCHLORINE PEST工C工DES USING THE MUSSEL WATCH APPROACH
The following commen七swere made on Musselwatch activi七ies:
(i) Proposed in七ercalibra七ionexercise did no七七akep1ace.
(ii) IOC，七hrough 七he Group of Experts on S七andards and Reference Material (GESREM)， is preparing a Reference Mater~タ1 suitable for use by labora七oriespar七icipatingin the工nterna七ionalMusselwa七chprogrammes.
(iii) The In七ernational Musselwatch programme has star七ed its field-phase in Sou七hAmerica and the Caribbean in coordina七ionwith the na七ionalprogrammes in North America. WESTPAC collabora七orswill await七heoutcome of七hisstudy.
(iv) Given the close relationship of their interes七s i七 would seem appropria七e to have a joint meeting of 七he Musselwa七ch， River 工npu七s and Toxic and Anoxic Phenomena group scien七is七s from七heWESTPAC， a七 a convenient七imein 1993.
(v) Since changes in personnel have occurred， a new lis七ingof coun七ryfocal poin七s should be prepared.
Other issues discussed include atmospheric transport of pollu七an七s， in七eraction with 0七her regional pollution programmes， economic impacts of marine pollution and coastal margin fluxes.
The Workshop recommended七hat:
(i) Recognizing七heimpor七anceof atmospheric七ranspor七 ofpollutan七s，
七his be included in marine pollu七ion research and moni七oring(MPRM) network activi七ies. The problem should be reviewed and a programme developed for considera七ionat the nex七 WESTPACmee七ing(Prof. Jing Zhang to coordinate);
(ii) a closer interaction between the WESTPAC marine pollu七ionresearch and monitoring， and other WESTPAC programme componen七s;
(iii) coun七ry focal points for MPRM activities be designed; 七he list must be kep七 up to date so that progress and problems can be discussed on a wider basis;
(iv) WESTPAC MPRM collaborators prepare materials for presen七a七ion七ona七ional plannersjdecision makers on the socio-economic impacts of marine pollution;
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 10
(v) 七he七oxicand anoxic phenomena group and七heMPRM ne七workshould work more closely on the possible sources of七riggeどs for algal blooms;
(vi) coas七almargin fluxed of ma七erialsbe considered as a fu七ures七udyarea for七heMPRM ne七work.
4.8 CO-OPERATIVE RESEARCH OF THE CONT工NENTALSHELF CIRCULATION IN THE WESTERN PAC工F工C
Since七he implemen七a七ionplan was adop七ed in Oc七ober 1990， much progress has been made in several of 七he sub-regional seas iden七ified as po七en七ial sub-projec七s. Following are the summary of七heworkshop resul七s:
(i) Gulf of Thailand - Coordinator: Dr. Mahanop Bunpapong
Thailand-Norway bila七eral s七udy;
A proposed projec七 may be partially funded by Japan 七hrough a Japan-Malaysia bila七eral study of 七he Malaysia peninsula which will cover七hesou七hernpar七 of七heGulf mou七h;
Swedish工nteどnationalDevelopmen七 Au七hori七Y (SIDA) has expressed i七s in七eres七sin七heregion and some funds may be sough七 forbo七hThailand and Vie七nam;
Par七icipa七ing coun七ries are Thailand， Japan and Malaysia and Vietnam has indica七edi七s interes七s in七heprojec七s.
(ii) Malacca S七どai七ー Coordina七or: Dr. Abdul Aziz Ibrahim
The project name was defined as Malacca S七rai七 and 七he Andaman Sea. i七 wasproposed七o change七hename七o 七heabove one.
A national projec七 hasbeen funded by Malaysian governmen七 andA Japan-Malaysia bila七eralstudy of Malaysia peninsula which will coveど七heMalacca Strai t has been proposed. 工ndonesianscien七is七sexpressed七heirin七eres七s in七his s七udy.
(iii) Pacificjlndian Ocean through-flow region
Because of七hena七ureof this sub-projec七， i七 wassugges七ed七ha七i七 be七ransferred七o ODC-2，七heprojec七 onOcean Dynamics in七heWestern Pacific.
(iv) Eas七 ChinaSea - Coordinator: Dr. Te七suoYanagi
The implementation of七heprojec七 isundeどway. Some studies have been carried ou七， e.g・ChinesJGOFS marginal flux s七udy; Chinese shelf circulation study; Japanese JGOFS marginal flux s七udy;KoどeanTsushima current s七udyand China-Japan bila七eralKuroshio s七udy，e七c.
(v) Sulu Sea - Coordina七or: Commodore En七a七o B. Feir
The scien七is七s from Philippines， Indonesia and China indica七edtheir interes七s in the study. Fur七her funds 七o support implemen七ation in this area should be seek by paど七icipatingins七itu七ions.
(vi) Gulf of Tonkin - Coordinator: to be iden七ified
This is a new proposal submitted by Vie七nama七 thismee七ing・Itwas accepted by 七he workshop. The de七ail proposal will be developed by scien七is七s from Vietnam with possible co-opera七ionwi七h Chinese scientis七s.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 page 11
A 七rainingcourse on numerical modeling on shelf seas circula七ionwas proposed by七hewoどkshop. The objectives of七his course are to provide scien七ific knowledge of numerical modeling of shelf seas to the scien七istsfrom developing coun七riesand enable七hem七oconduc七 process-orien七eds七udiesusing七wO-dimensional七idaland wind-driven numerical ciどcula七ionmodels. The participan七s of七hecourse should have experience in numerical modeling.
Japan and China expressed七heirwillingness to hos七七his七rainingcourse， provide compu七ing facilities and 七o cover part of expenses for ins七ructoどs and the trainees.
The workshop discussed with appreciation the offers made by Japan and China and decided七hatthe date and venue for this training course.
The firs七 choice: in Summer 1993 in Tokyo， Japan The second choice: Au七umn 1992 at Insti七ute of Atmospheric Science. (Numerical s七udies labora七oryBeijing， China)
4.9 ASSESSMENT OF RIVER INPUTS TO THE SEAS 工N THE WESTPAC REGION
Some excellen七 progress has been made on 七he study of mangrove fluxes， bu七 morework in needed for a good unders七anding of 七hese sys七ems.Some good data on con七aminan七s in mussels has been produced but 七his data needs七obe rela七ed， in some cases，七olocal geochemis七ry七oclearly de七erminewhere pollu七ion is occurring.
Reference me七hods for measuring contaminan七 conc.eptra七ions need con七inual upgrading. Modelling may be of assistance in coas七al pollu七ionstudies， but appropriate testing is requiどed.
Estuaries are s七illa major source of scientific con七roversy， bu七some progress has been made on flux determinations.
A七七he IOCjWESTPAC Workshop on River Inpu七s of Nu七rien七s 七0 七heMarine Environmen七 itwas reported that:
A labora七oryintercalibration exercise for nu七どientswillecarried out in 1992; and
There is a need to encourage na七ional agencies 七o include nu七rien七s in river wa七er studies.
A join七 workshopwith the toxic and anoxic phenomena group should be held immediately before the next WESTPAC session.
The following rivers systemsjcountries have been recommended for inclusion in a WESTPAC programme on river inpu七sto nu七どien七s 七o 七hemarine environmen七.
Russia -Amur River R. Korea - 5 river systems Japan - Tama River China-Qiantang and Jiulongjinag Rivers Philippines -Pampnga and Pasig Rivers Thailand - Bang Pankong Mae Klong and Chao Phraya Rivers Malaysia - perak and Merbok Rivers Fiji - Rawa River Aus七ralia- South Johns七oneRiver
Sampling and analytical stra七egies have been developed and will be tested in the pどoposedprogramme.
5. CLOSURE
Dr. J. Baker， Chairman of the International Steering Committee for
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 page 12
七heSymposium addressed 七heplenary session. He expressed his sincere七hanks七o 七hemembers of 七heCommi七七eeand七heLocal organizing Commi七七eefor 七heirexellent work on prepara七ionand organization of the Symposium since七helas七session of七heIOC WESPAC Sub-Commission， February 1990. He also七hankedall par七icipan七s for 七heira七七endanceand presen七a七ionof scien七ific papers. He extended his congra七ula七 ~ons on七hesuccess of七heSymposium and expressed七hehope七ha七 i七s conclusions and recommendations would provide guidance for七hefur七her implemen七a七ionof WESTPAC programmes.
Professor Su Jilan，七heAc七ingChairman for七he Sub-Commission，
speaking on behalf of all par七icipan七s， expressed gra七i七ude七o Dr. Baker for his effec七ive handling of 七his impor七an七 scien七ific even七 and for his leadership of七heIn七ernationalS七eeringCommi七七ee. He also thanked七helocal organizer and all paど七icipan七sfoど七heirsuppor七 andeffor七swhich con七ribu七ed七o ensuring七hesuccess of七heSymposium.
The Ac七ingChaiどmanclossd七heSymposium a七 1730houどs， 6 December 1991.
工OCWorkshop Report No. 76 Annex I
ANNEX工
PROGRAMME OF THE SYMPOSIUM
MONDAY 2 DECEMBER 1991
0800-0900 Registration
0900-1030 Opening Session
-We1come Remark: Dato' Mohd Noordin Hassan， Secretary-Genera1， Minis七ry of Science， Techno10gy and 七heEnvironment， Ma1aysia
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ー Officia1Opening: The Honourab1e Mr. Pe七er Chin Fah Kui， Depu七y Minister of Science， Technology and 七he Environment， Ma1aysia
一 OveどviewAddress: Prof. John Gray， Professor， University of Oslo， Norway
1030-1100 Coffee Break
1100-1230 Plenary Session -Keyno七eAddresses Chairman: Da七0' Mohd Noordin Hassan
Ocean Variabili七y and Links With the C1imate Change: Prof. Tomio Asai
Causes and Impacts of the Sea Leve1 Change: Prof. K1aus Wyr七ki
1230-1400 Lunch
1400-1530 Session on IOC/WESTPAC Sub-Commission programmes Chairman: Prof. Su Ji1an
A Summary Presenta七ion of IOC/WESTPAC Sub-Commission Programmes: Respec七iveprojec七 Cooどdina七ors
1530-1600 Coffee Break
1600-1730 Plenary Session -Keyno七eAddresss (Cont.) Chairman: Prof. John Gray
Managing the Marine Environment: Dr. Abu Bakar Jaafar
Provision of Adqua七einforma七ionBase for Ocean Deve10pmen七:
Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg
1745-1900 Special Mee七ing for WESTPAC Workshop Chairman
2000-2200 Welcome Reception
TUESDAY 3 DECEMBER 1991
0900-1030 Plenaどy Session Scien七ific Session 1A on Causes and
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 1 - page 2
1030-1100
1100-1230
1230-1400
1400-1530
1530-1600
1600-1730
Impac七sof Sea Level Change Chairman: David Pugh
Wes七 Pacific Marginal Seas in Las七 Glacia七ion:Paleogeography and its Environmen七al.lmpac七:
Prof. Wang Pinxian
Global Rise in Sea Level and Coral Reef Islands: Prof. David Hopley
Halocene Sea-Level Changes in 七heMalay-Thai Peninsula， A Tec七onicallyS七ableEnvironmen七:
Prof. H. D. Tjia
Coffee Bどeak
Scien七ific Session 1B on Causes and Impacts of Sea Level Change (Con七.)
Chairman: Dr. G. Kullenberg
The Circular Propaga七ing Pa七七ern of 七he Low-frequency Fluc七ua七ionsof Mon七hlyMSL in七heTropical Pacific and i七sCorrela七ionwi七h El-Nino: Mr. Yu Jiye
De七ec七ingNearshore Wave Clima七e Changes due七o Ar七ificialSea-level Rise: Dr. Abdul Aziz Ibrahim
The Reasons of China's Coas七alErosion: Assoc. Prof. Wu Guiqui
Lunch
Scien七ific Session 2A on Ocean Variabili七y and Links wi七h七heClima七eChairman: Prof. Zeng Qingcun
Sea SuどfaceTempera七ureVaria七ions in七he Sou七h China Sea during the Nor七hernHemisphere Win七erMonsoon: Dr. Lim Joo Tick and Mど・ Tuen Kwong Lum
Asean-Aus七ralia Economic Coopera七ion Programme-Regional Ocean Dynamics Projec七:
Dr. Ilahude
Numerical Simula七ion of Ocean Variabilities and Ex七どa-seasonal predic七ionof Climate: Prof. Zeng Qingcun
Coffee Break
Scien七ificSession 3a on Biogeochemical Processes: Chairman: Dr. J. Baker
Impac七 ofChemical Elemen七s七o 七heChina Sea via River and A七mosphere:Prof. Jing Zhang
Chemis七ry of Asian Wind Dus七 Transpor七七0 七he Nor七hwes七Pacific: Prof. Jing Zhang
The Rela七ionBetween Phy七oplafiktonS七andingS七ockand Wa七erTempera七ure in 七he Banda Sea and 七he Seram Sea Eas七ernIndonesian Wa七ers:
Ir. Agus Sediadi
2000-2200 Cu1七ura1 Show and Reception
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex工-page 3
WEDNESDAY 4 DECEMBER 1991
0900-1030
1030-1100
1100-1300
1300-1400
1400-1730
Scien七ificSession 3B on Biogeochemica1 Processes (Con七.)
Chairman: Dr. Mohinder Singh
The G1oba1 Expansion of Red Tides and Harmfu1 A1ga1 B1ooms: Dr. Dona1d Anderson
Innocu1ation and Cu1ture of pedinonones Noc七i1ucae， a Symbion七 ofNoc七i1ucaScin七i11anceof Gu1f of Thai1and: Prof. Tomo七oshiOkaichi
Changes in Phy七op1ank七on Popu1a七ion in 七he Chao Phraya es七uary， Thai1and， during 七he Eutrophication Mechanism Studies: Prof. T. Piyakarnchana
Coffee Break
Specia1 Scien七ific Session on Wes七ern Boundary Curren七shosted by CCCO Pacific Pane1: Co-Chaiどmen: Dr. D.X. Hu and Dr. T. Yamagata
Wes七ernBoundary Currents in East of七hePhi11ippines: Dど. D.X. Hu
On-going and Future Pどogrammeson the S七udyof Ar1indo: Dr. A.G. I1ahude
Low-La七i七udeWes七ernBoundary Curren七sin七hePacific Ocean: Dr. R. Lukas
In七erdecada1 Na七ura1 C1ima七e Variabi1i七y in the Wes七ernPacific and i七s Imp1ication in G1oba1 Warming: Dr. T. Yamaga七a
The Surface Circu1a七ionof七heJapan Sea: Dr. J.H. Yoon
Lunch
WoどkshopsjTechnica1Sessions on IOCjWESTPAC Projects:
Toxic and Anoxic Phenomena Associated with A1ga1 B1ooms: Chairman: Dr. T. Okaichi
Recrui七men七 of penaeid Prawns in the Indo-western Pacific Region: Chairman: Dr. Derek Stap1es
Paleogeographic Mapping: Chairman: 0ど. Robert Burne
Margins of Active P1a七es:Chairman: Prof. Hideo Dagami
C1ima七icRecords in Long Lived Cora1s: Chairman: 0ど. J. Baker
Cooperati ve Studies of Ocean Dynamics in the Northwes七Pacific: Chairman: Dr. T. Yamaga七a
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex工-page 4
Moni七oringHeavy Metals and OrganochloどinePes七icidesusing 七heMussel Wa七chApproach: Chairman: Dr. Su七hip
Coopera七iveResearch of 七he Con七inen七al Shelf Circula七ionin the Wes七ernPacific: Chairman: Dr. Dunxin Hu
Assessmen七 of River Inpu七s 七o 七he Seas in 七he WESTPAC Region: Chairwoman: Prof. Manuwadi Hungspreugs
THURSDAY 5 DECEMBER 1991
0900-1200
1200-1245
1245-1400
1400-1730
2000-2200
FRIDAY 6 DECEMBER
0900-0930
0930-1030
Workshops/Technical Sessions on IOC/WESTPAC projec七s(con七.)
Plenary Session - Keyno七eAddress Chairman: Cap七. Mohd Rasip bin Hassan
Biogeochemical Processess: Prof. Jean M. Mar七in
Lunch
Pos七erSession
Algal Flora of七heGreat Barrier Reef: Drs. 工.R. Price and F.J. Sco七七
Developing Marine Science Ma七erials for Sou七h Pacific Schools: Dr. S.M. Ri七chie
Gian七 ClamMaricul七ure:Dr. J.S. Lucas
Geographic Informa七ion Derived from Aerospace Data on Pacific Tropical Low Islands， Reefs and Lagoons: Dr. L. Loubersac
Video Show
Ar七ificialReefs: Depar七men七 ofFisheries， Malaysia
Field Visit to Muka Head Research S七a七ion foど Marine and Coas七alS七udies
Symposium Dinner Hosted by Minis七ryof Science， Technology and七heEnvironmen七， Malaysia
Plenary Session -Keynote address Chairman: Mr. Mazlan Bin Jusoh
Managemen七 Needs:Mr. G. Kelleher (presen七edby Dr. J. Baker)
Scientific Session 4A on Managing七heMarine Environmen七:
Chairman: Commodore Rena七o B. Feir
The Impor七anceof Ecosystem Diversity and Stability七oCoral Reef Mana:gement: Dr. J. van deど Land
1030-1100
1100-1215
1215-1445
1445-1530
1530-1730
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex工-page 5
Managemen七 ofMarine Environment: Dr. J.K. Patterson Edward
Artificia1 Reefs -an Emerging Techno1ogy for Enviどonmen七a1Management: Raja Mohd Noordin， Choo poh Sze and Ismai1 Ishak
Coffee 8reak
Scientific Session 4B on Managing the Marine Environmen七(cont.) : Chairman: Prof. T. Piyakarnchana
Space Missions in Oceanography during the 1990・sand 8eyond: Dr. Wi11ian Patzert
Recen七 Trendin Pe七ro1eumContamina七ionin七heWes七ernNor七hPacific: Dr. Katsuhiko Fushimi
Geographic Informa七ionDerived From Aerospace Da七aFor Land Nd Sea Resource Surveys， Eva1ua七ion and Management on Pacific Tropica1 Low Is1ands， Reefs and Lagoons: Dr. L. Loubersac
Lunch
Workshop Reports: Chairman: Dr. J. 8aker
A Report on the Workshops he1d during七hesymposium by Prof. Su Ji1an， WESTPAC Acting Chairman
Conc1uding Session Symposium Synthesis and Panel Discussions: Chairman: Captain Mohd Rasip bin Hassan By Keynote Speakers
c10sing Speech Dr. J Baker， Chairman， In七ernationalS七eeringCommi七teefor Second WESTPAC Symposium
Officia1 c10sing - Pどof. Su Ji1an， WESTPAC Ac七ingChaiどman
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 工工 - page 2
Ms. Maria Consolacion N. CAPINO Depar七men七 of Environmen七 andNa七ural Resources National Capi七alRegion E1-AL Building 100 Quezon Avenue Quezon Ci七YPHIL工PPINES
Dr. Rhodora AZANZA-CORRALES Marine Science 工nsti七u七euniversi七Y of七hePhilippines Diliman， Quezon Ci七yPH工LIPPINES
Phone: 989671七o 76
Dr. Pe七erCROCOS CS工ROMarine Laboratories P.O. Box 120 Cleveland 4163 AUSTRALIA
Dr. Jaques DANIEL ORSTOM Cen七er in Noumea New Caledonia
Phone: (687) 262877 Telex: 3193 NM Fax (687) 264326
Dr. V.P. DEVASSAY Assis七an七 Direc七orNa七ional Institu七e of oceanography Dona Paula， Goa-403004 INDIA
Phone Telex Fax
46126253-46 0194-316 MGGIN 91(0)832-4612
Ms. Shahuntala DEVI Fisheries Research Ins七itu七eDepar七men七 of Fisheries 11700 Glugor penang MALAYSIA
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Prof David HOPLEY Director Sir George-Fisher Centre for Tropical Marine S七udiesJames Cook Universi七yTownsville Queensland AUSTRALIA 4811
Phone: 61.77.814817 Fax 61.77.755429
Dr. J.K. Pa七七ersonEDWARD Centre of Advance S七udy in Marine Biology Annamalai Universi七YParangipe七七ai- 608 502 Tamilnaidu IND工A
Phone: 2146
Mr. Leung Siu FAI Marine Biological Associa七ion of Hong Kong Depaどtmentof Zoology universi七y of Hong Kong HONG KONG
Phone: 8092179 Fax 852-8092197
Commodore Renato Bersamin FEIR Coas七 &Geode七icSurvey Depar七men七Na七ionalMapping and Resource Information Au七hori七y421， Barraco S七.， San Nicholas Manila PHILIPPINES 1010
Mr. Liang FENGKIN Sta七eOceanic Adminis七ration，China 1， Fuxingmenwai Ave. Beijing 100860 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CH工NA
Phone: 867283 Telex: 22536 NBO Fax 8033515
Mr. Tianbao FU Third Insti七uteof Oceanography SOA P.O. Box 0570 Xiamen， Fujian， 361005 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA
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Fax (81-3)ー3812-0529
Dr. Ka七suhikoFUSH1M工Chief Oceanogどaphica1Division Marine Departmen七Japan Meteoro1ogica1 Agency 1-3-4 0七emachi，Chiyo daku Tokyo 100 JAPAN
Fax 03-3211-3047
Dど. Phi10mena GANGA1YA University of七heSou七hPacific Fiji P.O. Box 1168， Suva F工J工
Phone: (679) 313900 Te1ex: FJ2276 Fax (679) 300373
Mr. Cie1ito L. GONZALES Fisheries Resources Research Div. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources， Arcadia B1ag， 860 Quezon Avenue， Quezon City PH1L1PP1NES
Phone: 96-56-50
Prof. John GRAY Depar七men七 ofMarine Bio1ogy University of Bergen 5065 B10ms七erda1enNORWAY
Dr. Roy M. GREEN Director 1nstitu七e of Na七ura1 Resources and Environment (CS1RO) P.O. Box 225 Dickson， ACT 2602 AUSTRAL1A
Phone: (06) 2766614 Fax 06 2766207
Mr. J. Robin E. HARGER programme Specia1ist UNESCO J1. M.H. Thamrin 14 Tromo1 Pos 1273jJKT Jakarta 10012 1NDONES1A
Mr. Kama1uddin HASSAN Geo1ogical Survey Depar七men七1poh Perak Darul Ridzuan MALAYS1A
Capt. Mohd. Rasip HASSAN Hydrography Depar七men七Department of Navy， Ministry of Defence， Ja1an Padang Tembak KUALA LUMPUR
Phone: 03-2353075 Fax 03-2987972
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 11 -page 3
Mr. Goh Siew HOON Universi七iKebangsaan Ma1aysia Sabah MALAYS工A
Phone: 885237
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Te1ex: 32222 工SSCN Fax 86-532-270882
Dr. Manuwadi HUNGSPREUGS Professor and Head of Department Departmen七 ofMarine Science Facu1ty of Science Chu1a1ongkorn University Phyathai Road Bangkok 10330 THA1LAND
Fax 662-254 4259
Dr. Abdul Aziz 1BRAH1M Directoど， Coas七a1and Offshore Engineering 1ns七i七ute，Universiti Tekno1ogi Malaysia Jalan Semarak 54100 Kua1a Lumpur MALAYS1A
Mr. Wan Ramlah Hj. Wan 1BRAH1M Department of' Environmen七Ministry of Science， Techno1ogy and 七heEnvironmen七，13七h Floor， Wisma Sime Daどby，50662 Kua1a Lumpur MALAYS工A
Phone: 03-2938955 Fax 03-2931480
Ms. Rohani IBRAH工MFisheries Research Insti七ute，FRI， G1ugor 11700 G1ugor Penang MALAYSIA
Phone: 05-872777
Mど. A.G. ILAHUDE Puslitbang Oseanologi LIP1 Ja1an Pasir Pu七ih1， Anco1 Timur P.O. Box 4801 Jakarta 12190 INDONESIA
Phone: 683850 Telex: 62875 PDII-IA Fax (62) (021) 681948
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 1工-page 4
Mr. Ismail 工SHAKFisheries Research Ins七i七u七eJalan Akuarium Glugor Pulau penang MALAYS工A
Dr. Abu Bakar JAAFAR Direc七orDepar七men七 ofEnvironmen七，13rd Floor， Wisma Sime Darby， Jalan Raja Lau七Kuala Lumpur MALl弘YSIA
Phone: 03-2938955 Fax 03-2931480
Prof. Zou JINGZHONG Chairman and ProfessoどDepar七men七 ofMarine Environment Sc. Ins七i七U七e of Oceanology Academia Sinica 7， Nanhai Road， Qingdao 266071 PEOPLE'S REPUBL工C OF CHINA
Telex: 32222 工SSCN Fax 0532-270882
Mr. Yu JIYE Na七ionalMarine Data and Informa七ionService S七a七e Oceanic Adminis七ration93 Liuwei Road Road， Hedong Dis七ric七，Tianjin 300171 PEOPLE'S REPUBL工C OF CHINA
Telex: 23138 NODC CN Fax 085-022-314408
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Dr. Mohamed KAMIL Facul七Y of Fisheries and Marine Science， Universi七i Per七anianMalaysia， Mengabang Telipo七21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA
Phone: 09-896411 Fax 09-896441
Dr. Masaki KAWABE Ocean Research工ns七i七U七eUniversi七Y of Tokyo Minamidai， Nakano-ku Tokyo 164 JAPAN
Phone: 03-3376-1251
Dr. A七harAli KHAN Na七ional Ins七i七U七e of Oceanography 37-K/6， P.E.C.H.S. Karachi PAKISTAN
Dr. Gong Wooi KHOON School of Biological Sciences Universi七i Sains Malaysia Minden 11800 penang MALAYSIA
Lt. Cdr Guoy Tong KIAT Depar七men七 ofNavy Minis七ryof Defence Jalan Padang Tembak 50634 Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA
Phone 03-2353514
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Prof. Masaaki KODAMA School of Fisheries Sciences Kitasako Universi七YSanriku， Iwate 022-01 JAPAN
Fax 0192-44-2125
Dr. J. VAN DER LAND Chairman Ne七herland Marine Foundation P.O. Box 9517 2300 RA Leiden THE NETHERLANDS
Phone: 70-143844 Fax 70-133344
Research
Dr. Soo Hyung LEE Principal Researcher Korea Ocean Research and Developmen七Ins七itute，Ansan， P.O. Box 29 Seoul 425-600 KOREA
Dr. Thaithaworn LIRDWITAYAPRASIT Marine Fisheries Division 89/1 Soi Sapanpla， Yannawa Bangkok 10120 THA工LAND
Fax 2123440
Ms. Jianhua LIU Department of Bo七anyUniversi七yof Hong Kong Pokfulam Road， HONG KONG
Ms. Ch'ng Kim LOOI Direc七or In七erna七iona1，Ministry of Science， Techno1ogy and the Enviどonmen七14七h F1oor， Wisma sime Darby， Kua1a Lumpur MALAYSIA
Phone: 03-2938955 Fax 603-2936006
Dr. L. LOUBERSAC Head Po1ynesian Remo七e Sensing Faci1i七yIFREMER BP 601 Papeete TAHIT工
Prof. Roger LUKAS JIMAR， University of Hawaii at Manoa， 1000 Pope Road， Hono1u1u， Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.
Mr. Tuen Kwong LUM Ma1aysia Meteoro1ogica1 Service Ja1an Su1七an46667 Pe七a1ingJaya MALAYSIA
Dr. M. MAEDA Depar七men七 ofMarine Science and Techno1ogy Tokyo Universi七Y of Fishery 5-7 Konan 4-Chome， Mina七o-kuTokyo 108 JAPAN
Prof. Jean M. MARTIN Institu七 deBiogeochimie Marine Eco1e Normale Superieure Uni七e Associee Au CNRS No 386 1 rue Maurice Arnoux 92120 Montrouge FRANCE
Phone: 531 47353089
Dr. purwi七oMARTOSUBROTO FAO Fisheries Depar七men七Via del1e Teどmedi Caraca11a， 00100 Rome ITALY
Phone: 57976469 Fax 5720330
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Fax 0958 43 1379
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex II - page 5
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Prof. Piamsak MENASVETA Sichang Marine Science and Research S七a七ionChu1a1ongkorn University Bangkok 10330 THA工LAND
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Mr. C1aude MILLOT Research Direc七orCentre d'Oceano1ogie de Marsei11e Antenne Du C.O.M， cjo 工FREMERBP 330 83507 La Seyne FRANCE
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IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 工工 - page 6
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Aqua七ic
Center For River and Sea Dyn T/T Dong Luc Hoc S.B. 208 Doi Can Hanoi V工ETNAM
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Phone: 202/863-3990 Fax 202/863-3995
¥一-Prof. Wang PINXI五N一一一一一一ー"._-'''--'-'~~.>
Depar七men七 ofMarine Geology Tongji Universi七yShanghai 200092 PEOPLE ・SREPUBLIC OF CH工NA
Phone: 86-21-5455080 ext. 3207 lFax:8M1-5458965J
"Pr'trf...-~~esuセdr-"t)ÎYAKARNじHANADepartmen七 ofMarine Science 6， Soi， Raumit， Yansinka， Dahol Yothin Road Bangkok 10400
Mr. Lui Yean PONG Facu1七Y of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Universiti per七anianMalaysia 43400 Upm Serdang MALAYSIA
Phone: 03-9486101 ex七 2523Fax 03-9482697
Dr. D.T. PUGH Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Labora七oryBrook Road， Wormley Godalming， SuどどeyGu 8 5UB UNITED KINGDOM
Prof. Zeng Q工NGCUNIns七i七u七e of A七mospheどicPhysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 PEOPLE ・S REPUBLIC OF CH工NA
Fax 86-1-2562347-86-1-2028604
Assoc. Prof. Wu QUIQIU Firs七工nsti七U七e of Oceanography S七ateOceanic Adminis七rationP.O. Box 98， Qingdao 2660003 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Phone: 0532-270882 Te1ex: 32135 Fax 0532-279562
Mohd. Kushairi b. Mohd. RAJUDDIN FisheどiesResearch Institute Ja1an Akuarium G1ugor Pu1au Pinang MALAYSIA
Prof. Liu RUIYU (J.Y. Liu) 1ns七i七U七e of Oceano1ogy， Academia Sinica， 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao， 266071 PEOPLE'S REPUBL1C OF CH工NA
Phone: 532-279175 Te1ex: 32222 1SS CN Fax 0086-532-270882
Dr. Mohd. Nasir SAADON Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science， Universi七i Pertanian Malaysia， Mengabang Telipot 21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA
Phone: 09-896411 Fax 09-896441
Mr. Agus SEDIAD1 工ns七ituteof Marine Resources and Development (R&D) POKA-Ambon 1NDONESIA
Dr. Noor Azhar SHAZ1LI Facu1ty of Fisheries and Marine Science， Universi七i Pertanian Malaysia， Mengabang Telipot 21030 Kuala Terengganu MALAYSIA
Phone: 09-896411 Fax 09-896441
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 11 - page 7
Mr. Gao SHENGQUAN Second Insti七U七e of oceanography P.O. Box 1207 Hangzhou， Zhejiang 310012 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Dr. Evgueny SHUMILIN Pacific Oceanologica1 工ns七itu七e7， Radio S七どeet690032 Vladivos七okRUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Ms. Sun SHUYUAN Third Insti七U七e of oceanography State Oceanic Administra七ionP.O. Box 0570， Xiamen City Fujian 361005 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Mr. Geronimo SILVESTRE ICLARM MC P.O. Box 1501， Maka七i，Metro Mani1a PH1L1PP1NES
Phone: 818-0466
Dr. M. Mohinder S1NGH Director Science and Technology Ministry of Science， Techno1ogy and 七heEnvironmen七14七h F1oor， Wisma Sime Darby， Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA
Phone: 03-2938955 Telex: MOSTEC MA 28154 Fax 603-2936006
Dr. Dharmvanj"i S工RICHAIMarine Science Department Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 THAILAND
Assoc. Prof. Absornsuda SIRIPONG Marine Science Depar七mentFaculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 THAILAND
Fax 254-4259， 252-5971， 253-0337
Dr. Aprilani SOEGIARTO Deputy Chairman For Na七uralSciences L1PI J1 Gatot Subroto 10， Jakarta 1NDONESIA
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 λnnex 工工 - page 8
Dr. Derek STAPLES Resources Assessmen七 Sec七ionBureau of Rural Resources P.O. Box 858 Baど七on，ACT， 2600 AUSTRALIA
Dr. Jilan Su (Ac七ing Chairman for WESTPAC)
Second Ins七i七U七e of Oceanography P.O. Box 1207 Hangzhou， Zhejiang 310012 CHINA
Phone: (0571) 876924 Fax (0571) 871539
Prof. Takashige SUG工MOTOOcean Research Ins七i七U七eUniversity of Tokyo 1-15-1 Minamidai， Nakano-ku Tokyo 164 JAPAN
Phone: 3-3376-1251 Fax 3-3375-6716
Mど. Bambang SUM工ONOResearch Ins七i七U七e for Marine Fisheries Kompleks Muara Baru Ujung Jakar七a 14440 工NDONESIA
Phone: (021)6602044 Fax (21)612137
Mr. S. SUPARKA Direc七orR&D Cen七re for Geo七echnologyJ1. Cisi七u 21/154D， Bandung 40135 工NDONESIA
Ms. Choo POH SZE Fisheries Reseaどch工ns七i七uteJalan Akuarium Glugor Pulau Pinang MALAYSIA
Prof. Dr. Keisuke TAlRA Ocean Research工ns七itu七eUniversity of Tokyo Minamidai， Nakano-ku Tokyo 164 JAPAN
Phone: 03-3376-1251
Dr. Law Ah THEAM Facul七Y of Fisheries and Marine Sciences， Universi七i Per七anianMalaysia 43400 Upm Serdang MALAYS工A
Phone: 03-9486101 ex七 2523Fax 03-9482697
Dr. Lim JOO TICK Malaysia Me七eorological Service Jalan Sul七an46667 Pe七alingJaya MALAYSIA
Prof. H.J. TJ工APhysics Depar七mentUniversi七i Sains Malaysia 11800 USM penang MALAYSIA
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Phone: 03-3376-1251
Dr. Vo si TUAN 工nsti七uteof Oceanology Vien Nghien Cuu Bien 01， Cau Da， Nha Trang VIETNAM
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Phone: 092-573-9611 Fax 092-573-1966
Dr. Gullaya WATTAYAKORN Associa七e PどofessorDepar七men七 ofMarine science Chulalongkoどn Universi七YBangkok 10330 THAILAND
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Prof. Herber七 WINDOMResearch Scien七istSkidaway Insti七uteof oceanography University Sys七emof Georgia P.O. Box 13687 Savannah， Georgia 31416 U.S.A.
Prof. Klaus WYRTKI TOGA Sea Level Cen七reUniversity of Hawaii - MSB 307 1000 Pope Road Honolulu， Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.
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工OCSECRETARIAT
Dr. Gunnar KULLENBERG Secre七ary IOC 7 Place de Fon七enoy75700 Paris FRANCE
Phone: (33)(1) 45 68 39 83 Telex: 204461 Paris Fax (33)(1)40 56 93 16
Mr. Desmond John BARRY IOC/WESTPAC Chulalongkorn Universi七Yc/o Dep七. of Marine Science Bangkok 10330 THAILAND
Phone: 2550780 Fax 2550780
Mr. Yihang J工ANG (Technical Secretary) IOC Secre七aria七7 Place de Fon七enoy75700 paris FRANCE
Phone: (33)(1) 45683994 Telex: 204461 paris Fax (33)(1)40 56 93 16
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 工工 - page 9
IOC Workshop Repo凶 No.76
ANNEX 工工工
ABSTRACTS OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
CONTENTS
VARIATIONS OF SEA LEVEL AND SEA LEVEL TREND AND THEIR POSSIBLE CAUSES WOLFGANG D. SCHERER
THE CIRCULARLY PROPAGATING PATTERN OF THE LAW-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS OF MONTHLY MSL IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC AND ITS CORRELATION WITH EL NINO YU JIYE， CHEN SHANGJ工， FANG XINHUA
DETECTING NEARSHORE WNCE CLlMATE CHANGES DUE TO "ARTIFICIAL" SEA-LEVEL RISE Ir. ABDUL AZ工Z 工BRAHIM
SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DUR工NGTHE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER MONSOON J. T. LIM and K. L. TUEN
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WARMING OF KOREAN WATERS DURING THE LAST CENTURY SANGBOK D. HAHN
THE RELATION BETWEEN PHYTOPLANKTON STANDING STOCK AND WATER TEMPERATURE IN THE BANDA SEA AND THE SERAM SEA EASTERN INDONESIAN ATERS，工NDONESIAAGUS SEDIAD工
ZONAL DISCREPANCE OF IODINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS CHENG XIANHAO， YU GUOHUI and ZHANG P工NG
ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF PEDINOMONES NOCTILUCAE -A SYMBIONT OF NOCTILUCA SCINTII正..ANS OF GULF OF THAlLAND TOMOTOSHI OKAICHI， TADASHI OCHI， SUCHAWA WISSESANG， TAKASHI， ISHlMARU， YASUO FUKUYO AND TOSHlKATSU URAI
CHANGES OF CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND ENERGY， CHARGE OF MARINE PHYTOFLAGELLATES DURING THEIR LIFE CYCLE MEKSUMPUN SHETTAPONG， SHEIGERU MONTANI， THAITHAWORN LIRDWITAYAPRASIT and TOMOTOSHI OKAICHI
SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT J.R.E. HARGER
OCEANOGRAPHY FROM SPACE IN THE 1990・sWILLIAM C. PATZERT
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10C W~rk~hop Report No. 76 page (ii)
MON1TOR1NG SEAWATER QUAL1TY 1N FOUR CH1NA'S SEAS AND REV1S10N OF NAT10NAL MAR1NE WATER QUAL1TY STANDARD SHU YUAN SUN and Z1 Q1ANG HUANG
RECENT TRENDS 1N PETROLEUM CONTAM1NAT10N 1N THE WESTERN NORTH PAC1F1C KATSUH1KO FUSH1M1
HEAVY METALS 1N MUSSELS OF THE KOREAN COASTAL
WATERS 1N 1990
SOO HYUNG LEE， KYUNG TAE K1M， SUK HYUN K1M and JONG GEEL JE
MATHEMAT1CAL MODELL1NG AND REMOTE SENS1NG METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF R1VER1NE POLLUT10N 1NPUTS TO THE SEA PHAM VAN N1NH， BUD M工NAH DUE and NGUYEN TRUNG LUONG
THE REASON OF COASTAL EROS10N 1N CH1NA
WU GU工Q工U and WANG WENHA1
VAR1AT10N 1N THE MACROBENTH1C POPULAT10N ALONG ESTUAR1ES 1N SELANGOR， MALAYS1A AHMAD SUKAL RA工S and ZEL1NA Z. 1BRAH1M
MODELL1NG HYDRAUL1C FLOWS 1N A T1DAL ESTUARY SOME
OBSERVAT10NS KOK HOCK LYE and LEE H001 L1NG
COASTL1NE CHANGES OF PEN.及NG 1SLAND
ROH工ZA BT. JAMALUDD工N and ZEL1NA Z. 1BRAH1M
THE ABYSSAL C1RCULAT10N 1N THE SOUTHERN PH1L1PP1NE SEA K. UEHARA and K. TA工RA
R1VER1NE 1NPUTS TO THE SEA FROM MALAYS1AN MANGROVES GONG W001 KHOON and ONG J1N EONG
DEEP WATER PROPERT1ES AND C1RCULAT工ON
1N THE WESTERN NORTH PAC1F1C MASAK1 KAWABE
ACUTE TO玄1C1TYAND LEAD ACCUMULAT10N 1N PENAEUS MONODON POSTLARVA
ALMAH BT. AWALUDD1N， MAZL1N B. MOKHTAR and KOH S1EW CH1NG
ON OR1G1N OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S PAC1F1C SEGMENT BOR1S 1. VAS1L工EV
FLUXES OF D1SSOLVED NUTR1ENTS AND PART1CULATE ORGAN工CMATTER FROM THE CHAO PHRAYA R1VER 1NTO THE UPPER GULF OF THA1LAND
H. 1NOUE， G. WATTAYAKORN， M. BUNPAPONG and T. OCH1
MANAGEMENT OF MAR1NE ENV1RONMENT - AN 1MMED工ATENEED
J.K. PATTERSON EDWARD and K. AYYAKKANNU
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IOC Workshop Report No. 76
page (i i i )
INDICATORS OF NUTRIENT ENHANCEMENT IN PORITES CORES FROM THE NORTHERN GREAT BARRIER REEF CEC工LY RASMUSSEN and DAVID HOPLEY
MATERIAL FLUX FROM THE COASTAL SEA TO THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION TETSUO YANAGI
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS IN BIVA工.VESAND THE CAUSATIVE DINOFLAGELLATES TAKEHIKO OGATA and MASAAKI KODAMA
THE HYDROGRAPHY OF ALEXANDRIUlf BLOOMS IN NEARSHORE COASTAL WATERS DONALD M. ANDERSON
POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF MARlNE BACTERIA WITH DINOFLAGELLATES TOXINS IN BIVALVES MASAAKI KODAMA
A STUDY OF THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF TRANSPARENCY (COEFFICIENT OF EXTINCTION OF LIGHT) IN TUMINDAO CHANNEL FILEMON G. ROMERO
EUTROPHICATION TRENDS IN THE WATER QUALITY OF THE CHAO PHRAYA RIVER， THAlLAND G. WATTAYAKORN， T. OCH工 andT. OKAICHI
SEX RATIO AND SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SHRIMPS (PENAEIDAE) IN LUZON ISLAND， PHILIPPINES E.V. AGASEN and C.M. DEL MUNDO
CHANGES OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION IN THE CHAO PHRAYA ESTUARY， THAlLAND: 1988-1989 T. PIYAKARNCHANA， S.BOONYAPIWAT， S.WISESSANG and T.OKAICHI
THE MID-DEPTH CIRCULATION OF SHIKOKU BASIN AT 1500 M DEPTH MEASURED BY SOFAR FLOAT TRACKING KEISUKE TAIRA
ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF SEDlMENTS FROM THE CHAO PHRAYA RIVER ESTUARY， THA工LANDS. MONTANI， G. WATTAYAKORN， T. OCHI and T. OKAICHI
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE SPAWNING AND RECRUITMENT OF PENAEUS lfERGUIENSIS IN SORSOGON BAY， PHILIPPINES C.M. DEL MUNDO and E.V. AGASEN
ARE THERE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND THE JAPAN SEA? A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION CLAUDE MILLOT
THE CAUSE OF BEACH EROSION AT BANG TAO BAY， THAlLAND ABSORNSUDA SIRIPONG
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IOC Workshop Report No. 76
page (iv)
BACK-ARC DEPRESS工ON IN THE IZU-BONIN RIDGE H. TOKUYAMA， F. YAMAMOTO， J. ASHI， S. KURAMOTO， K. FUJIOKA， K. SUYEH工ROand A. TAIRA
WEST PACIFIC MARGINAL SEAS IN LAST GLACIATION: PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT WANG PINXIAN
THE USES OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS - WESTPAC PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC MAP PROJECT MARITA BRADSHAW
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL BARRIER ON TRACE METAL MIGRATION THROUGH THE ESTUARINE AREAS SHUMILIN E.N.， S.M. FAZLULLIN， and N.A. GORYACHEV
THE UPLIFTING OF THE COASTAL， SHIKOKU MOUNTAINS IN THE NANKAI FORE-ARC SLIVER， SW JAPAN HIDEO KAGAMI
MONITORING ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN THE GULF OF THAILAND USING WATCH APPROACH MONTHIP SR工RSTANATABUCANON and CHERDCHAN SIRIWONG
THE STRUCTURE OF CURRENT ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SOUTH VIETNAM VO VAN LANH
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PORITES CORALS IN THE DIFFERENT WATERS OF VIETNAM VO SI TUAN
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IS THE CHAO PHRAYA ESTU及RY，THAILAND H. INOUE AND G. WATTAYAKORN
RED TIDES AND SEAFOOD SAFETY IN THE PHILIPPlNES: NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME R. AZANZA CORRALES and E.D. GOMEZ
BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS， ORGANOCHLORIDE PESTICIDES AND LIQUID HYDROCARBONS VALENTINA V. YANKO
SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POWER STATION DEVELOPMENT ON FISHERMEN: A CASE STUDY ROSL工NAH BT. SAMAD and ZELINA Z， IBRAHIM
CLlMATIC CHANGES DURING LAST 250，000 YEAR BP AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE GEOCHEMICAL FLUXES 工NSEDIMENTS OF NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA ATHAR ALI KHAN
NUTRIENTS 工N ESTUARIES OF SELANGOR， MALAYSIA NORAZMA BT. ZAINUDDIN and ZELINA Z. IBRAHIM
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND PERIODIC OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC DINOFLAGEl正ATES lN KOREAN COASTAL WATERS JOO SUCK PARlく
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COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT PIAMSAK MENASVETA 29
SOME RESULTS OF COMPLE玄 TIDALPHENOMENA IN THE GULF OF THAlLAND NGUYEN NGOC THUY 29
OCEANOGRAPHICAL ATLAS FOR USERS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA NGUYEN NGOC THUY and e1. 30
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYST OF TOXIC GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM GRAHAM lN JAPANESE COASTAL WATERS KAZUMI MATSUOKA 30
THE COMPARAT1VE MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE MAIN PENAEID SHRIMPS， PENAEUS CHINENSIS， P. PENICIl孟.1弘TUSAND P. MERGUIENS1S lN CHINA SEAS LIU HENGλND L工U RU工YU (J.Y. LIU) 31
PYRODINIUM RED TIDE lN MANILA BAY JOSE A. ORDONEZ 32
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TRACE METAL FLUXES OF THE BANG PAKONG AND MAE KLONG RIVERS， THAILAND M. HUNGSPREUGS， S. DHARMVANIJ， W. UTOOMPRURKPORN & H.L. WINDOM 32
lMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COASTAL RESOURCES AT SURAT THANI， THAILAND ABSORHSUDA S工RIPONG
EFFECT OF THE KUROSH工oAND WINTER MONSOON ON THE OFFSHORE/ONSHORE TRANSPORT OF FISH LARVAE TAHASHIGE SUGIMOTO
PLANKTON AS A BIOLOGICAL BARRIER ON A WAY OF TRACE METALS MIGRATION DURING ESTUARINE MIXING KASATKINA A. P.， E.N. SHUMILIN， T. YU. ORLOVA and N.A. GORYACHEV
GIANT CLAM MARICULTURE JOHN S. LUCAS
DEVELOPING MARINE SCIENCES MATERIALS FOR SOUTH PACIFIC SCHOOLS S. M. RITCHIE
A TURF ALGAL FLORA OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF IAN R. PRICE and FIONA J. SCOTT
A NUMERICAL WAVE PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE JAPAN SEA RYANG PYONG
THE EFFECTS OF MOUNTAIN MASSIF AND SEA ON THE FORMATION OF THE OKHOTSK HIGH KANG BOM JIN
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OCEAN VARIABILITY AND EXTRASEASONAL PREDICTION OF CLIMATE ANOMALIES QING-CUN ZENG
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IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III
VARIATIONS OF SEA LEVEL AND SEA LEVEL TREND AND THEIR POSSIBLE CAUSES
WOLFGANG D. SCHERER
NOAA， Na七iona1Ocean Seどvice，USA
Re1a七ivesea 1eve1， i.e. sea 1eve1 re1ative to a fixed bench maどkon 1and， of the oceans varies over a wide range of space and time sca1es. Changes in c1imate， tectonics， post-g1acia1 rebound，、subsidence， up1ift， ocean circu1a七ion，a七mosphericpressure， sa1inity and七empera七ure，and七hevo1ume of sea wa七erare a11 causes for changing sea 1eve1. Sea 1eve1 has no七 been cons七ant 七hroughou七ear七h'shis七oryand it is changing now. The forces changing sea 1eve1 no七 on1yvary grea七1ywi七h七imeand space but their re1ative impor七ancea1so change with 七ime.
Sea 1eve1 change， i七samp1itude and spacia1 variation are presented ranging from seasona1 to in七erdecada1七imesca1es. The variabi1i七Y of sea 1eve1 trends both in space and time are a1so examined. An assessment of 七he status and 七hecapabili七ies of new 七echno1ogy of tide gauges and re1ated ins七rumentation is presented. Various ana1ysis 七echniques and approaches 七o examine sea 1eve1 variabi1i七y，sea 1eve1七rendsand its variabi1ity wi11 be stressed. Ana1yses of 10ng 七erm globa1 sea 1evel data are compared with globa1 sea 1eve1 mode1 predic七ions.
THE CIRCULARLY PROPAGATING PATTERN OF THE LAW-FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS OF MONTHLY MSL
IN THE TROPICAL PACIFIC AND ITS CORRELATION WITH EL NINO
YU JIYE， CHEN SHANGJ工， FANG XINHUA
Nationa1 Marine Data and Information Service State Oceanic Administration， China
The 10ng term七imeseries ana1ysis of the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) in the eastern equatoria1 Pacific Ocean and 七hemon七h1y MSL (Mean Sea Leve1) in the 七ropica1 Pacific Ocean is conduc七ed. Their quasiperiodic and 10w frequency oscil1a七ion featuどes are revea1ed. The signif ican七 periods of low frequency f1uc七ua七ionsfor mon七h1yMSL in the area of 20N--20S are between 43.5 months and 50.0 months， approxima七ingc1ose1y七o47.6 mon七hswhich is the significant period of SST in七heeas七ernequatoria1 Pacific Ocean. The 10w frequency f1uc七uationsof mon七hlyMS工 in the 七ropica1 Pacific Ocean appear to have a antic10ck wise circularly propagating pa七tern，which is the eastern Pacific Ocean (off shore of Mexico)ーー 七he area of NEC(North Equatoria1 Current)ーー七he western equatorial Pacific Ocean-七hearea of NECC(North Equatoria1 Counter Current)ーー七heeas七ernequatorial Pacific Ocean. The phases of七hepatteどnare corresponding七0七ha七 ofEl Nino cyc1e. Based on the resu1七s above， a basic mode1 is es七ab1ished with stepwise regression method， which can forecast E1 Nino even七sby七hevaria七ionsof month1y MSL at a few sta七ions in the tropica1 Pacific Ocean 4 months ahead. The corre1ation coefficien七 betweenthe forecasted series and observed one is 0.89.
In addi七ion，some conc1usions indicate that the intensifica七ion of westward transpor七 by NEC may be the initial どeason causing the accumula七ion of warm
IOC Workshop Report No・76Annex 1工工 - page 2
surface wa七erin七hewestern equatoria1 Pacific Ocean. It is a1so shown tha七七he10w frequency f1uctua七ion of MSL in the southern Pacific perhaps fo11ows an antic10ck wise circu1ar1y propagating pa七tern， Le. 七heeas七ern Pacific Ocean (off shore of Peru)ー-the area of SEC (Sou七h Equa七oria1 Cuどどen七)ー『七he wes七ernequa七oria1 Pac i f ic Ocean (around the Cora1 Sea)ー-the area of SECC (South Equa七oria1 Counter Current)ーー七heeastern Pacific Ocean.
DETECTING NEARSBORE WNCE CLlMATE CBANGES DUE TO ・・ARTIFICIAL" SEA-LEVEL RISE
工r. Abdu1 Aziz Ibrahim Coas七a1 & Offshore Engineering Ins七i七U七e，
Universiti Tekno1ogi Ma1aysia
Ma1aysia is considered as a maritime coun七ry，being surrounded by seas - Sou七hChina Sea七o the eas七 S七rai七sof Ma1acca七o the wes七， and Strai七sof Johor a七the southern tip of physica1 and economic deve10pmen七s of 七he coun七ry are dependen七 on para11e1 developments of seafront infras七ructures as ports and harbours.
Most of Ma1aysia por七s are 10cated near the river mou七h e.g・por七 Ke1ang， Por七of Penang， and Por七 ofPer1is. The accessibi1ity of these ports are made possib1e by the crea七ionand main七enanceof navigation channe1 by dredging or deeping七heexis七ingseabed.
The main impac七 of this dredging work is on the pa七七ernof si1七ationjdepend to some exten七 onthe magni七udeof approaching waves. In七urn， waves capabi1i七Y 七omove sedimen七 dependson七hewater dep七h.The dredged channe1 is ana1ogous七othe incどeased wa七er depth， i. e. in the present inves七iga七ion ana1ogous 七o an "artificia1" sea 1eve1 rise. With deeper water (as a direc七 resu1七 ofdredging) the waves wou1d break or dispense its destructive energy fur七her onshore wi七hcos七1y resu1七s. Severa1 severe1y eroding coast1ines and structure fai1ures in Ma1aysia are traced to this re1ative1y unknown phenomena.
A re1ative1y simp1e method has been devised at Coas七a1and Offshore Engineering Ins七itute，UTM to check this possib1i1七Y・Arefrac七ionmode1 has been app1ied a七severa1 1ocations in Ma1aysia and the resu1ts are very encouraging， and discussed in detai1s in 七his paper. The same technique can be app1ied 七o pどojec七 thepotentia1 impac七 of sea 1eve1 rise on coast1ine and pどoperties due to direc七seabed 1owering， or re1ative sea 1eve1 どise.
SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN TBE SOUTB CBINA SEA DURING TBE NORTBERN BEMISPBERE WINTER MONSOON
J. T. L工M and K. L. TUEN
Malaysian Meteoro1ogica1 Service， Ma1aysia
Concerted effor七s have been made by the Ma1aysian Me七eoro1ogica1 Service since the ear1y 1980s to bui1d an adequate Marine meteoro1ogica1 da七a base for Sou七hChina Sea and the S七raits of Ma1acca. These effor七s weどe and con七inued to be concentra七edon the expansion of the WMOjIOC Vo1untary Observing Ship Scheme， coopera七ion with oi1 companies in the acquisition of oi1-p1atform data， and gaining access to data acquired by scientific expeditions such as七heMatahari Expedi七ionsconduc七edjoin七lyby the Universi七Yof Agricu1七ure，Ma1aysia and七he
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 111 - page 3
Universi七y of Kagoshima， Japan. The data base provides 七he basis for a pre1iminary s七udyon the sea surface temperatuどe (SST) variations in七heSouth China Sea and七heir 1ink to the weather and c1imate of Ma1aysia.
This s七udyrevea1s七ha七七hereare marked spa七ia1and七empora1variations of SST in七heequatoria1 Sou七hChina Sea during the nor七hernhemisphere winter monsoon. Of par七icu1arinterest is the appearance of a re1a七ive1ystrong SST gradient is forced七oundergo significant changes corresponding to the suどge-1u11cyc1es of 七he monsoon. These in七raseasona1 SST vaどiations appeaど七o induce in七ensitychanges in the near-equa七oria1 through which in turn cause corresponding f1uc七ua七ionsin the monsoona1 rainfa11 over Eas七 Ma1aysia(in Borneo). Simi1ar1y， examination of 七he interannua1 SST variations associated with 七he 1982/83 and 1986/87 E1 Ninos indicates 七ha七 suchvaria七ions a1so coincide wi七h or link to in七ensi七y variations of the near-equa七orial 七rough and 七he winter monsoonal rainfal1 over七heBorneo 1sland.
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WARMING OF KOREAN WA宝ERSDURING THE LAST CENTURY
SANGBOK D. HAHN
Oceanography Division， NFRDA， Korea
Sea Surface Temperature warming up was examined in Korean waters， 33~ -370N and 125"E -131"E， for a cen七ury period of 1881-1990. Mean va1ues of February and Augus七 a七 onedegree grid for five data sets， 1881-1910， 1911-1925， 1926-1940， 1961-1975 1976-1990 were chosen and they were shown 20C warming up in February and lOC warming up in August during the 1ast century， assuming 1.50C warming up in genera1.
THE RELATION BETWEEN PHYTOPLANKTON STANDING STOCK AND WATER TEMPERATURE IN THE BANDA SEA
AND THE SERAM SEA EASTERN INDONESIAN WATERS， INDONESIA
AGUS SED1AD1
工ns七itu七e of Marine Resources and Deve1opment， Indonesia
Ch1orophy11 and wa七ertemperatures measurements were made a七 21sta七ionsin the Banda Sea and the Seram Sea in January to February 1986. The mean va1ue of chorophy11-a was higher in the Banda Sea 七han in the Seram Sea. The maximum concen七ra七ion of ch1orophy11-a was found at 75 meters dep七h in 七he Banda Sea (1.12 mg/l.) and 50 me七ers dep七h in 七he Seram Sea (0.50 mg/l.)・ The mean 七emperatureof both seas were found relatively七hesame condi七iona七七hesurface to 100 me七ersdep七h (240C- 290 C.). 1n the Banda Sea， the genus of phy七oplanktonwas domina七ed by Chaetoceros and in the Seram Sea was domina七ed by Lithodesmiumpy. 1t seems tha七 the relation between 七hephy七op1ankton standing stock and the wa七ertemperatures in both seas were unsignifican七.
10C Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 111 - page 4
ZONAL D1SCREPANCE OF 10D1NE 1N THE WESTERN PAC1F1C -OCEAN AND 1TS ADJACENT AREAS
CHENG X1ANHAO， YU GUOHU1 and ZHANG P1NG
Second 1nstitute of Oceanography Sta七eOceanic Administra七ion，China
Ana1ysed ocean wa七ers co11ected from 29~ 七o 690S. The resu1 ts show 七ha七 thedistribu七ionof inorganic iodine concentration appears higher on the sou七hern七hanthe northern of七heequator. However， it gets obvious1y risen when reached into the East China Sea. 1n a warm eddy of the Kuroshio， i七 canbe up七o 193 ppb， which has never be reported before.
There is a tendence of decrease of iodide concen七ration on bo七h sides of the equa七orand it approaches the minimum on七he sou七hernof Antarc七ic convergence though i七 ismuch high in the Kuroshio of the Eas七 ChinaSea， and七hepossibility to trace the Kuroshio with the change of iodine speciation is pどoposed.
Organic iodine concentra七ionkeeps constan七1yto the va1ue of abou七 5ppb. And the cause of above zona1 discrepances aどediscussed wi七hchemica1， bio1ogica1 and hydro1ogica1 e1emen七s.
ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF PED1NOMONES NOCTILUCAE A SYMB10NT OF NOCT1LUCA SCINTILLANS OF GULF OF THAlLAND
TOMOTOSH1 OKA1CH1， TADASH1 OCH1， SUCHAWA W1SSESANG， TAKASH1 工SH1MARU，YASUO FUKUYO AND TOSH1KATSU URA1
Kagawa University， Japan
Noc七i1uca scin七i11ans is the one of the common species which causes red tides a10ng七hecoast of七emperateand tropica1 water areas. Disco1ora七ionof sea water due to N. scinti11ans shows pinkish red in tempera七ewa七erarea but the b100ming in七ropica1Wes七pac area is accompanied with gどeenco1our due to七he symbiosis of Pedinomonas noc七i1ucaeSweeny， prasinophyceae， to N. scinti11ans. B.M. Sweeny (1971， 1976， 1978) studied the bio1ogica1 features in detai1s and tried the cu1ture of P. nocti1ucae iso1ated from七hehos七 havebeen remained to be solved as fu七ureprob1em.
The present au七horsiso1ated P. noc七i1ucaefrom N. scinti11ans collec七edat the Gulf of Thai1and on August 1989， and succeeded in culture using ESM medium fortified with high concen七rationof NH4C1 and K2HP04 and adjus七ed七hepH to 4.5 at 280C. 1n addition of 1 mM NH4C1 and 1 mM K2HP04 七o ESM medium. P. noc七i1ucae increases moどe than 200x103 cel1s mL-¥ after abou七 2 weeks and is preserved for 2 years in host fどeecondition. The composi七ionof cu1ture medium were suggested by the chemical analysis of body fluid of N. scin七i11ansof-both Japanese and Thailand samples. The biological characters repor七edby B.M. Sweeny were also confirmed with SEM observa七ion. The resu1t of the s七udy seem to encourage the s七udies on host-symbiont relationship cancerning wi七h marine phytoflagella七es.
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex I工I- page 5
CHANGES OF CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND ENERGY， CHARGE OF MARlNE PHYTOFLAGELLATES DURING THEIR LIFE CYCLE
MEKSUMPUN SHETTAPONG， SHEIGERU MONTANI， THAITHAWORN LIRDWITAYAPRASIT and TOMOTOSHI OKA工CH工
Kagawa University， Japan Department of Fisheries， Thailand
The changes of cellular con七entsof adenosine triphospha七e (ATP) in Cha七tonellaan七iqua were examined七hroughthe grow七hprocess in laboratory cultuどeusing ESM enriched seawa七er. Carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus in the cell were also analysed.
Cellular conten七sof ATP decreased in several hours after innoculation to fresh
medium， then rapidly increased a七 eaどlylog phase of the grow七h process (23-30 pg. ATP. cell-' ). After the middle of log phase ATP level decreased and reached to constan七 from七hela七e log phase七othe resting s七age (5-10 pg. ATP. cell-1
)・
The decrease of ATP af七er innocula七ion seemed 七o be due to the lack of ex七racellularorganic materials in fresh medium. The addition of bo七h low and high molecular frac七ionob七ainedby七hedialysis of C. antiqua cul七uremedium of early res七ingphase of七hegrowth increased cellulaど ATPcontents in early log phase. Energy charge (EC) decrease from 0.63 to abou七 0.5 at log phase and recovered at log phase.
Lag phase in phytoplank七on culture is the peどiod to produce extra- cellular organic materials to adapt to fresh medium consuming cellulaど ATP.
SUSTAINABIL~TY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT
J.R.E. HARGER
program Specialist， UNESCO/ROSTSEA
Questions concerning an operational definition of sustainabili七yhave been raised on several occasions following release of the wording provided by "The World Commission on Environment and Deve10pmen七" ( WCED )， "Ouど CommonFuture".
As par七 of the concept of "environmentally sound and sustainable development" (ESSD) the WCED defines "sus七ainabledevelopment" as "developmen七七ha七 meetsthe needs of the present withou七 compromisingthe ability of fu七uregenerations to mee七七heirown needs". By itself， the latter statement is unbounded and involves an appeal to "inter-geneどationalequi七y"with the consequent implici七 assump七ion七ha七 increasinglyeffective and efficient technological adjustments regaどdlessof the quali七Y of available resource base.
The rela七ionshipbetween sustainability and development has been addressed on any occasions. The problem involves the necessity for an accommodation between the requiremen七sof po七entiallyun1imited growth and energy use wi七hthe dic七atesof a fini七e system， the second law of thermodyamics and the inevitability of increasing disorder (en七ropy)・
IOC Workshop Report No・76Annex 111 - page 6
1n a gross sense，七he question of specifying "environmen七a11y sound" invo1ves definition of 七heexten七七o which the globa1 ecosys七ems， which are themse1ves "counter en七ropy"， can accommodate the effects of increased en七ropy without 七ermina1break-down. The phrase "absorptive capacity of the environmen七" is七husiden七ica1七othe idea of "environmen七a11ysound deve1opment"・Theitems which is missing from mos七 a七temptsto deve10p a defini七ion combining "environmenta11y sound" wi七h "sus七ainabili七y" re1ates to the concep七 of "ba1ance" between 七heundesirab1e effec七s of deve10pment and the continuing requirement for the expression of a competent biosphere.
The words "environmenta11y sound" have in七uitiveappea1 bu七七heydo no七 suggestimmediate1y opera七iona1 or measurab1e criteria for use as 七he basis for a quan七ifiab1edefini七ion. The concept of "sustainab1e deve10pmen七" shou1d be more carefu11y examined in order to provide an operationa1 definition that wi11 peどmitdefini七ionof movement towards or away from goa1 of ESSD.
OCEANOGRAPHY FROM SPACE IM THE 1990・s
W1LL1AM C. PATZERT
Ocean Dynamics program， Code Sep NASA Headquarters， USA
During the 1990s， the space agencies of Canada， Europe， Japan and the United States wi11 1aunch a cons七e11ationof ocean-re1ated sate11ite missions. These space-based oceanogどaphymissions wi11 co11ec七 globa1data七ha七 wi11be used to study ocean physics， air-sea interactions， marine meteoro1ogy， bio1ogy， sea ice and七heiど broadrange of interdiscip1inary prob1ems. These ocean sate11ites have been p1anned to over1ap in time and space with two major fie1d programs，七heWor1d Ocean circu1ation Experiment and the Tropica1 Ocean G1oba1 Atmosphere progどam. Together， these sate11ite missions and in-situ experiments wi11 pどovidethe in七ernationa1 ocean science community wi七h a bonanza of unique data. The resu1ting scientific studies are七oprovide a revo1u七ionarynew understanding of the Earth's ocean atmosphere cryosphere biogeochemica1 c1imate sys七em.
Measuring near surface vector winds over 七hegloba1 oceans， a sca七七erometer is a1ready co11ec七ingdata from a C-Band sensor on board the European Space Agency' s (ESA) ERS-1 mission. ERS-1 wi11 be fo11owed by ESA'sERS-2 in 1994. Nex七七o fly wi11 be NASA's Ku-Band Scatterometer (NSCAT) aboard the Japanese Space Agency's (NASDA) ADEOS sa七e11ite in 1995. ADEOS wi11 be fo11owed in 七he 1a七e 1990s by ADEOS-2 wi七hthe possibi1ity of carrying another NSCAT sensor.Thus， if a11 goes we11， oceanographers and meteoro1ogists can 100k forward to a decade of sca七七erometermeasured vector winds over the Earth's oceans.
The f1ight of a1timeters for ocean circu1ation studies have begun with ESA'sERS-1; soon to be joined by the joint US/French NASA/CNES TOPEX/POSE1DON advanced a1time七ricmission in mid 1992. Beginning in 1994， the US Navy p1ans a series of七hreeGEOSAT Fo11ow-On a1time七ricmissions. Next wi11 comes ESA・sERS-2mission in 1a七e 1994. At the end of the decade， Nasa is considering another TOPEX/POSE1DON-c1ass mission. The over1apping in time of a1七imetry and scaterome七rymissions wi11 a110w studies of the ocean circu1ation and i七sprimary driving force，七he surface winds.
For sea ice s七udies，a variety of Synethetic Aperture Radars (SARs) are p1anned. ESA'sERS-1 carries a C band SAR. 1n 1992， NASDA wi11 f1y a L band SAR on board JERS-l. Next wi11 be ESA'sERS-1 FOLLOW ON， ers-2， in 1994. 1n 1995， Canada RADARSAT wi11 f1y another C Band SAR. At the end of the decade， ESA p1ans to f1y another C Band SAR. During this decade， the passive microware SSM1 sensor on board the DMSP sa七e11ites wi11 also be co11ecting ocean and ice data. Po1ar
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex III - page 7
oceanographers will have an unprecedented day night， all weather view of the ice covered oceans.
An oceatl colouど sensorfor七hes七udyof ocean produc七ivitywill be flown on board the US SeaWiFS mission in 1993. Sea WiFS will be followed by the OCTS sensor on board七hetwo NASDA ADEOS spacecraf七sin 1995 and七hela七e 1990s. Also ESA will fly the MERIS sensor in七hela七e1990s. These measurements of ocean produc七ivitys七udied in concert wi七h altimetry and sca七terometry da七a and sea surface tempera七uresmeasured from the NOAA operational satellites will allow important g七udiesof the thermal and biological response of the upper ocean to wind forcing and ocean circula七ion. For oceanographers，七his will be a busy and exci七ingdecade of "Oceanography from Space"・
MONITORING SEAWATER QUALITY IN FOUR CHINA'S SEAS AND REVISION OF NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALI宝Y STANDARD
SHU YUAN SUN， ZI QIANG HUANG
Third Insti七uteof Oceanography， China
In order七oeffectively manage marine water quality in the China's seas， Chinese Government has issued The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China， The Wa七erpollu七ionProtec七ionand Trea七men七 Lawof the P.R. China， The Marine Environmental Protec七ion Law of the P.R. China， e七c，and a series of s七andardof Wa七erQuali七y Standard for Fisheries e七c.
The paper will introduce the marine nature environment and behaviour of Seawateど
in the near China Seas， es七ima七es the s七ate of seawa七er quali七y since the implementa七ionof Marine wa七erquali七y s七andardfrom 1982. The water quality is still good in most near China seas， except some wa七ers in river mouths and harbours where 七here are a developed industry and densi七y population. A comprehensive assessment on water quality will be also made for Four China's Seas. The pollution in China coastal waters derives primarily from organics， petroleum and eu七rophica七ionwithheavier in七hesouth， ligh七erin七heNor七h，and much serious in the Middle region. The cause， distribution and trends of the pollu七ionwill be also discussed.
This paper will also explain reasons of revision of national marine wa七erquali七YS七andardwhich are resul七edfrom the development of scien七ificresearch of wateど
quality criteria and wa七erenvironmental managemen七 regula七ion，principles， such as a scientific principle based on water quality cri七eria，seawa七er function ciassfica七ion based on 七he guranting whole marine enviどonment quality， and a principle of overall balance utilization， contents of revision including moni七oring items and standard values and rela七ive analy七ical and moni七oringmethods as well as managemen七 implementation.
The revision will be be七七er七o be used to prevent and control seawa七erquality in七heChina's seas， ensure human health， preseどvemarine biologicalどesources，
keep marine ecological balance， pledge proper development and u七ility of the seas， provide a s七andardfor七heenvironmental assessmen七， and sa七isfya request of environment administration.
IOC Workshop Report Mo・76Annex 111 - page 8
RECENT TRENDS IM PETROLEUM CONTAMIMATIOM IM THE WESTERN MORTH PACIFIC
KATSUH1KO FUSH1M1
Po11u七antsChemica1 Ana1ysis Cen七erOceanographica1 Division
Marine Department， Japan Meteoro1ogica1 Agency， Japan
The dis七どibu七ionsof f10ating tars， disso1ved pe七ro1eumhydrocarbons， oi1 fi1m and f10a七ingp1astics have been investigated on the basis of七hedata obtained in an opera七iona1survey of background marine (petro1eum) po11u七ionin七heseas around Japan and in七heWestern Nor七h Pacific which has been conduc七edby the Japan Me七eoro1ogica1Agency since 1977.
A heavy七arscontamina七ionswas observed in the 1ate 1970s in the nor七h-westernmargin of 七hewes七ern Nor七h Pacific. The high 1eve1 of tars po11ution in the regions of the Kuroshio and its counter current marked1y decreased since 1980.
Re1a七ive1y high contamina七ions of petro1eum hydrocarbons appear in 七he areas north-eas七 of Japan and in the south sea of Japan. The concentra七ion in 七hesurface water in the western North Pacific did not show so c1ear decreasing 七endencyas tars contamination.
1n七he 1at七erha1f of the 1970s， oi1 fi1m has been observed frequen七1y，bu七 itis seen a few times in recent years.
Po1ys七yrenefoam p1astics comprise most of the f10ating p1astics in the wes七eどnNor七h Pacific. Others are viny1 ch1oride， other kind of p1as七ics and f ishing gears. The high contamination main1y occurs in 七he seas around Japan and i七spreads over the regions of the Kuroshio and its counter curren七 asin the case of tars. The tempora1 trend towards a decreasing 1eve1 of f10a七ingp1astics was not detec七ed，however， i七 isnoticeab1e here after since the garbage contro1 of MARPOL 73/78 became effective in 1988.
HEAVY METALS IM MUSSELS OF THE KOREAN COASTAL WATERS IM 1990
SOO HYUNG LEE， KYUNG TAE K1M， SUK HYUN K1M and JONG GEEL JE
Korea Ocean Reserach and Deve10pment Ins七itute，R. Korea
Musse1s samp1es were co11ec七ed at 16 sites a10ng the Korean coast1ines during June-Ju1y 1990 for monitoring heavy me七a1s. 13 e1emen七s determined are A1， As， Cd， Cu， Cr， Fe， Mn， Ni， Pb， Hg， Sr， Ti and Zn. In South Korea dominant musse1 species were Myti1us edu1is ga11oprovincia1is and Myti1us coruscus. In the presen七 S七udy，Masan 1nner Bay which is one of the po11uted areas in Korea showed 七hehighes七 conten七sof Cu， Zn， Mn， Ni and Cr in musse1s. 1n the Masan Bay， the Cd， Cu， Mn， Hg and Zn con七entsin musse1s decreased with incどeasingdistance from 七hehead of the bay. Highest contents of Cd and Fe were recorded in musse1s of the West Coas七
sites whi1e those of As and Hg were shown in musse1s of Sokcho area in the East Coast. Compared with the previous data， no indicator of significant increase in heavy meta1 con七en七 inmussels was given.
10C Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III -page 9
MATBEMAT1CAL MODELL1NG AND REMOTE SENS1NG METBODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF R1VER1NE POLLUT10N 1NPUTS TO TBE SEA
PHAM VAN NINH， BUD MINAH DUE and NGUYEN TRUNG LUONG
Center for River and Sea Dynamics， Vietnam
In order to es七ima七e riverine inputs of pollution to the sea七hema七hematicalmodelling and remo七e sensing methods seem to be quite useful. The main results ob七ained in using these methods in the framework of 七he projec七 assessmen七 ofriverine pollution inputs to七hesea of Vietnam 1991-1995 for七he1ast years will be presen七ed.
Firs七ly，hydraulic and turbu1en七 diffusionequations describing water flow and distribution of suspended materials in coupling river and sea area is solved by numerical methods. Effects of 七ide mo七ion，wind s七ress，river current and ba七ometryof the basin bottom are taken in七o account.
Secondly， a digi七alimage processing me七hodcoopera七edwith visual in七erpre七ationhas been used for classification of turbidi七yjsuspended sediment， its dis七ributionand七ransportdirec七ionin the sea area of river mouths.
The results connec七edwi七h the Red River and the Mekong bo七h by mathematical modelling and remote sensing methods will be shown.
TBE REASON OF COASTAL EROS10N 1N CB1NA
WU GUIQIU & WANG WENHAI
First Ins七ituteof Oceanography， SOA， China
Chinese coastal line is not only long but also wi七h a grea七 varietyof forms， which has a great significance for developing national economy， foreign trade， S七rengthen national defense and tourism， Due 七o various reasons， it has been undergone various historic changes. Some sections have been silted up， some have been eroded down. All these phenomena have already been considered by the scien七is七s and depar七mentsconceどned. The reasons
1. The coastal eどosioncaused by七hedecrease of the amoun七 ofriver sand. 2. Coastal erosion caused by man-made factors. 3. Coas七alerosion caused by special dynamic condi七ions.4. Coastal erosion caused by rela七ivesea level rise.
VAR1AT10N 1N TBE MACROBENTB1C POPULAT10N ALONG ESTUAR1ES 1N SELANGOR， MALAYS1A
AHMAD SUKAL RAIS and ZELINA Z. 工BRAHIM
Departmen七 ofEnvironmental Sciences Facul七y Science & Environmen七 S七udiesUniversiti Pertanian Malaysia， Malaysia
Macroben七hos are organisms which inhabit the bottom of the water column. It includes crus七acea，mollusks， polychae七a，echinodeどmataand insec七 larvae. Most
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex III - page 10
macどoben七hos have limited mobility and are slow moving so tha七 the the population presen七 will be strongly influenced by the environmental fac七ors.Macどoben七hossurveys were carried ou七 alongestuaries in Selangor. Gどabsamples were collec七eda七 specifics七a七ionsalong the salinity gradien七 duringhigh and low wa七er. Samples were preserved in 10も formalin and brought back to the laboratory for iden七ification. The results show that 七hemacroben七hos numbers reduced up-estuary.
MODELLING HYDRAULIC FLOWS IN A TIDAL ESTUARY SOME OBSERVATIONS
KOK HOCK LYE & LEE HOOI LING
Pusat Pengajian Sains Matema七ik，Universiti Sains Malaysia &
Depar七mentof Ma七hema七icsUniversity of Tennessee， USA
River flows in a 七idalreach of an estuary consis七 ofa uni-direc七ional fresh wa七erflow towards the mou七hof the es七uaryas well as an oscilla七orycomponent driven by the七ide. Data on such flows and model predic七ionssubjec七七ovarious tidal conditions are needed crucial inpu七 to any water quali七y analysis and prediction.
Direct measuどementsof tide levels and flows at strategic locations enable one to build simple models to simulate such flow regimes. This paper discusses two methods used for such flow analysis. The first me七hod applies the mass conserva七ionof volumetric flux directly to segments of the river七o derive a model of volume七ricflux for a tidal cycle. The second me七hodsolves numerically a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the propagation of a long wave through a shallow water sys七emthat conserves both energy and mass.
Comparison between the two methods and their relative meri七swill be discussed using a tidal estuary in Johor as a case s七udy.
COASTLlNE CHANGES OF PENANG ISLAND
ROHIZA BT. JAMALUDDIN and ZELINA Z. IBRAH工M
Depar七mentof Environmen七alSciences Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies
Universi七y pertanian Malaysia， Malaysia
pulau Pinang is one of七hewell-developed islands in peninsulaど Malaysia. Most of the development is concentrated on the eastern side of the island (penang Structure Plan. 1987). These developmen七scan result in coas七linechanges. Beside man-made developments， the coastline also changes through na七uどal erosion and sedimen七ation processes. The objective of this s七udy is to de七ermine 七hecoas七linechanges at specific sites between 1959 and 1989 using七opographicand hydrographic maps， aerial photographs and social survey. The results indica七e七ha七 erosionoccurred at around the coastal area a七 GurneyDrive in the nor七heas七coas七 ofPenang， a七 Ba七uFeringgi in the north coast， at Mukim sg. Burung in the sou七h-wes七 coas七 and at Teluk Kumbar and Permatang Damar Laut in the south coas七. The problematic areas-are Gurney Drive and Mukim Sg. Burung. These areas
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 11
are exposed to strong winds and waves. The area from Georgetown七oTe1uk Tempoyak undergoes sedimen七ationprocesses. Rec1amation occurs here for road and bridge cons七どuc七ionas we11 as housing deve1opment. Sedimentation occurs natura11y in the mangどoveaどeas.
THE ABYSSAL C1RCULAT10N 1N THE SOUTHERN PH1L1PP1NE SEA
K. UEHARA and K. TAIRA
Ocean Research Ins七ituteUniversity of Tokyo， Japan
Hydrographic cas七 a10ngtwo zona1 s七o1270 ection 120N and 130N (longitude from 144~ to 127~) was made with CTD during February 1987. Their ana1ysis verified 七heexis七enceof co1d and sa1ine bo七七omwa七erbetween the MaどianaRidge and the Kyushu Pa1au Ridge. This resu1t provides an evidence of the inf10w to the Phi1ippines Sea through the deep gap ca11ed the Yap-Mariana Junc七ion. The proper七iesof deep water aどevaどiab1ein the West MaどianaBasin (WMB) whi1e quite homogeneous in the Phi1ippine Basin (PB)， in dictating the transi七iona1nature in WMB and older bo七七omwater in PB. A c10se examination suggests 七ha七 bot七omwater in七hewestern par七 ofPB has water proper七iesmore simi1ar to those in WMB 七han 七he eas七ernpart of PB. This slight1y co1der deep water with a hundred ki10meter sca1e in the western PB migh七 bere1ated with a broad western boundary current f10wing equatorward.
On七heother hand， an ana1ysis of simp1e reduced gravi七y mode1 was carried out in order to inves七igate七heabyssa1 circulation of the Phi1ippines Basin and the Wes七 MarianaBasin. The mode1 assumes:
1. the inflow七hroughthe Yap-Mariana Junction， 2. the exis七enceof the Kyushu-Pa1au Ridge with a break， and 3. 七he introduction of horizdnta1 diffusion.
The circu1ation pa七ternob七ainedfrom this model can account for七hedistribu七ionof water properties seen in the observation and the existence of七heequatoどwardbroad western boundary current.
RlVER1NE 1NPUTS TO THE SEA FROM MALAYSIAN MANGROVES
GONG WOOI KHOON and ONG JIN EONG
School of Bio1ogica1 Sciences University Sains Ma1aysia， Ma1aysia
This paper ou七1inesa 1ong-term study to estab1ish quantitative1y the importance of mangroves 七o the es七uarine and coasta1 fisheries in七erms of 七he inpu七s of organic matter and nutrients from七hemangrove rivers 七o 七he adjacent coasta1 wa七ers. The mass ba1ance approach was used in the 40800-ha managed Matang mangroves which has a七o七a1standing biomass 6f 8.26 tones of dry ma七七erof which 1.01 million七onesisどe1easedannua11y. The amount of macro-nutrien七sre1eased annua11y to 七he Ma七ang mangroves through dead trees 1i七七er and slash was es七ima七edto be 656 kg/ha/year. Using the figure of 50も export，the export of
10C Workshop Report Ho. 76 Annex III - page 12
biomass and nu七どien七sfrom七heMatang mangroves through leaf-lit七eralone is 3.9 and 0.1 tonnes/ha/year respectively. Another way七ode七ermineriver inputs is by measuring the nutrient levels along the salinity gradient. One set of mixing diagrams for Ma七angsugges七 that，over the sampling period， the mangrove es七uaryfunc七ionedas a sink for suspended solids， particulate organic carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus. However， additional sampling over at leas七 aone-七earperiod is required before any conclusions can be drawn. A hydrodynamics approach involving 七hemoni七oringof flow of water and nutrient concentra七ionsthrough a number of sec七ionsacross七hemou七hof an estuary was七henadopted in the Merbok mangroves. Data over 45 tidal cycles showed large variability with time and space e.g・七hewater discharge ranged from 908 to 1243 with a mean of 178 m3s・
DEEP WATER PROPERT1ES AHD C1RCULAT10H 1H THE WESTERH HORTH PAC1F1C
MASAKI KAWABE
Ocean Research Ins七ituteUniversity of Tokyo， Japan
Circulations of deep water in the western North Pacific are examined from dis七ribu七ionsof wa七erproperties on potential density surfaces.
The deep western boundary curren七 in the Pac if ic， which separa七es from 七heCircumpolar Current and passes east of New Zealand and七heTonga-Kermadec Ridge， en七ers 七he North Pacific through the Samoan Passage. Af七er that， the bo七七omwa七ersat deeper七han5000 db extend northwestward through the Central Pacific Basin， being steered by bo七tomtopographies， as clarified by many authors. The curren七 at shallower depths， however， take various pa七hswhich is differen七 bydep七hs and from the bottom current.
Dis七どibu七ionsof dissolved oxygen show tha七七hecurどen七 fromthe Sou七h Pacific around 4000 db flows nor七hwardthrough七heEast Mariana Basin af七erpassing七heCen七どalPacific and Melanesian Basins， and do no七 en七erthe Philippine Sea. Less oxygen wa七ersthan七hewaters carried by the western boundary curどen七 enter七hePhilippine Sea through the deepest gap (12"N， 1390E) of七heIzu-Ogasawara-Mariana Ridge. At about 3000 db， the Philppine Sea opens 七o the North Pacific a七 七hesou七hof 120 30N， and the deep western boundary current flows entirely into the Philippine Sea.
ACUTE TOX1C1TY AHD LEAD ACCUMULAT10H 1H PEHAEUS MOHODOH POST.LARVA
ALMAH BT. AWALUDDIN， MAZLIN B. MOKHTAR and KOH SIEW CHING
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia， Malaysia.
The acute toxici七y test was conducted on postlarva of tiger prawns， Penaeus monodon，七ode七erminethe 96 hr LC~ values for Pb. With 95も confidencelimi七七he96 hr LC~ values using s七a七ic and semistatic me七hodwere 5.88土1.39mg/1 and 5.73土 0.94mg/1 respectively. Bioaccumulation of Pb in pos七larvareached steady state in 10 days wi七h a bioaccumulation factor of 139. Irreversible sublethal effects observed during七hebioaccumulation study were growth re七ardation，black
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 13
七ailand muscular a七rophy. The acu七e 七oxici七y and bioaccumula七ionof Pb in七heP. monodon pos七larvawere antagonized by七hepresence of Ni and Cd.
ON ORIGIN OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S PACIFIC SEGMENT
BORIS I. VASIL工EV
Pacific Oceanological Ins七itute， Vladivos七ok， Russian Federa七ion
The Pacific segmen七 of七heEar七hhas been formed by七he七remendousdepression of 七hePacific and七hesurrounding movable belt.
The Geologic Map of七hePacific， compiled by七heau七horshows七ha七七hePacific depression is a global geomorphos七ruc七ureof七hecen七ral七ype，having been formed a七七he early s七age of 七he Ear七h's developmen七. During a11 i七s his七ory i七 was七ec七onica11y ac七ive， and， in七he same time， i七 had func七ionof a rigid massif with respec七七o 七hesurrounding be1t. The Earth's crust in七hePacific segmen七differs bo七h from the con七inenta1crus七 and the crus七 of 七he0七heroceans. 工七sbasemen七 ismos七1ycomposed of basic and u1七rabasicrocks formed as a resu1七 of10ng mu1七y s七ageme1七ingof mant1e ma七七erand subsequen七七ransforma七ionof七hematters genera七edby melting. The age of 七he subs七ra七e， according to iso七opicana1ysis， is up七o3000-3500 ma. Analysis of thickness and facies of sedimentary and vo1canic rocks of 七he Pacific， along with geomorphologica1 and pa1eon七010gica1da七a，shows七ha七 subsidenceand forma七ionof deep depressions had begun in Jura， abou七 180ma B.P.， and has been going on a七 presen七 However，
recurどen七 large-scale lif七ings and subsidences occurred in the region ear1ier which becomes clear when analyzing pa1ebiogeography of 七he surrounding con七inen七s.
The Pacific basin is surrounded by the ring-1ike sys七em composed of 七ec七onics七ruc七uresforming七hePacific movab1e be1t which had been formed in pre-Cambrian as a resu1七 of breaking-up and processing ancien七 platform surrounding 七hePacific basin.
The peculiari七ies of 七he Pacific basin， especia11y isome七ric ou七1ines and the presence of七hemovable be1t， indica七e七hespecific conditions of its forma七ion，
which differ from condi七ions七he0七heroceans had been formed under.
Origin of 七he Pacific basin can be mos七 1ikely exp1ained by a rare even七 ofcosmic na七ure. In author's opinion， it was forma七ionof七heEar七h-Moonsystem，
which can be proved by a number of facts.
FLUXES OF DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER FROM THE CHAO PHRAYA RIVER INTO THE UPPER GULF OF THAlLAND
H. 工NOUE，G. WATTAYAKORN， M. BUNPAPONG and T. OCHI
Departmen七 ofMarine Science Chu1a1ongkorn University， Thai1and
Samples of wa七er were七aken at station 6 near the Chao Phraya river mou七h on 14-15 Augus七， 1989， at七wo-hoursamp1ing intervals， for the period of 24 hours，
and ana1ysed for disso1ved nutrients and particu1ate organic constituents.
IOC Workshop Report No・76Annex III - page 14
Current speeds and directions were a1so measured con七inuous1y a七 two points during the 24 hours running time. On the basis of the da七a ob七ained，七hef10w rate and the transpor七どa七esof each constituen七 wereca1cu1ated七o show their diuどna1variations. The estima七edne七 wa七erdischargeどa七ewas found七obe 25.7 x 10 m3
/ day， whereas 七he net f1uxes of disso1ved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)， disso1ved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)， disso1ved reactive si1ica七e (D8I)， particu1a七e phosphorus (pp)， particu1ate organic nitrogen (PON)， par七icu1ateorganic carbon (POC) and suspended sedimen七s (88) were es七imated七obe 59.9 x 103
， 6.4 X 103 ， 5.8 X 103 ， 10.4 X 103 ， 116 X 103 ， 1.3 X 106 kg/day， respective1y. Tどanspoど七 of bed10ad materia1 was not considered.
MANAGEMENT OF MARlNE ENVIRONMENT -AN IMMEDIATE NEED
J.K. PATTER80N EDWARD and K. AYYAKKANNU
Cen七reof Advanced 8tudy in Marine Bio1ogy Annama1ai University， India
We are en七ering a period of Earth's history， when the globa1 environment is changing on a sca1e and with an intensity 七ha七 has occured on1y a few times during the near1y four bi11ion-year span of the exis七enceof 1ife on ear七h. In 七he past， such changes were brought abou七 by， for example， gradua1 tec七onicmovements and the presen七 peどiodof change is most1y the resu1七 ofthe cumu1a七iveeffec七sof over five bi11ion human beings making a 1iving on a p1ane七 off ini七esize and resources. By a11 indica七ions，七heabove changes wi11 seriously impaiどmarine bio七a and some way even precipitate the episode of mass ex七inction. The oceans which constitu七eabout 70.73も ofthe ear七hsurface p1ay an impor七antro1e not on1y in七hesustenance of 1ife processes but a1so in myriad other ways. In the Indian context， as the poten七ia1of 1iving and non-1iving resources of the EEZ of India is great， management of this marine environment and the resources for七heirsustained yie1d is imperative. This paper high1ights the major ptob1ems and fu七Uどe prospec七s of managemen七 of the marine enviどonment with specia1 どeferenceto Indian waters in detai1.
工NDICATORSOF NUTRIENT ENHANCEMENT IN PORITES CORES FROM THE NORTHERN GREAT BARRIER REEF
CECILY RA8MU88EN and DAVID HOPLEY
8iど GeorgeFisher Centre foど TropicalMarine 8tudies James Cook University of North Queens1and， Austra1ia
A five year programme on the northern Great Barrieど Reef， in the CaiどS どegion，
has sugges七ed a number of geochemica1 and geomechanica1 signa1s which are retained in cora1 ske1etons and are indicative of七henu七rients七atusof ambient wa七ers， at the time of growth. The programme was initia七edto a七七emp七七odetect an七hropogenic influences on nutrient inputs into the lagoon of this part of七heGrea七 Barrier Reef. Results to band suggest long-teどm 七emporal variabi1i七y in nutrients. Time series ana1ysis has indicated七ha七 this is mos七 c1ose1ya11ied 七o E1 Nino - 80u七hernOsci11ation events. On the outer she1f，七hese appear to operate through periodie incどeasesin upwel1ing， whi1e c10ser to the main1and the expression appears七obe re1ated to runoff. The cora1 coどespどoviderecords for a1mos七 200years. However， perturba七ions in七herecords over七he 1ast 30 years appear to be re工ated七o anthropogenic inf1uences.
10C Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 11工-page 15
MATERIAL FLUX FROM THE COASTAL SEA TO THE WESTERN PAC1FIC REGION
TETSUO YANAGI
Depar七men七 ofCivil and Ocean Engineering Ehime University， Japan
The stどa七egy for 七he s七udy on the ma七erial flux from the coastal sea to the Wes七ernPacific region. The material injected七othe coas七al sea from the land can be classified into three groups， i.e. the conserva七ive，non-conservative and rare materials. The key words in七hematerial flux are七hecurrent structure and the par七icles.Some case studies are introduced and some concrete study these are proposed in order七omake七hetoヒalmodel on the material flux from the coastal sea to the Wes七ernPacific region.
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOX1NS 1N BIVA工.vESAND THE CAUSAT1VE D1NOFLAGELLATES
TAKEHIKO OGATA and MASAAKI KODAMA
Laboどatoryof Marine Biological Chemis七どYKitasato University， Japan
Bivalves of七enbecome toxic by ingestion of toxic phytoplankton occuring in the surrounding water. Food poisoning have been occurどed by human consumption of toxic bivalves. Among these poisonings， paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is the mos七 prominen七 becauseof its global occurrence， high incidence of fatality and 七he serious damage i七 causes to shellfish industries. Five species of dinoflagella七es in七hreegenera have been identified as causative organisms of PSP. There are many reports on toxins they produce as well as their taxonomy and ecology. These studies revealed that PSP toxins consis七 of various components which are derivatives of ，saxi七oxin (STX). Toxin profile repor七ed for vaどiousstrains of dinoflagella七es Suggests that it is specific 七o each genus the dinoflagellate belongs. Main toxins in the genus ilexandrium areどepor七edto be gonyautoxin (GTX) 1-4 and their N-sulfocarbamoyl deどivertives， though the varia七ion has been obseどved among the species. Most of all the 七oxins of Gymnodinium ca七ena七um consis七 of N- sulfocarbamoyl deriva七ives of GTX 1-4. pyrodinium bahamens var. compressa shows the characteris七ic七oxinprofile which consis七s of STX， neoSTX and its carbamoyl deどivatives. Many data on七hetoxin composi七ions of bivalves show that toxin profile of bivalve reflec七s that of causative dinoflagella七es. From these，七he causative dinoflagella七es of PSP toxins would be assumed by the analysis of toxins in bivalves.
THE HYDROGRAPHY OF ALEXANDRIUN BLOOMS 1N NEARSHORE COASTAL WATERS
DONALD M. ANDERSON
Woods Hole Oceanographic Ins七itution
Several species of七hemarine dinoflagellate Alexandrium produce po七en七 toxinswhich accumula七e in shellfish and some fish， leading七o potentially fatal
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 16
episodes of para1y七icshe11fish poisoning (psp) in human consumers. 工nsoutheas七Asia， A1exandrium species as we11 as re1ated dinof1agella七es in the genera Pyrodinium and Gymnodinium also cause PSP and occasionally discolored wa七er("red 七ides")・ Thereis obviously no single mechanism七hatunderlies七hemany differen七red七ideor七oxicityevents， but it is becoming increasingly apparent七hatmuch of七hevariability in the spa七ialdistribution of dinoflagella七esis a result of the advection and diffusion of blooms by physical processes. These inc1ude wind-driven， buoyancy-driven， and七idallygenerated mo七ionsof the wa七ercolumn. Along 七hesou七hwes七ernshore of the Gu1f of Marine in the US， outbreaks of PSP are an annual even七. A series of hydrographic cruises over severa1 field seasons has documen七edthe impor七anceof a coastal1y-trapped buoyant plume as a mechanism for Alexandrium bloom developmen七 and long distance transport. This papeど willdescribe the rela七ively simple hydrographic measuremen七s tha七 detec七ed this coastal curren七， and the manner in which its movement along七hecoast correlates wi七h local wind s七ress and with七hepatterns of PSP toxici七y. The concepts and approaches taken in七hisspecific study can be applied七omany other regions of the world and to other dinoflagellates as well. I七 isonly wi七ha good knowledge of the local physical dynamics 七hat realistic interpre七a七ions of biological patteどns in red tides can be made. In many cases， wha七 appeaどs to be a local outbreak of toxicity may in fact be the resul七 ofthe alongshore transpoどt of a b100m population that developed and accumulated elsewhere.
POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF MARlNE BACTERIA WITH DINOFLAGELLATES TOXINS IN BIVALVES
MASAAKI KODAMA
Laboどa七oryof Marine 8iological Chemistry School of Fisheries Sciences Kitasako University， Japan
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is one of 七he global pどoblems caused by dinof lagellates. Causa七ive organisms for PSP are several species of dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium tamarense and A. ca七enella. When these species bloom in the environment， bivalves accumula七etoxins by inges七ingthem. It has been confirmed by many researchers that bivalves become toxic during the bloom of七oxicdinoflagellates. In the monitoring survey on the bivalve toxicity and abundance of toxic dinoflagellates on Ofunato 8ay during 1980 and 1986， we also confirmed 七he accumulation of toxin by bivalve during bloom of dinoflagellates. However， we noticed at the same time that these two parameters are no七 always para11el 七。 each other. 8iva1ve toxicity often increased significant1y under absence of toxic dinof1agellates， suggesting the presence of unknown causative organism(s) other than dinof1agel1ates. During七heperiod when bivalve 七oxicity was increasing， we observed tha七 PSP toxins aどe often detec七ed in the par七icles with bacteria size in the seawater. These findings sugges七七ha七 marinebacteria which produce PSP toxins are associated with bivalve toxicity.
10C Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 17
A STUDY OF THE SEASONAL VAR1AT10N OF TRANSPARENCY (COEFF1C1ENT OF EXT1NCT10N OF LIGHT) 1NTUMINDAO CHANNEL
FILEMON G. ROMERO
Mindanao State lhiversity Tawi-tawi College of Technology and Oceanography Bongao， Philippines
Measuremen七sof七heincident illumination for a period of days at one station in Tumindao Channel were made using七heLl-2125B Underwa七erPho七ome七ricSensor and an L1司 185SB Quan七umjRadiome七erjPhotometer. These in situ instruments measure ligh七 intensi七y at s七andard depths with the help of an underwa七er cable. The photome七eris provided wi七h a cosine corrected sensoど whichminimize the effect of diffused radia七ion condition. This enables the equipment to ob七ain almost accura七elythe downwaどd radiation impinging flat surface of七heprobe.
These measuremen七swere done only up to 50 meters and the inciden七 illumina七iondecreases logarithmically with depth and the extends of七hepho七o zone extends beyond the 50 m dep七h level.
From these values of inciden七 illumination，the coefficient of extinction， K， was computed daily varia七ionof the extinc七ioncoefficient for this channel was not significan七 foど allstandard depths with respec七七otime and for all observation 七imeswi七hrespec七 todepth. The extinc七ioncoefficient was not also affected by cloud and sea surface condition， current flow and sea surface 七emperature. A transpaどencygradien七 wasobserved near七hesurface layer.
EUTROPHICAT10N TRENDS 1N THE WATER QUAL1TY OF THE CHAO PHRAYA R1VER， THA1LAND
G. WATTAYAKORN， T. OCHI and T. OKAICH工
Department of Marine Science Chulalongkorn University， Thailand
Facul七Y of Agriculture Kagawa University， Japan
Water quality surveys of ~he Chao Phraya river estuary (Thailand) weどeconducted in 1988-1989. Samples were collected and analysed for dissolved nutrients (nitrate， phospha七e，ammonium， and reactive silicate) in order 七o assess 七heex七entof eu七rophicationtrends. Dissolved oxygen in the water was found to be lower七han七hesa七ura七ionvalues for the upper and middle reaches of the estuary， wheどehigh inputs of domestic wastes were discharged into theどiverfrom the City of Bangkok. Spatial distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds also indica七edthat an七hropogenicsources of these nutrients were in the middle reach of七heestuary (s七ations3-5). Ammoniun-N was found to be the major fraction of inorganic nitrogen compounds in the estuary. Higher concentra七ionsof nitrogen and phosphorus occurred in the wet season (August) as compared to the beginning of the dry season (December)・Thenitrogen七o phosphorus ra七ioswere generally below 16 sugges七ingthat the estuary was nitrogen limited system.
IOC Workshop Report No・76Annex 111 - page 18
SE玄 RATIOAND SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SHRIMPS (PENAEIDAE)* IN LUZON ISLAND， PHILIPPlNES
E.V. AGASEN and C.M. DEL MUNDO
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Departmen七 ofAgricu1ture， Phi1ippines
The data used in七hispaper are七akenfrom七heca七chof various fishing gears in Mani1a Bay/Cavi七e side， Lingayen Gu1f， Tayabas Bay， Paraca1e Bay and Sorsogon Bay， a11 in Luzon 1s1and. A tota1 of 17，300 specimens be10nging to 12 species under 5 genera of the commercia11y importan七 shrimpswere s七udiedto determine the sex ratio and size at the onset of first maturity. The fema1e-ma1e ratio was determined and the mean carapace 1eng七h of differen七 shrimps reach sexua1 maturity and fu11 sexua1 activity were ca1cu1a七ed and weどe found to vary in different species.
CHANGES OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION IN THE CHAO PHRAYA ESTUARY， THAlLAND: 1988-1989
T. P1YAKARNCHANA， S.BOONYAP1WAT， S.WISESSANG， and T.OKA1CH工
Department of Marine Science Chu1a1ongkorn University， Thai1and
Facu1ty of Agricu1ture Kagawa University， Japan
1n s七udying the eutrophication mechanisms in the coasta1 zone of the Gu1f of Thai1and in 1988-1989， the inputs of the Chao Phraya river was se1ec七edas one of 七he studied areas. The changing of the phytop1ank七on popu1ations in the estuarine region of the Chao Phraya river was observed. The other environmen七a1parame七ers such as wa七er temperature， sa1inity， disso1ved oxygen， ammonia， nitrite， ni七rate，phospha七e and si1icate were a1so studied. The samp1es were taken at nine fixed s七ationswithin one day samp1ing， and a七 oneor七wostations for twenty-four hours of every two hours interva1. The resu1七sc1ear1y indicate that phy七op1ankton popu1ations were varied with the samp1ing times and water qua1ity ・Thenumbers of the species compositions in the wet season showed 1ess abundan七 than in the dry sea90n. The differences were greater at the two-river stations， wi七h 10w sa1inity and high turbidity， than the seaward ones. Among the b1ue-green a1gae， i.e. Osci1atoria sp. was found in a1most a11 s七a七ionsduring the wet season. Some certain species of diatom such as Baci11aria varians， Rhizoso1enia a1ata were found in a11 s出 np1ings七ations in the dry season. The mos七 common red-tide species in the coasta1 waters of the Gu1f of Thai1and， Nocti1uca scin七i11answere found more frequent in the wet season samp1es than in 七he dry season ones. The dai1y tida1 periods showed s七rong inf1uences on the phytop1ankton abundance and distribution of the Chao Phraya river es七uary.Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetum were found more than 90も ofthe to七a1phy七op1ank七onspecies compositions in the samp1es taken during the high tide in Augus七 1989samp1ing. 1n contrary， Rhizoso1enia setigera were absen七 duringthe 10w tide of the same period.
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 111 - page 19
THE MID-DEPTH CIRCULATION OF SHIKOKU BASIN AT 1500 M DEPTH MEASURED BY SOFAR FLOAT TRACKING
KE1SUKE TAlRA
Ocean Research 1ns七ituteUniversity of Tokyo， Japan
Mid-dep七hcircula七ionof Shikoku Basin was measured by tracking four SOFAR floats drifting at 1500 m layer. Two floa七swere released on 17 April 1988 at 300 N， 1350 59・E，and tracked foど 433days. Another two were released on 3 November 1988 at 290 52'N and 133025・E，and tracked for 234 days. Two floats flowed clockwisely around the Shikoku Warm Water Mass with a diameter of 400 km cen七eredat 310 N and 1360 E， The mean drif七 speed was 4.5 cm S.I. One of 七he floa七s showed coun七erclockwise 七urnings of about ten times with a period of 5.3 days and a maximum speed of 80 cm S.I in the sea area wes七 to 1zu Ridge. 1n the east to Kyushu， a southward flow of 4 cm S.I drift speed was considered七o be a par七 ofthe coun七erclockwise circulation at deep layeどs along 七he perimeter of 七heShikoku Basin. One floa七 remainedfoど 234days in a limited aどeaof 100 km by 150 km in the western part of the basin.
ORGANIC CONSTlTUENTS OF SEDlMENTS FROM THE CHAO PHRAYA RlVER ESTUARY， THAlLAND
S. MONTAN1， G. WATTAYAKORN， T. OCH1 and T. OKA1CH1
Department of Marine Science Chulalongkorn University， Thailand
Faculty of Agricul七ureKagawa University， Japan
Surface and core sediment samples were collected from various sedimenta七ionenvironment in the Chao Phraya River， Thailand in 1988-1989. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon， organic ni七rogen，amino acids， pheao-pigmen七s，total phosphorus and total sulfide contents. Geneどally，surface sedimen七s from七heChao Phraya River were found to con七ain higher contents of all the organic cons七ituentsde七erminedwhen compared wi七h sediments from the Songkla Lake and the pang-nga Bay areas. Apparently， this is due to higher an七hropogenic inputs of organic wastes from the city of Bangkok than less populated areas of Songkla and pang-nga. The atomic ratios of caどbonand nitrogen fluctuated in七herange from 7.1七o 13.3. No positive correlations were found between organic carbon， organic nitrogen， to七alphosphorus and pheaopigments in surface sediments from al1 s七a七ions. These resul七ssuggest tha七 mostorganic matter in these sediments were derived from terrestrial detどitus rather than from in si七u primary production.
The vertical profile of physical and chemical proper七ies of the Chao Phraya es七uarysediments were plotted against depth. Sediment coどeshowed very irregular cyclic s七ratifications. The upper 50 cm sediments contained several， considerably discon七inuous laminae， distinguishable by difference in water con七ents and porosity as well as in organic matter contents. This pattern can be explained on the basis of relative rates of supply of organic ma七七er and terr igenous materials， due to varia七ionswhich might cause differences in types and amoun七of sediment being deposi七ed. The rate of sediment deposi七ionin the estuary was es七imatedto be abou七 10cmjyear a七 station5.
10C Workshop Repor七 No・76Annex III - page 20
PREL1M1NARY RESULTS ON THE RELAT1VE ABUNDANCE， SPAWN1NG AND RECRU1TMENT OF PENAEUS MERGU1ENS1S 1N SORSOGON BAY， PH1L1PP1NES
C.M， DEL MUNDO and E.V. AGASEN
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Department of Agricu1ture， Phi1ippines
Penaeus merguiensis 1oca11y known as "pasayan" is one of the commercia11y impor七an七 shrimpresources in Sorsogon Bay. In 1989 to 1990， it represented about 90も ofthe gi11 net catch， 12.0も ofthe fish corra1 catch and 1.0 to 5.0も ofthe mini traw1 ca七ch in 七he area. Minimum size of mature samp1es has a carapace 1ength of 22 mm and size at fu11 maturity is between 30-31 mm carapace 1eng七h.It spawns七hroughou七 theyear as shown by the presence of ma七uresamp1es from the catch of gi11 nets and mini traw1 (17.0-68.0も) and juveni1es from the ca七chof fish corra1s (3.0 -90.0も)・ Thepeak of recruitment of juveni1es in七0七hees七uaryand migration of sub-adu1t to deeper waters varies from year to year and obseどvedto have 七wo peaks. Abundance of catch depends on the period of catching and inf1uence by amoun七 ofrainfa11.
ARE THERE MAJOR D1FFERENCES BETWEEN THE WESTERN MED1TERRANEAN SEA AND THE JAPAN SEA? A PRELIMINARY 1NVESTIGAT10N
CLAUDE MILLOT
Antenne COM， France
The characteristics of two 1arge Mediterranean Seas (MSs)， name1y the Japan or Asia七ic (AMS) and the Western (WMS)， are compared on the basis of a pre1iminaどysurvey of七hepapers in our possession. This investigation was どatherrapid and no七 exhaus七ive，but morpho1ogy， meteoro1ogy， hydro1ogy and dynamics of these two MSs have s七rikingsimilari七ies，and even their difference are instruc七ive. A new insight into 七hese MSs dynamics is proposed. 工七 migh七 bring 七he various communities of physica1 oceanographers to pay more attention to七heMSs tha七 theyaどe not specifica11y interested in， and incite them 七o run their ciどcu1ationmode1s wi七h 0七herboundary conditions.
THE CAUSE OF BEACH EROSION AT BANG TAO BAY， PHUKET， THAlLAND
ABSORNSUDA SIRIPONG
Marine Science Department Chu1a1ongkorn University， Thai1and
The Bang Tao Beach， on七heAndaman Seacoast of Phuket Is1and has been severa11y eroded in the past few years. This paper has tried七o inves七igatethe number of causes of this beau七ifu1 beach erosion especia11y in the fie1d of physica1 oceanography and sedimen七 transportprocess in the nearshore region. The remedia1 methods were a1so proposed to restore七hedamage.
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 111 四 page21
BACK-ARC DEPRESSION IN THE IZU-BONIN RIDGE
H. TOKUYAMA， F. YAMAMOTO， J. ASH工， S. KURAMOTO， K. FUJ10KA， K. SUYEH1RO AND A. TA1RA.
Ocean Research 1nstitute University Tokyo， Japan
Swa七hbathymetric side-scan sonar (1zanagi) da七areveal a precise bottom surface morphology of back-arc depression in the 1zu-Bonin Ridge. Fig.l shows 1zanangi back sca七七ering image of 5 km swath width from Hachijo depression. The depression， which is located a七 severalkm behind volcanic front， represen七sN-S elongation. Many volcanic mounts ~nd seamounts are recognized in the depression. A charac七eris七ics七どuc七urein the depression is a lineament with a general七rendof N300
- 40OW. The lineament is represented by normal faults and elongated shapes of the mounds and seamoun七s.A equivalent lineamen七 isどecognizedno七 onlyin the Sumisu depression approx. 200 km south of七heHachijo depression bu七 alsoin七heMikura basin 50 km nor七hward. A northward continua七ionof the lineament is inferred to be identified as far as the Hakone caldera located a七 nor七hernmargin of the 1zu-Bonin Ridge， 1zu peninsula. This suggests that a back-arc rifting occurs even in a collision zone between the 1zu-Bonin Ridge and the Honshu Arc.
WEST PACIFIC MARGINAL SEAS IN LAST GLACIATION: PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
WANG P1NX1AN
Departmen七 ofMarine Geology Tongji University， China
During七he las七 glacial maximum， the sea level lowering had caused remarkable al七erna七ions in configuration and area of the W.est Pacific marginal seas， Wi七hemergence of the vast shelf areas disappeared (e.g. the Yellow Sea，七heJava Sea) and numerous smal1 island merged into large ones (e.g・the Phil ippines)・Somemarginal seas became enclosed basins (such as the Sea of Japan) or semi enclosed basins with a restricted connection to the open ocean (such as the South China Sea)， Sea ice coverage increases significantly in high lati七udeseas (such as the Sea of Okhotsk).
Meanwhile， the glacial pa七七ernsof the oceanic and atmosphere circula七ionwere differen七 from the modern ones. The polar front in 七he Nor七h Pacific， for example， had moved abou七 10of lati七udesou七hwaどd，and七hewesterly winds in the Sou七hwes七 Pacific had shifted significantly to the sou七h. The changes in planetary circulation combined with the local geographic modifica七ions had al七eどed 七he circulation and temperature patterns in the marginal seas. 1n the South China Sea， for example， the modeどn trans- basinal current system was replaced by a semi enclosed circulation pattern and the winter SST was about 60C lower than it is now with a seasonality (9-100C) far exceeding七hat a七 present(4-60C).
The reduction of sea area and the changes in sea circulation sys七emhad led to major changes in a七mosphericcirculation and hence， clima七eon land. As evidenced by the wide-spread eolian deposits and the migra七ion of vege七a七ion zones， continentali七y and aridity were then strengthened in large areas of Asia and Australia， wi七hwinter monsoon intensified and summer monsoon subsided.
10C Workshop Repor七 No・76Annex 111 - page 22
The paper reviews available data on paleogeography and paleoenvironment in the Wes七 Pacificmarginal seas at the last glacial maximum， discusses environmental and biogeographic impac七 of the paleogeographic modifica七ions，and points gut problems and perspectives of the further studies.
THE USES OF PALAEOGEOGRAPH1C MAPS -WESTPAC PALAEOGEOGRAPH1C MAP PROJECT
MAR1TA BRADSHAW
Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources， Australia
The initial aim of七heWESTPAC project is to produce palaeogeographic maps of the WESTPAC region for two Quaternary time slices ー七hepeak of the last glaciation (c.18，000 years B.P.) and the last inter-glacial (c.125，000 years B.P). The maps will be used as a framework for environmental and climate s七udiesincluding七he七es七ing of global circulation models， and may assist explora七ion for mineral placer deposits.
The emphasis of the maps will be on the marine realm，七he offshore and the coas七al zone. the palaeogeographic maps will show the dis七ribution of past enviどonments.There will be accompanying data maps that compile informa七ionabout sediment type and thickness， water salinity and七emperatureand other indicatoどS
of pas七 climate.
A series of palaeogeographic maps of Australia produced by the Bureau of Mineral Resources provide a guide as to the methodology that could be used for the WESTPAC maps palaeogeography is concerned with mapping the dis七どibutionsof land and sea through time. 1t aims to reconstruct the patterns of past environments by in七egratingsedimen七ological，biostratigraphic and tectonic information.
The Bureau of Mineral Resources have produced 70 of these 七ime slice palaeogeographic maps of ~ustralia using the following me七hodology:
i) complication of data sources for each period repoど七， maps， well comple七ionrepor七s;
ii) cons七ruction of summary stratigraphic columns and selec七ion of time slices;
iii) preparation of timeslice data maps showing lithology and 七hickness，paleocurrents， mineral occurrences， outcrop， subcrop， intersec七ions;
iv) preparation of Peどiodstructure mapsi and
v) preparation of in七erpretativePalaeogeographic maps.
The palaeogeographic maps have been used primarily for petroleum exploration though they also have applications in mineral exploration. 工ncreasingly，a use for palaeogeographic maps will be inclimate modelling， a palaeogeographic map provides 七heboundary conditions for global circula七ionmodels where the land， sea and mountains are， and then acts as a tes七 of the model when climatically significan七 faciesare plotted -such as coals， evaporites， reefal limestones and glacial七ills. By developing our abili七y七omodel past climates we will have七heconfidence to model future global climatic change.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex 1工工 - page 23
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL BARRIER ON TRACE MET及L MIGRAT工ONTHROUGH THE ESTUARlNE AREAS
SHUMILIN E.N.， S.M. FAZLULLIN， and N.A. GORYACHEV
Pacific Oceanological Insti七U七eFar Eas七ernBranch， Russian Academy of Sciences， Russian Federa七ion
The chemical elemen七s delivered in marine environmen七 by river discharge are passing on七heirway a number of specific areas where七heintensi七Y of migra七ionchanges considerably. Differen七 me七ミlsas well as七hespecies of七hesame elemen七overcomes七hesebarriers unequally well. The spatial and七emporalcharac七eris七icsof barrier zone depend on environmen七al factors (hydrodynamical， hydrochemical and biological) and individual element (species) behaviour as well. The removal of humic and fulvic acids， particula七e Fe， Cu， Mn and Ni and Dissolved Fe was observed in Razdolnaya River es七uary (Amursky za1iv， Sea of Japan) in salinity range 0-5 も mainly. The salini七y con七rolledbarrier zone appears七obe the mos七common phenomenon in七heworld estuaries.
More rare kind of barrier was found out in area of mixing of acldic， volcanogeneous wa七ersof Yuriov River (pH 1.8) wi七hcoasta1 Okholok Sea Wa七ers.Hydrolysis is七hemain mechanism of iron transformation from disso1ved frac七ionto paど七icula七e one af七er pH increase up 七o 3-5. The forma七ion of particulate frac七ionof 0七herelemen七soccured in七hesea end of mixing area within pH range 6-8 due七o adsorp七ionon the newly formed partic1es.
THE UPLIFTING OF THE COASTAL， SHIKOKU MOUNTAINS IN THE NANKAI FORE-ARC SLlVER， SW JAPAN
H工DEOKAGAMI
Facu1ty of Science Josai University， Japan
Nankai fore-arc sliver is one of the七ypicalmicropla七eobserved a七七henor七hernboundary of Phi1ippines Sea plate. It was formed by ob1ique subduc七ion of Phi1ippine Sea p1ate beneath Nankai Trough around 1 Ma Bp. The new cycle of subduc七ionof Philippine Sea p1ate forced Shikoku coas七alarea七o uplift七o be Shikoku coas七almoun七ains.
Stratigraphy and sedimen七aryfacies of the Joyama Formation observed be七weenthe foo七 ofShikoku Mountains and Kochi coastal plain revealed七ha七 i七 wasDi1uvium fan deposits consisted of red conglomerate facies in the lower par七 a large scale fluvial sequence in the middle par七 and higher 七errace deposi七s in 七heupper par七. Ryup Forma七iondistributed on七heconsis七edof eroded products from 七heuplif七edcoas七almoun七ainssince 1 Ma BP. Thus， they all Represen七 molassesedimen七s formed by early upwaどpingof the coastal moun七ains.
Nankai fore-arc sliveど hasbeen uplifted repeated1y， and i七s cyc1e corresponds well 七o variation of ho七 spotactivity in Hawaii. The Hawaii episode between 0 and lMa Bp and Gardner Pinnacle episode between 13 and 14 Ma BP observed in Hawaiian ho七 spo七 by Vog七 (1981) correla七e wi七h up1ifting cyc1es of Shikoku Moun七ains. 工七 is therefore， concluded七ha七 theuplif七ingof七hecoas七a1moun七ainsis七heglobal phenomena con七rol1edby七hemantle convection which may七ypical1yappear on hot spo七 ac七ivi七ies. It is a1so poin七edout tha七 paleoenvironmen七al
10C Workshop Report Ho. 76 Annex 111 -page 24
studies such as identification of molasse facies are important for recognition of moun七ainbuilding・
MOH1TORIHG ORGAHOCBLOR1NE PEST1CIDES 1H THE GULF OF THA1LAND US1HG WATCH APPROACH
MONTH1P SR1RSTANA TABUCANON and CHERDCHAN S1R1WONG
Environmental Research and Training Cen七erOffice of the National Environment Board，τ・hailand
Green mussel (perna viridis) collected from the Gulf of Thailand from 1989-1990 were analyzed for the levels of BHCs， DDTs， HCB， aldrin， dicldrin， endrin， heptachlor and hep七achloreposeide.
Seasonal varia七ionmade no difference in七heresidue levels. Concen七rationsof DDTs， aldrin and dicldどinwere higher than七heother compounds found. Heptachlor epoxide， endrin were higher than the 0七hercompounds fund. 日eptachlorepoxide， endrin， and isomers of BHC were not detected in any of the samples investigated. However， the level of organochlorine pesticide residues in green mussel did no七exceed七hemaximum limit foど aquatic animals as recommended by the Minis七ryof Public Health， Thailand.
THE STRUCTURE OF CURREHT OH THE COHTlNEHTAL SHELF OF SOUTH VIETHAM
VO VAN LANH
1nstitute of Oceanology， Nhatrang， Vietnam
The七otalcuどrentson the shelf was considered as a combination of tidal current and winddriven current. The tidal current was found by me七hod of haどmonicanalysis of measured data and solution of system of hydro-dynamical equa七ions.The winddriven current was calculated by Fenzenbaum' s method with accoun七 ofreal wind stresses and seabed topography. The maximum current velocity was estima七edby approximate solution of nonstable dynamical equations.
The results of investigation are as follows:
1. The maximum current can be caused by wind blowing parallely七o coastal line and the minimum current -by wind blowing normally七o coastal line.
2. The vertical structure of current depends on the angle between wind direction and coastal line.
3. There are two typical regions of currents on the shelf of Sou七h Vietnam region with strong variability of current (with horizon七al gradient of
surface curren七 velocity more than lScm/s/km) and region of relatively stable current (with horizontal gradient of surface curren七 ve10cityless than lScm/s/}αn). The first region is situated nearby the coast and along the sea belt with strong variability of seabed七opography. The region is situated in七herest place.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex III - page 25
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PORITES CORALS IN THE DIFFERENT WATERS OF VIETNAM
VO 51 TUAN
Insti七uteof Oceano1ogy， Nhatどang，Vietnam
Marine area of Vie七nam is 10nger than 3000 km， spans 15 degrees of 1ati七ude.C1ima七iccharac七eristsare comp1icated. Under impacts of differen七 environmenta1condi七ions，cora1 reefs in every water have private feature. It wou1d consider pori七escora1s as a indica七ionfor the differency of coどa1reefs in七hewa七ers.
Paper is in focus of the pre1iminaどystudies on species composi七ion，growth form， distribu七ionof Pori七escora1s in the marine wa七ersas Eas七erncoas七 of cen七どa1Vietnam， Western coast of 50u七hVietnam， and offshore is1ands.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IS THE CHAO PHRAYA ESTUARY， THA工LAND
H. INOUE AND G. WATTAYAKORN Department of Marine 5cience
Chu1a1ongkorn Universi七y，Thai1and
Optica1 pどoper七iesof wa七erin the Chao Phraya riveど es七uarywere measured a七七woS七a七ions in December 1988 and at seven stations in August 1989. Two underwa七eどpho七ome七er wi七h pho七opic fi1ters， one facing upward and 七he otheど facingdownward， were 10wered step-wise into the wateど from a sma11 boa七七o measure downwaどd (Edy and upward (Euv) irradiance for photopic band width a七 variousdep七hs. A por七ab1ebeam transmission meter with 5 cm path 1ength was a1so used to de七ermine 七he photopic tota1 attenuation coefficien七 (Cv' m-I). The resu1ts were p10t七ed in 七he form Cv or ~v against the concentrations of s suspended par七icu1atema七ter (55， mg/1)・Kdv'm-I， the photopic extinction coefficient for downward irradiance， computed from the distribution da七aon Edv Cv or Kdy was shown 七o be a 1inear function of 55 concentrations as fo11ows:
Cv 0.32 + 0.51 (55) or
Kdv 0.40 + 0.057 (55) ，
The ra七ios Euv/Edv (ref1ectance) in the surface 1ayer (10 to 20も) weどe 1aどgecompared with those usua11y observed in the seas and oceans (2 to 3も). If 七urbidityis due primari1y to slit or c1ay， then secchi disc readings (T， m) may be' c1ose1y re1ated 七o concentrations of particulate ma七ter. The fo11owing empirical formula was then deduced
(55) T f
The va1ue f was found to be about 12 in the midd1e reach of七hees七uary.
During the high tide on 17 Aug. 1989， changes in pho七opic to七a1 a七七enuationcoefficien七 and disso1ved oxygen concentration a七 a 0.5 m depth were recorded con七inuous1yfrom the offshore Pi10t 5tation toward the Chao Phraya river mouth. A七 abou七 20km from the river mouth the water has c1arified and the surface water has a1mos七 a七七ainedthe c1earness characteristic of the Upper Gu1f of Thai1and.
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 11工-page 26
RED TIDES AND SEAFOOD SAFETY IN THE PHILIPPINES: NEED FOR A COMPREHENSlVE RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
R. AZANZA CORRALES and E.D. GOMEZ
Marine Science Ins七i七u七eUniversity of七hePhilippines， Philippines
The coas七lines and off shore wa七ers of 七he Philippines being quite ex七ensivecompared七o i七sland mass， have become significan七 sourcesof food and income to a great number of七hepeople. Since 1983， reports of "red七ides" in any area in the country usually have caused negative economic impac七s七othe entire seafood indus七ry. Of equal or importance is 七he 七hrea七七o human heal七h of seafoods con七amina七edwi七h a varie七Y of toxic marine algae and 0七hermicro organisms.
The papeど presen七s the status and need of seafood indus七ry in rela七ion to contamina七ionand safe七y in the Philippines focusing on the shellfish indus七ryand ci七ingscientific bases for managemen七 fromthe cul七ureor harves七 si七e 七othe consumer site， A prac七icaland viable seafood managemen七 programapplicable 七o 七hePhilippines is also being proposed.
BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA AS INDICATORS OF POLLUT工ONBY HEAVY METALS， ORGANOCHLORIDE PESTICIDES
AND LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
VALENTINA V. YANKO
Foraminiferal moni七oring has been done in the different parts of the nor七hwes七ern shelf of the Black Sea (depth 5-130m， salini七Y 1-18も (Yanko & Flexer， 1991) and offshore Eas七ernMediterranean near工srael(Hadera and Palmahim， dep七hs2-1300m， salinity 35-37も)・ Theseareas are affected by pollution from adjacen七industrial， domestic and agricultural sources.
Bo七h living and fossil benthonic foraminifera from box cores and sedimen七 coreswere s七udied according to general world-wide accep七ed me七hods wi七h some modifications appropriated for the Black Sea (Yanko & Troi七skaya，1987). The following parameters as distribution of foraminiferal species and specimens in space and 七ime，diversi七y，morphological changes of their 七ests (deforma七ion，dis七orted chamber arrangement protuberances on the chambers deforma七ion of aper七ure) and pyritization in both living and fossil foraminifera have been determined. The rela七ivefrequency of foraminiferal benthonic species was七reatedin a Q-mode factor analysis. The concen七rationof pollutan七s in七hesediments has been de七ermined using the methods of gas- chromatography， radiograph spec七rography，fluorescent and atomic absorp七ionanalyses.
Foraminiferal benthonic fauna of the north-western shelf of 七he Black Sea is represen七edby 55 species， 3 of them are agglutina七ed. In inves七iga七edareas of the Eas七ernMediterranean abou七 120mainly calcareous species were found. These fauna are different and i七 isimpossible to es七imate七hereac七ionsof all species to pollu七ion. Tha七.s why only 6 species from genera Ammonia， Porosononion， Quinqueloculina， Miliammina， Discammina， Eggerella were chosed by us as indicators of pollution.
Indica七orsof heavy me七alspollution (especially Pb， Cd， Hg) might be different kinds of test deformationi decrease of bo七h the sizes of specimens and their abundance and increase of megalospheric forms.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No・76Annex III - page 27
pyri七iza七ion in foraminiferal 七es七s corresponds to oxygen-poor hydrogen sulfide-rich enviどonmen七. In the 81ack Sea which is con七aminatedwi七hH2S bellow dep七hs130-200 m (widespread point of view， bu七 inmany cases we met H2S even on the dep七hs20-30m)， pyri七iza七ionin mainly megalospheric specimens Ammonia tepida (Gushman) and Porosononion martcobi 80gdanowicz is widespread.
Low species diversi七y (Simpson's index 2.3-2.8) and a七 the same time high specimen abundance bf a few toleran七 species and dominan七 significance of microspheric specimens of large sizes wi七h thick wall of test take place in several settings wi七hhigh concentration of organic carbon (2.4-2.6も inthe sea floor sedimen七s. These places usually are characterized by high pH， low ph， high con七en七 oforganocloride pesticides and abundance of nutrien七sfor foraminifera. Foraminiferal assemblages very similar to above men七ionedones bu七 moreabundant with specimens have been found als。、 inorganic rich sediments of some neo七ectonicuplif七s (for example， the Golythyn High in the north-western inner shelf of the 81ack Sea) which are perspective for oil-gas exploration，
The ben七honicforaminifera contents of samples recovered from七hepollu七edby oil sea-bot七om sedimen七s don'七 give any clear picture in regularities of 七heirdis七ribution. As a rule living benthonic foraminiferal fauna is no七 reachthere and mainly i七 isrepresented by agglutinated forms (Eggerella scabra Williamson， Discammina imperspica Janko， Miliammina fusca 8rady). 8y 七he way， dominant significance of agglutinated foraminifera rather often 七akes place in aquatic se七七ingspollu七edby different ma七七ers.
The use of ben七hbnicforaminifera as indica七orsof pollution has many preferences on comparison with 0七her0どganismbecause foraminifera are shelled organisms of good preserva七ion in sediments; ecological retiremen七 of many species are de七ermined; foraminifera have a short reproduc七ive cycle and can reflec七 ashor七-term environmen七al changes. In addi七ion to， certain foraminiferal assemblages can be used for submarine oil-gas explora七ion.
SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POWER STATION DEVELOPMENT ，ON FISHERMEN: A CASE STUDY
ROSLINAH 8T. SAMAD and ZELINA Z， I8RAHIM
Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science & Environmental Studies
【Jniversi七iPertanian Malaysia， Malaysia
The socioeconomic effec.ts of power station development on七hefishermen community near the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power Station a七 Kapar，Selangor and its surrounding area was studied. The results showed七ha七 income from fishing decreased since the construction of the power station， five years ago. Studies a七 controlareas at Jeram and Sepang showed that other fac七orscontribu七etowards 七hedecrease in fishermen income and the amount of their ca七ches. These factors include wa七er pollution from palm oil industどies and from piggeny waste exploi七a七ionof七hefish stock by trawlers， and changes in the river， morphology. However， mos七 of七hefishermen (82屯 inKapar felt dissatisfied wi七hthe effect of七hecons七ructionof the power station. About 94も ofthem felt that七hepower s七ationaffected theiど livelihoodby decreasing七heirfish ca七ch.Factors rela七ed七o the construction and operation of the power station such as cu七七ing and reclama七ionof the mangrove forest， heated effluents from power plants and river changes， were felt to have caused the decrease in fish landings in 七he areas concerned.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No・76Annex III - page 28
CLlMATIC CBANGES DURING LAST 250，000 YEAR BP AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TBE GEOCBEMICAL FLU玄ESIN
SEDlMENTS OF NORTBERN ARABIAN SEA
ATHAR ALI KHAN Nationa1 Institute of Oceanography， pakistan
Nor七hernArabian 8ea is under the inf1uence of bo七hseasona1 upwe11ing， a resu1t of 8W monsoon winds， as we11 as v'ariab1e dus七 10ads carried by north wester1y winds from neighbouring deserts of Arabia， Mesopo七amia and Iran-Makran. Characteristic effects of atmosphere circu1ation on the geochemica1 f1uxes in sediments of coどesfrom Ocenanic depths off 80uthern Arabian Coas七 areseen. Two cores i.e. CD 1715 and CD 1730 co11ected during R/v Char1es Darwin curise 86/17， record a period of accumu1ation extending to 250，000 year BP.
The oxygen 工sotope and Carbonate records of coどe RC-2761 provide a chronos七ra七igraphic framework for corre1a七ion and dating of 七he cores. These cores were ana1yzed for their CaC~ contents， and the Carbona七e varia七ion is considered to be re1iab1e for七entativechronostratigraphy七o be estab1ished.
8edimenta七ionどatesshow a steady increase towards nor七h.Major li七hogenicf1uxes changes down cores (8patia1 and tempora1) of quar七z，do1omi七e，a1uminium， zirconium and titanium a11 show a significant varia七ion and suggest 七hey are linked七o both C1imatic Changes and c10seness of their source. A mark gradient in overa11 1ithogenic f1uxes is seen from north to south， average va1ues are four 七imeshigher in north. This trend is persistent throughout the c1ima七ichistory of 1ast 250，000 years. A north- south change in 1ithogenic f1uxes imp1ies a source in the noど七hand northwes七. Northwes七er1ywinds originate from surrounding deser七s of Arabia， Mesopotamia， Iran-Makran and transpor七 their dust 10ads 七owards七henortheどn Arabian 8ea.
Lithogenic f1ux changes in glacia1 and inteどglacia1stages indicate a pronounced inf1uence of c1ima七ic patterns of neighbouring 1andmasses. Average va1ues of quar七z，a1uminum， do1omite， zirconium and七i七aniumf1uxes are higher in glacia1 stages than in interg1ac，ia1 stages， Ho1ocene and interg1acia1 stages 3，5，6 indicate 10w va1ues of 1ithogenic f1ux imp1ying that during七hesetimes c1ima七ewas re1ative1y wet and atmospheric.
NUTRIENTS IN ESTUARIES OF SELANGOR， MA工品AYSIA
NORAZMA BT. ZAINUDDIN and ZEL工NAZ. IBRAHIM
Department of Environmenta1 8cience Facu1七Y of 8cience and Environmen七a18七udies
University Pertanian Ma1aysia， Ma1aysia
This s七udy is promoted by concern of nutrient behaviour in 七he estuaどies of 8e1angor. The objec七ive is to study 七he distribution of the consti七uent wi七hsa1inity a10ng vaどiousどiverestuaries. Five parameters were ana1yzed， phosporus (P)， ammonia (NH) )， silica (8i)， salinity and phy七op1ankton.The river estuaries s七udied are 七he 8g. Bernam， 8g. 8e1angor， 8g. K1~ng ， 8g. Langa七 and the 8g. 8epang Kecil. The resu1ts show 七hese nutrient concen七どation in 七he vaどiousestuaries are differen七 inconcentra七iona10ng the estuaどy and wi七h dep七h. The reasons for these differences are discussed.
10C Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 1II -page 29
GEOGRAPH1CAL D1STR1BUT10N AND PER10D1C OCCURRENCE OF TOX1C D1NOFLAGELLATES 1N KOREAN COASTAL WATERS
JOO SUCK PARK
Na七ionalFisheries Research and Development Agency， Korea
The presen七 paperdeals mainly with the geographical distribution and periodic occurrence of nine species of toxic phytoplank七onsuch as Alexandrium tamarense， Dinophysis fortii， Gymnodin七ummikimotoi， Cochlodinium polykrikoides e七c. which caused Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and fish and shellfish kills in Korean coastal wa七ers and their correla'tion with the occuどどence of PSP in bivalve mo11usks.
The princip1e causes ofどedtides for Chinhae Bay， up to the 1as七 par七 of1970s， were mainly dia七oms. Since 1981， however七hemain causative organism have been flagella七es such as Gymnodinium mikimotoi， Prorocentrum micans， Heterosigma akashiwo and Cochlodinium polykrikoides.
Alexandrium七amarense どesponsible for PSP occurred mainly from April to May in large number， and the PSP of七hebivalve shellfish collec七ed from the southern coas七 ofKorea was most often detected in the sea mussel mainly during the months from March to May.
Massive losses of cultured yellow tail and sea bream due to cochlodinium polykrikoides red七ideshave occured since 1989 in caged fish farms near Chungmu.
COASTAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS 1MPACT ON MAR1NE ENV1RONMENT
PIAMSAK MENASVETA
Sichang Mari~e Science Research and Training Station Chulalongkorn University， Thailand
Coastal aquacu1ture deve10pment in Thailand during the past decade has resulted in a sharp increase in aquaculture production especial1y marine shrimps. Neverthe1ess the shrimp farming ac七ivi七yitse1f in turn causes the environmen七a1impacts七o the coas七alareas. These impacts are for ins七ancethe conversion of mangrove into shrimp farms and water quality degrada七ionin七heaどeasubjec七ed七othe effluen七 fromshrimp farms. The inappropriate shrimp farming technique is an additional factor which accelerate the water quali七y degrada七ion and eu七rophicationproblems. The paper discusses and suggests several solutions to 七heseproblems.
SOME RESULTS OF COMPLE玄 T1DALPHENOMENA IN THE GULF OF THA1LAND
NGUYEN NGOC THUY
Hydrometeorologica1 Service， Vietnam
In 七he first part， the complex tidal phenomena in the Gu1f of Thailand was presented by modelling・ Onthe basis of these results， by analyzing ac七ualdata
IOC Worksbop Report No・76Annex III - page 30
in many points of the Gu1f and by prediction of tides for the principa1 points of this area in the nine七eenyear1y tida1 cyc1e， one practica1 varian七 oftida1 at1as for the Thai1and Gu1f was proposed.
In七hesecond par七， the propagation of七hetida1 waves from Gu1f of Thai1and七othe Mekong De1ta with many rivers and cana1s was shown by au七horin七heimproved 七ida1mode1.
The resu1七 are interesting and more rea1 than other s七udies in which this pどopaga七ionwas neg1ec七ed.
The fur七hers七udiesof comp1ex tida1 phenomena， inc1uding the mode11ing and the ac七ua1 fie1d da七a，especia11y for the tida1 cuどrentwi11 be necessary with the par七icipa七ionof many countries and the suppor七 fromin七ernationa1organiza七ions.
OCEANOGRAPBICAL ATLAS FOR USERS IN TBE SOUTB CBINA SEA
NGUYEN NGOC THUY and e1.
Hydrometeoro1ogica1 Service， Vietnam
A draf七 oceanographica1 a七1as for users in the Sou七h China Sea was estab1ished in the Hydrometeoro1ogica1 Service of Vietnam.
In comparison wi七h the others， oceanographica1 at1as of 七his region， the new at1as was composed from many actua1 da七a，was presented with more de七ai1sand new resu1ts: month1y charts of wind， air and sea tempera七ure， sa1inity， wind waves and some char七s of七ides， tida1 curren七 ands七ormsurge.
This a七1as may be used-in practice， bu七 it is 1ogica1 tha七七his work may be contributed by other scientists and the support of internationa1 organiza七ionsmay be favorab1e for the pub1ication.
GEOGRAPBIC DISTRIBUTION OF TBE CYST OF TOXIC GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM GRABAM IN JAPANESE COASTAL WATERS
KAZUMI MATSUOKA
Department of Geo1ogy Facu1ty of Libera1 Arts
Nagasaki University， Japan
Around Japanese coasta1 waters， eight species be10nging in A1exandrium and Dinophysis have been known to produce 七he para1ytic and diarrhetic she11fish poisonings， Recen七1y another naked species Gymnodinium catena七um Graham is recognized七obe causative for the para1y七icshe11fish poisoning in the Senzaki Bay. Unfortunate1y concerning the geographica1 distribution of G. catenatum， however，七here is no sufficient data in Japanese coas七a1wa七eどs.
Since the cyst of G. catenatum possesses distinc七 morpho1ogy and s七rongresis七ancesurface resistance in surface sedimen七s， i七 iseasy七orecognize its presence in surface sediments. On the basis of 七hese charac七eristics，I can record some 0七hernew 1ocations for this species in Japanese coasta1 waters. 工nthis paper， I wi11 show a geographic distribution of G. ca七ena七umbased on the
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 31
previous records and new1y found locations of both cyst and mo七ile forms.
These locations are as follows
Yatsushiro Sea (cyst and motile forms; this paper)， Omura Bay (motile form; as Gymnodinium sp・A5of Iizuka 1979)， Aso Bay in Tsushime Island (cyst;this paper)， Senzaki Bay in the Sea of Japan (motile form， Ikeda et.al. 1989;cyst， Fisheries agency 1988)， Hiroshima Bay (motile form; Hada 1967) in the Seto Inland Sea， Coas七 ofFukuyama in the Seto Inland Sea (mo七ileformi Ishio et，al. 1977)， Tsuda Bay in the Seto Inland Sea (motile foどmi Yuki and Yoshimatsu 1987)， Port of Iyo-Mishima in七heSeto Inland Sea (cys七;七hispaper)・
THE COMPARATlVE MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE MAIN PENAEID SHRIMPS， PENAEUS CHlNENSIS， P. PENICILLATUS
AND P. MERGUIENSIS IN CHINA SEAS
LIU HENG AND LIU RUIYU (J.Y. LIU)
Ins七i七u七e of Oceanology， Academia Sinica， China
Theどe are more than 80 species of penaeid shrimps have been recorded in chinese wa七ers (J. Y. Liu e七 al.，1988). About 40 species are considered to be of economic impoど七ance. Among them七hechinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis， red tail shrimp P. penicillatus and banana shrimp P. merguiensis are the mos七 impor七antspecies in bo七h shrimp ca七chand cul七ure.
Because of the grea七 morphologica1similarity of these three species， especially during 七heir larval and postlarval stages， there are still problems for 七heshどimprecruitment forcas七ing・Thepresent study deals with larval and postlarval development of penaeid shrimps in order to provide some basis for distinguishing them. The main larval morphological differences of the three species are concluded as follows
The three species can not be dis七inguishedduring the nauplii stages.
In first zoea s七age，Li/L2 * in anttennula is about 1.7-2.0 in P. meどguiensis，but in P. chinensis and P. penicilla七us is about 1.6; In the second zoea， the supra-orbital spines in P.chinensis are unifurcated， while P. merguiensis and P. penicilla七usare bifurcated; In the third zoea， there is no dorso-median spine in the pos七eriormargin of the firs七 abdominalsomite (for the second somite， it is minute， if present.) in P. chinensis， but for P. merguiensis and P. penicillatus， there are prominent dorso-median spine on the posterior margin of all abdominal somi七e.
From the first mysis， P. chinensis different from P. merguiensis and P. penicillatus in having 9 long plumose setae on the exopod of 1-3 pereiopods， for 〆
the latter two species， there are only 8; In the second and七hirdmysis，七hereare 9 long plumose seta on the exopods of七hirdmaxilliped and 1-5 pereiopods in P. chinensis and only 8 (or sometimes 7 on the exopod of the third maxilliped in second mysis in P. merguiensis and P. penicillatus. Additionally， P. chinensis has 2 (mostly) or 1 dorsal teeth on the rostrum in third mysis and 2-3 in first postlarva respec七ively. P. penicillatus and P. merguiensis have only in third mysis and first postlarval.
The present au七hors have found that P. chinensis is characterized by having a pair of unifurcated supra-orbital spines in the second zoea， which has never been repor七edin other species of七hisgenus. It is also suggested to use the number of plumose setae on the exopod of pereiopods in mysis stages as a diagnostic
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex III - page 32
charac七er，which is very re1iab1e in distinguishing P. chinensis from P. merguiensis and P. penici11atus， whi1e this charac七eristichas been neg1ec七edby most of other au七hors in descriptions. 8esides，七his difference 1as七s to the second or third post1arva1 stage when 七he exopod of peどeiopods begin 七odegenera七e.
P. merguiensis and P. penici11atus can no七 bedistinguished excep七 inthe first zoea stages during which Li/L2 is much 1arger than tha七 in P. penici11a七us. As for the other 1arva1 stages of P. merguiensis and P. penici11a七us，the numerica1 taxonomy (such as discriminant ana1ysis) is sugges七ed，than i七 betweeneach of them and P. chinensis， which is simi1ar to the adu1七.
* There are 七hree seta on the inner side of the second segmen七 of the an七ennu1a， Li/L2 refers to the ratio of the distance be七ween 七hemidd1e se七ato七hetermina1 se七a and七o 七hebasa1 seta.
PYRODINIUM RED TIDE IN MANlLA BAY
JOSE A. ORDONEZ
Bureau of Fisheries and Aqu七icResources， Phi1ippines
Toxic red fide due to Pyrodinium bahamensa var. compどessum firs七 occured in Mani1a Bay in August 1988 when i七 1ef七 a 七ota1 of 66 poisoning cases wi七h 4 dea七hswhich a11 resu1七edfどomthe inges七ionof green bay musc1es (perna viridis) am:l an economic 10ss amounting to mi11ions of pesos in 1ess than four months of its occurrence.
Recent1y， toxic red tide recurred in Mani1a say af七era dormancy of abou七七hreeyears. As in 1988， the toxic red tide started in the coasta1 wa七ersof七he8ataan peninsu1a and spread out to the neighboring waters， subsequent1y affec七ingthe who1e bay.
The 1991 red tide in Mani1a 8ay was more intense than the 1988 occuどrence in terms of ce11 density， amount of toxins in she11fish and number of i11nesses and dea七hs.
A detai1ed accoun七 ofthe two events are discussed in this paper.
A COMPARATlVE STUDY OF THE TRACE METAL FLUXES OF THE BANG PAKONG AND MAE KLONG RlVERS， THAlLAND
M. HUNGSPREUGS， S. DHARMVAN工J，W. UTOOMPRURKPORN & H.L. WINDOM Department of Marine Science
Chu1a1ongkorn Universi七y，Thai1and
Of 七he four majors rivers draining into the Uooer "Gu1f of Thai1and， the 8ang Pakong and七heMae K10ng Rivers wer~.se1ected for七hestudy of七heir inputs to the coasta1 zone because of /their distinctive wa七erchaどac七eristics. The 8ang Pakong Riveど drains acidic s011s， whi1e the Mae K10ng is sligh七1ya1ka1ine and contains high concen七ra七ionsof si1icate and ca1cium. 80th rivers weどe studied during 七he dry and wet seasons. It was found tha七 in 七he 8ang Pakong， there appeared to be remova1 of some disso1ved trace me七a1s on七o par七icu1ates in七he
IOC Workshop Repor七 Ho. 76 Annex I工工 - page 33
low sa1ini七yregion of七heestuaどy，while this behaviour was not found in the Mae K10ng River. In七heMae K1ong， the high amount of par七icu1a七esin the freshwater s七re七chof七heどiverprecipitated quickly in the 10w salinity region.
IMPACT OF CLlMATE CHANGE OH COASTAL RESOURCES AT SURAT THANI， THAlLAHD
ABSORHSUDA SIR工PONG
Marine Science Department Facu1七Y of Science
Chu1a1ongkorn University， Thai1and
From 10ng七ermc1ima七010gica1data a七 SuratThani， on七heeas七 coastof Sou七hernThai1and， i七 has been shown七ha七七he c1imate七herehas been changed. 工n 1ate November 1988，七heca七as七rophicf100d ever occurred in southern Thai1and and in ear1y November 1989， Typhoon Gay passed southern Thai1and. These disasters caused environmen七a1 and coasta1 resources changes.
EFFECT OF THE KUROSHIO AND WIHTER MOHSOOH OH THE OFFSHO阻 /OHSHO阻 TRAHSPORTOF FISH LARVAE
TAHASHIGE SUGIMOTO
Ocean Research工nstitu七eUniversi七Y of Tokyo， Japan
Japanese sou七herncoast is composed of a chain of semicircu1aど baysexposed to the Kuroshio. Tempora1 vafiations in the coasta1 circu1ations and wa七erexchange associa七edwith interaction of the Kuroshia and i七scoasta1 boundary geometrica1 were inves七iga七edbased on the fie1d observations by using moored current me七ers，
sate11ite七hermal images， ferry boats and research vesse1s.
Shor七七erm fluc七uations in 七he Kuroshio front due to the fron七al waves and sma11er sca1e meander of the Kuroshio pa七h，wi七hthe period of 5-10， 20-30 and 80・・100 days， are superposed on 七he qusi- sta七ionary 1arge meandered pa七h or non-1aどge meandered pa七h of the Kuroshio. These shor七 and mid 七ermonshore/offshore shif七 ofthe front and七hepath of the Kuroshio have significant effec七 onthe fluctuations in the coastal circulations， of which one revolution is around one week or so.
Whi1e in the decada1 time scale 七hemean ciどcu1a七ion pa七七erns of the coas七a1coun七ercurren七 a10ngthe coast of Japan are main1y affec七edby bo七hof the path of the Kuroshio wi七hJwi七hout large meander and七heoffshore drif七 curren七 dueto七hewinter monsoon. The year七oyear variations in this offshore transport of the 1arvae have significant effect an the recどuitmentof七hepelagic fish which spawns in 七he coas七a1 boundaどy regions of the Kuroshio in win七er season. In par七icular，during win七erin 1972 and 1973，七heKuroshio f10wed s七raight1ya10ng the coast and 七he win七er monsoon was fairly weak， which might cause good どe七en七ionof sardine's 1arvae in Tosa Bay off Shikoku and a1so in the downstream nursery ground， which might become a trigger of the rapid increase of the Saどdine's stock in the ear1y 1970s.
IOC Workshop Repor七 No. 76 Annex 11工-page 34
PLANKTON AS A BIOLOGICAL BARRIER ON A WAY OF TRACE METALS MIGRATION DURING ESTUARlNE MI玄ING
KASATK1NA A. P.， E.N. SHUM1L1N， T. YU. ORLOVA and N.A. GORYACHEV
Pacific Oceanological 1ns七itute，Russian Federa七ion
3 role of biological barrier in the migra七ion of 七race me七als 七hrough 七heriver-sea sys七emis increased during phytoplank七on ou七break. We inves七iga七edbiogeochemical parame七ersof the environmen七 inmarine pdrt of 七heRazdolnaya River-Amurskiy 8ay (Sea of Japan) estuary during red tide in Oc七ober1987.
工七 hasbeen established七ha七七hered tide was caused by <M1>Cha七七onella<D>sp. (Raphidophycea). The phenomenon has resulted in mass fishes dea七hsand change of七hewa七ercolour七o darkbrown. The species densi七y being 8 million cellsjl and 3 biomass 7 gjm3 •
The maximal densities (up to 15 million cellsjl) and biomass (11 gjm3) were recorded near wa七er surface. Red tide was observed during fall "bloom" of phy七oplankton，which annually registered in shallow wa七ersof the north-wes七ernSea of Japan in this season. Among 25 microalgae accompanying 七he red tide， dinoflagella七es and diatoms were dominant. Peak of phy七oplank七on blooming was observed at t 140C and S 28-29 屯.
During our observa七ions 七he concentra七ions of Zn and Pb in seston has good correla七ionwi七h a level of primary productivi七y (PP)・Theaddi七ional s七udyof TM in selected zooplankton groups from zone of maximal PP showed七ha七 themos七capacious TM accumulator proved to be the hitinoconyaining plank七ers，especially those without secre七orysystem or not enough developed. Chae七ogna七haaccumula七edmore Pb than another TM. Contents of Pb in Chae七ognatha was more 七han in hitinocon七ainingEuphausiidae and Copepoda nauplii， however the adult copepoda had七heconcentration of Pb higher than Chaetognathai 8ivalvia larvae revealed a more high abili七Y to accumulate Cd， Ni in comparison with Euphausiidae. The recen七 data shows that the accumulation of TM can be caused no七 onlyby hi七incontent but may depend also on other zooplankton species characteris七ics.
Presumably， the least TM content in young fishes of plank七on is due七o lack of hitin and their highly-developed secretoring sys七em.
G1ANT CLAM MARICULTURE
JOHN S. LUCAS
Zoology Department James Cook University， Australia
Gian七 clams have been heavily exploited throughout their tropical 1ndo-Pacific dis七ribu七ion. Recently， research has been focussed on developing mariculture methods for gian七 clams to supplied the demand for 七heir produc七s and 七ore-popula七e depleted reefs. An international collaborative project has been underway since 1984 with funding from the Australian Center for 1nternational Agricul七uralResearch. James Cook Universi七y is the commissioned Organisation and in七hemost recent phase has been collaborating with the Aus七ralian1ns七ituteof Marine Sciences， Queensland Department of primary 1ndus七ry，two universi七iesin七hePhilippines and fisheries section of five South Pacific countries. The
IOC Workshop Repor七 Ho. 76 Annex III - page 35
project has developed appropriate technology for Sou七h Pacific country for culturing all phases of the gian七 clamlife cycle.
DEVELOPIHG MARlHE SCIEHCES MATERIALS FOR SOUTH PACIFIC SCHOOLS
S. M. RITCHIE
James Cook Universi七Y of North Queensland， Aus七ralia
Responding七othe requests from South Pacific for relevant and appropria七eschool resources in marine science， educators and scientists from James Cook University are working collabora七ively to produce six units for upper secondary school s七uden七s. The chief goal of 七his UNESCO funded projec七 is 七o contribu七e to improvemen七 ofmarine science education in secondary schools of the Sou七hPacific Region.
The s七どeng七h of七hedevelopment process for this project is七ha七七hedesign of the ma七erialshas been based on the needs of both七eachersand s七uden七s in the region. As， well， a七rialof three pro七o七ypeunits will be conduc七edin several schools in七hreePacific countries fur七herenhancing the likelihood for adop七ionof七hema七erials.
Wri七ing of the f irs七 three uni七s (viz. Coどal reefs， Coral Islands and Sandy Beaches) is in progress. These units will be evaluated during the trial， early in 1992.
This paper no七 onlyoverviews the projec七 design，but also repor七son七heinitial needs assessmen七 andwriting process. As well， selec七ed samples of tex七 aredisplayed to illustrate important design features of七heunits.
A TURF ALGAL FLORA OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
IAN R. PRICE and FIONA J. SCOTT
Department of Bo七anyJames Cook University， Australia &
Aus七どalianAntarctic Division Kings七on， Australia
A comprehensive Floどaof the turf-forming red algae of the Grea七 BarrierReef is press the publication provides descriptions illustrations of the species recorded with emphasis on vege七a七ivefea七ures. In addition， data on nomencla七ure，七ypematerial， voucher specimens， habitat， seasonali七yand geographical distribu七ionare given. Genus descriptions keys to genera and species， and a glossary are also included. This is the first detailed treatment of 七he taxonomy and distribu七ion of 七he turf algae which occur on coral reefs， where they are of major impor七ance in trophodynamics.
IOC Workshop Report No・76Annex III - page 36
A NUMERICAL WAVE PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE JAPAN SEA
RYANG PYONG
Oceanographic Research Institute of Korea West Sea， D.P.R. Korea
This work is concerned to a opera七ionalnumerical wave predic七ionmodel for七heJapan Sea. This model of Dp type is based on七hewave spectral energy-balance equa七ion. The model was tested under some wind conditions， and is in 七heapplication a七 theCentral Weather forecasting Center of HMS.
This model is similar to the Isozaki's (1972) model in its form， bu七 linearand exponential growth coefficien七s A and B are no七 same as tha七 of Inoue (1967). That is， we use the coefficients of Baどnettmodel. (Barne七七， 1968)
This model is Dp七ypemodel， in which each wave cell or componen七 propaga七esat its appropriate group velocity along its own ray pa七h.
For the purpose of experiments with the model， calcula七ion of wave fields was carried out over the grid area of the Japan sea. In order to es七ima七e the behaviour of 七he model presen七ed above the significan七 wave heigh七s，H， and periods a七 each points over the grid area were calcula七ed under various wind conditions.
Although these wind conditions are artificial， but such wind fields may be considered as possible one over oceans and seas， and with such ar七ificialwind conditions we can estimate the behaviour of ouど mode1. Then we are also able to compare to a we11 known results or diagrams on wave charac七eris七ics.
For七hesepurpose， we can use the Manua1 Wave-Forecasting Diagram. (WMO， 1988: Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting， WMO-No. 3-30) In the growth stages七hemodel cuどves agree reasonably well with these those of the diagram， Also， a another comparison was presented in this paper.
In addi七ionto these， all the results from various wind conditions are shown七hatthe model gives very satisfactory results over the Japan sea.
This wave model started to run from oc七ober1990， using wind da七afどomoutpu七 ofNumerical Wea七herForecast Model of the Central Weather Forecasting Institute of HMS. The surface winds over 七he sea are estimated by a model for calcula七ingsurface winds fどompressure fie1d， surface air and sea surface七emperature，which was proposed by Cardon (1969)・
Systematic verification of this model are made operationally using visual wave observation from ships. For example， F ig. 3 is a wave forecas七 field for
、 09-31-maどchof 1991.
Wave modelling is a technique for objective wave analysis and forecasting， and must be based on good understanding of wave phenomena and analysing of reliable wave observa七ionsor measurements. In the next steps， we would like to improve our model by considering wave-wave in七eractionand coastal七ransform.
IOC Workshop Report No. 76 Annex 111 -page 37
TBE EFFECTS OF MOUHTAIH MASSIF AHD SEA ON TBE FORMATIOH OF TBE OKBOTSK BIGB
KANG BOM JIN
OceanogどaphicResearch Insti七uteof七heKorea East Sea， D.P.R. Korea
Korea is a peninsula located a七 eastside of Eurasian con七inen七. 50 when we study abou七 atmosphericphenomena and climate character of Korea， we have to consider 七heinfluence of the sea on七hemas well as of the continent.
Okhotsk High that occurs on the Okhotsk Sea in summer is also formed by bo七heffects of sea and 1and it exists with rather 10ng duration.
As Okhotsk High is formed and it ex七endsto the north par七 ofKorea East Sea (Japanese Sea) by七hecold sea wa七er，cold and we七 marineair mass is七ranspor七edthere along the south edge of the High and thus， co01 summer damage occurs in noどthpart of the east coas七alどegionof Korea.
To realize mechanism of formation of Okhotsk High has an important significance in undeどstanding basic process of cool summer damage and otheど climaticproperties of Korea.
工n order to realize the mechanism， we have some statistical consideration and numerical experiments.
With the view of carrying out the numerical experiment on a microcomputer， a 3 layers spec七どalprimitive equation model in七herectangulaど domainis developed， which is七houghsimple enough for practical applica七ion， yet has capabili七Yof responding effectively to the external thermal and dynamical forcing due to land and sea.
Theどesultsthat we get from sta七isticalconsideration and numerical experiments are as follows:
i) The atmospheric planetary wavesoccur by dynamical effec七 of Tibe七anpla七eau，
Rockies and another massif. As the result， the ridge which reaches to high level is formed around Okhotsk Sea in summer.
The loca七ionof Jet stream and the in七ensityof westerly are change seasonaly， which makes the dynamical effec七 ofthe massif vary. Therefore Okho七skHigh has seasonal charac七er，
ii) One of七he important character of Okhotsk Sea is tha七 seawater is colder than ano七hersea at七hesame latitude.
Thus this cold water affects七o formation of Okhotsk High as thermal sink. The low level high is formed by this effec七， but the effect can ・七 make high level one.
But if Low level high due to thermal sink is connected with upper ridge or high 七hatoccurs by dynamical effect which have been sta七edabove，七alland lasting Okhotsk High is formed.
IOC Workahop Report Ho・76Annex 111 -page 38
1.
NUMERlCAL SIMULA~IOH OF OCEAH VARIABILI~IES AHD E玄宮RASEASOHALPREDIC~IOH OF CLlMA~E AHOMALIES
Qing-Cun Zeng
Institute of AtmospheどicPhysics， Academia Sinica
Introduction to someOGCMs
Recent years in China， some OGCMs have been deve1oped. The rigid-1id approximation is removed， the standard stどatification is subtracted， and the departures of variab1es are computed.
2. Numeどica1 simu1ations of oceanic circu1ations and their 'variabi1ities
Emphases are made on the numerica1 simu1ations of (a) 1arge scale circu1ations of Woど1dOceans and Pacific Ocean， (b) mesosca1e circulations of West Pacific and South China Sea， and (c) E1 Nino and Lanina events.
3. Experiments of extraseasona1 prediction of climate anoma1ies by using CGCM
Two cases are examined. One is the prediction of the decaying of 1989 LANINA event and its influence on monsoon rainfa11， the other is the prediction of 1991 summer drought and f100d in China.
No. Trtle L.anguages
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71 IOC-FAO Wo耐10Pon加 Id制 服 抽 出 Eof Penaeid Prawn Larvae and Po国larvaeCleveland， Au甜剖ia，23い28Seplem国r1990
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75 IOC-SCOR W町回h叩 onGlobal 0曲 an E E田町st師 Dy阻 m回
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