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Prime Research on Education (PRE)ISSN: 2251-127X, Vol. 2(5), pp. 252-258, June 22

nd, 2012

www.primejournal.org/PRE© Prime Journals

Full Length Research

The predictive role of loneliness and internet addictionand the moderating role of field of study and gender in

students1Azadeh Farghadani, 2Fatemeh Shaterian Mohammadi*, and 3Rouhparvar Ashiri

1Department of Psychology, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran.

2*Department of Psychology, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran.

3MA in Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran.

Accepted 3rd May, 2012

Given the role of spiritual intelligence in mental health, it is essential to identify its related variables which candecrease or increase the spiritual intelligence. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationshipbetween loneliness and Internet addiction and the moderating role of field of study and gender in therelationship between the aforementioned variables and spiritual intelligence. For this purpose, from alundergraduate students of the majors of physics and computer engineering in Islamic Azad University, DezfulBranch, 285 students were selected based on classified sampling method, on whom the spiritual intelligencequestionnaire SIQ (transcendent self-awareness, spiritual experiences, patience, forgiveness), Young's InterneAddiction Test (IAT) and (UCLA) loneliness scale were conducted. The data were analyzed through hierarchicaand stepwise regression and the results showed that there is a negative relationship (P <0.01) betweenloneliness and Internet addiction with spiritual intelligence, and this relationship does not depend on field ofstudy and gender. This negative relationship indicates a reduction of loneliness and Internet addiction in

spiritual intelligence. With increase of loneliness and Internet addiction, people’s spiritual intelligence can bereduced, and these two variables will have a more important role than field of study and gender with respect tospiritual intelligence.

Key words: Spiritual intelligence, loneliness, Internet addiction.

INTRODUCTION

Today, despite the astonishing advancements obtainedthrough technology, human being has not achievedmental peace, which is the basic element of health fromthe perspective of the World Health Organization and

basis of a blissful life. Rather, mental problems anddisorders have been increased with scientificprogresses (Mehrabi Taleghani, 2008). Meanwhile,spiritual intelligence, presented by Gardner as the ninthintelligence (Sisk, 2008), is one of the concepts whichhave been presented and developed through globalattention and interest of psychologists to religion andspirituality.

This structure was first introduced by Stevens (1996) inthe academic literature of psychology. The spiritualintelligence which combines the concept of spiritualityand intelligence within a new structure is a set of abilities,

capacities and spiritual resources, the application owhich in daily life can increase the individual’sadaptability and well-being; help to solve existentiaproblems, and find meaning and purpose of actions and

events in daily life. Thus, it provides an opportunity fohuman to get sensitive to the material and spirituarealities, and follow excellence every day amidst theobjects, places, communications and roles(Naseri, 2008).

In this study, spiritual intelligence includes thecomponents of patience (resistance against problemsand incidents) (Mehrabi Taleghani, 2008), spirituaexperiences (the ability to enter the intellectual skills andhave spiritual experiences), self-realization (deep selfconsciousness of different aspects of God’sexistence) and forgiveness (forgiveness of others’ injustice

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253 Prime Research on Educat ion

or unfair behavior) (Emmons, 2000). These features arecontiguous and change over time and lead to complianceand problem solving in peripheral contexts (Akbari Zadeh,2010). According to studies, spiritual intelligence has a positive

relationship with public health and stress reduction (Ali

Mirzaei, 2008), better quality of life and life satisfaction,prospectiveness (Mirshamsi, 2009), high self-esteem (Hyde, 2004), mental health (Moalemi, Raqibi,Salari Dargi, 2010), happiness (Bagheri, 2010), hope torecovery and prospectiveness (Flannelly, 2001), theability to overcome pain and agony (Madhujain andTrema, 2006), reduction of depression (BahramiDashtaki, Alizadeh, Ghobari Bonab, 2006), and anegative relationship with adolescent identityconfusion (Javadzadeh Shashani, 2011).

Since well-developed spiritual intelligence could beassociated with positive consequences for the individual,it will be useful and necessary to identify the variablesthat increase the probability of its reduction. The presentstudy focuses on two variables of loneliness and Internetaddiction.

We all need to be alone sometimes, but loneliness as anunpleasant mental state is associated with negativeemotional responses and perceptual dissatisfaction insocial relationships; an unpleasant and distressingexperience that can lead to cognitive, emotional andbehavioral inconsistencies (La’li Phaz and Askari, 2008).

Fromm-Reichman's works are turning points inaddressing the issue of loneliness and Weiss who iscalled the father of research on loneliness, has had thegreatest focus on this concept (Davarpanah, 1994). Thesigns of loneliness include the feeling of sadness,

emptiness, sorrow, regret (Asher and Paquette,2003), and devoting too much time to eating, sleeping,and watching TV (Manshaei, 2004).

Loneliness is observed at any age. But its abundancereaches its acme in the teenage years to the earlyadulthood (Dunn, Dunn and Bayduza, 2007). Lonelinessis associated with negative consequences such asimpaired memory, learning and sleep patterns,depression and even suicide, hypertension (RasoulKalaei, 2007), depression and anxiety, low self-esteemand poor academic performance (Mirderikvand, 1999).

The second predictive variable in this study is Internetaddiction. Despite the advantages of the Internet, Internet

addiction which is presented by Goldberg (1994) and onwhich Young (1998) pioneered in conducting researches,has highly increased in recent years. The possibility of the user ’s anonymity, early self-disclosure (that may leadto greater intimacy), more free expression of thoughts andfeelings (Qasim Zadeh, 2006), less concern about how tointroduce ourselves and others’ judgment (Morahan-Martin and Schumacher, 2003) and physical andemotional comfort as a tool to escape fromreality (Jadidi, 2006), are among the factors that makethe Internet much more attractive to individuals.

This phenomenon which occurs more in the form of chatpornography and gambling rooms (Patrick and Joyce2008), is specified with signs such as long times ostaying online (Margaret and Anges, 2008), experience ophysical signs and symptoms such as migraineheadaches, eating disorders (Omidvar and

Saremi, 2002) and sleep disorders (Kim et al., 2010).Internet addiction which is also presented under titlessuch as Internet misuse (Fortson et al., 2007) andincompatible behavior regarding the Internet (VelezmoroLacefield and Roberti, 2010), has a positive relationshipwith sensitivity (Shayeq, 2008), educationafailure (Mohammadbeigi, 2009), and educationanegligence (Ashiri, 2012), and a negative relationship withresponsibility (Rahmani, 2008), publichealth (Nastizayi, 2008), self-efficacy and self-denia(Savari, 2009). As the study of the empirical literature shows, loneliness

and Internet addiction have negative consequences. Onthe other hand, a growing number of psychologistsconsider freedom from emotional and physical discomforinsufficient for having a healthy personality, andemphasize perfection and transformation of humanpersonality through spirituality. If human is spirituallyhealthy, he will feel alive, purposeful and satisfied in hisrange of mental health. Therefore, consideration of thevariables which can play a negative role in reducing thedimensions of spirituality including spiritual intelligencecan provide further guarantee to strengthen the spirituaintelligence. Thus, this study intends to answer the mainquestion of whether the variables of loneliness andInternet addiction are somehow related to the studentsintellectual intelligence and whether field of study and

gender could have a role in moderating this relationship.

METHODOLOGY Population, sample and sampling method In the present study which is a correlative researchpopulation includes all male and female undergraduatestudents of majors of physics and computer engineeringin Islamic Azad University of Dezful. According to theMorgan table, sample size was considered 300 peoplewho were selected using classified samplingmethod (female-physics: 25 subjects; malephysics 35 subjects; female-computer: 130 subjectsfemale-computer: 110 subjects). The 15 questionnaires

which could not be used, were excluded from the studyand data on 285 subjects were analyzed.

The research objectives 1). Determination of the relationship between lonelinessand Internet addiction and the students’ intellectuaintelligence.2).The examination of the role of field of study andgender as the variables moderating the relationshipbetween loneliness and Internet addiction and spirituaintelligence.



Azadeh et al., 254

Table 1: Descriptive properties of variables

Variables Mean Standard deviation

Spiritual Intelligence 294.4281 28.01532

Loneliness 38.4456 9.71213

Internet addiction 39.0070 11.97915

Table 2: Descriptive properties of variables by sex

Spiritual Intelligence Loneliness Internet addiction

MaleMean 290.6462 38.3077 42.3077

Standard deviation 28.14466 9.37409 12.78010

FemaleMean 297.7190 38.4118 36.0261


Table 3: Descriptive properties of variables by field of study

Spiritual Intelligence Loneliness Internet addiction

Computer Mean 294.0087 38.4847 39.0393Standard deviation 28.18594 9.67208 11.20750

PhysicsMean 296.1429 38.2857 38.8750


Table 4: The correlation matrix of variables

Variables 1 2 3

1. Loneliness 1

2. Internet addiction **0.181 1

3. Spiritual Intelligence ** -0.217 * *-0.355 1

* P=0.05** P= 0.01

Instruments Young’s internet addic tion test (IAT) Young's 20- question questionnaire designedby him (1998) is scored based on the Likert scale. Kim etal. (2005) reported Cronbach's alpha of thisquestionnaire to be 0.9. Qasim Zadeh, Shahraray andMoradi (2005) calculated its Cronbach's alpha tobe 0.88 and Nastizayi (2008) and Ashiri (2011) measuredits reliability based on Cronbach's alpha, to be0.81 and 0.89 respectively.

Revised (UCLA) lonel iness scale The 20-question Loneliness Scale is constructed byRussell, Peplau and Cutrona (1980) and is rated basedon the Likert scale. The alpha amplitude of this scale onstudents, nurses, teachers and the elderly is measured tobe between 0.89 and 0.94. Qasim Zadeh etal. (2005) and Ashiri (2011) have calculated reliability of this scale based on Cronbach's alpha to be 0.86 and 0.73respectively. Rahim Zadeh et al. (2009) have alsoreported the internal consistency coefficient of this scaleto be 0.83.

Researcher-made spiri tu al intel l igence quest ionn aire

(SIQ)

The 97-question Spiritual intelligence questionnaire isconstructed by Ismail Nasseri (2008) based on universaprinciples of spirituality. The method of scoring thisquestionnaire follows the patterns 1 to 4. Spirituaintelligence includes the components of transcendenself-realization, spiritual experiences, patience andforgiveness. Nasseri (2008) calculated the reliabilitycoefficient of this questionnaire to be 0.98 and measured

the internal consistency of four components of thequestionnaire separately to be 0.96, 0.9, 0.86and 0.83. Mehrabi Taleghani (2008) andMirshamsi (2009) have calculated the reliability of thisquestionnaire to be 0.94 based on Cronbach's alpha.

Data Analysis The results will be presented in two parts. In the first partthe descriptive features of the research variables and thecorrelation matrix of variables will be presented (intables 1, 2, 3 and 4) and in the second part, the research



255 Prime Research on Edu cat ion

Table 5: Descriptive statistics of regression model

ModelThe predictive variablesentered into the model

Correlation coefficientSquared correlation

coefficientAdjusted

correlationSignificance

level

1 Loneliness 0.356 0.127 0.124 0.01

2 Internet addiction 0.391 0.153 0.147 0.01

Table 6: Coefficients of each variable in the measurement model

Variables entered into themodel

B Standard deviationStandardized coefficients of

variables (Beta)t Significance level

Intercept 334.5 10.5 31.7 0.01Loneliness -0.96 0.16 -0.33 -5.96 0.01

Internet addiction -0.33 0.136 -0.140 -2.42 0.05

Table 7: Coefficients of the variables entered into the model

ModelVariables entered into

the modelR

2Coefficient B

Standarddeviation

Beta tSignificance

level

1 Loneliness 0.127Intercept

Variable coefficient334.05-1.03

6.390.16

-0.35652.3-6.4

0.010.01

2Loneliness

Internet addiction0.153

InterceptVariable coefficientVariable coefficient

345.98-0.95-0.387

7.490.1620.131

-0.328-0.165

46.2-5.92.95

0.010.010.01

3Loneliness

Internet addictionGender

0.161

InterceptVariable coefficientVariable coefficientVariable coefficient

336.4-0.96-0.329

5.1

9.60.1610.136

3.2

-0.333-0.140-0.091

35.075-5.97-2.421.59

0.010.010.05

0.112

4

LonelinessInternet addiction

Gender Field of study

161.0

InterceptVariable coefficientVariable coefficientVariable coefficientVariable coefficient

334.5-0.96-0.335.041.7

10.550.1620.1360.3.23.87

-0.333-0.1400.09

0.024

31.7-5.96-2.421.670.43

0.010.010.05

0.1180.67

questions will be answered using stepwise regressionand hierarchical regression.

RESULTSResearch Hypotheses:Hypothesis 1

According to the first objective of the study, there is asignificant negative relationship between loneliness andInternet addiction and spiritual intelligence. According totable 5, the correlation level between loneliness andspiritual intelligence is 0.356, and this variable can predict12.7% of the changes related to spiritual intelligence(R2=0.081). When the variable of Internet addiction willalso enter into the model, the value of R

2will increase

by 0.153. It means that about 2.6% of changes in thestudents' spiritual intelligence depends on the level of Internet addiction. In addition, the calculations of statisticF showed that the squared multiple correlation issignificant at level of 0.01(P=0.01; dF =4.278 andF=13.4). According to table 6, the regression equation is as

follows:(Internet addiction) 0.140- (Loneliness) 0.33= (Y) Predicted

spiritual intelligence. Therefore, with increase of a unit ostudents’ loneliness and Internet addiction, the studentsspiritual intelligence will be reduced by 0.33 and 0.14units respectively. Therefore in this study, Zerohypothesis suggesting no relationship between lonelinessand Internet addiction with spiritual intelligence will berejected and the hypothesis suggesting the relationshipbetween loneliness and Internet addiction with spirituaintelligence will be confirmed.

Hypothesis 2 According to the second objective of the study, onlyloneliness and Internet addiction have a significanrelationship with spiritual intelligence and field of studyand gender have no role in moderating this relationshipin a way that according to table 7, when only the variableof loneliness has been included in the analysis inModel (1), the value of R

2will be equal to 0.127 and this

variable will predict 12.7% of changes in the spirituaintelligence (R

2=0.127). On the other hand, Beta (-0.356)

was also at the significant level of 0.01. Also, whenInternet addiction is included in the analysis in Model (2)the value of R

2will increase by



0.153. It means that 15.3% of spiritual intelligence variancewill be explained through the linear relationship withvariables of loneliness and Internet addiction and theshare of Internet addiction is 2.6%.

In addition, Beta (-0.165) is still in 0.01 at the significantlevel of 0.01. But in, when the variables of gender and

field of study enter into Model (3) and (4), not only will thevalue of R2

not change to a statistically significant value,but also Beta of these variables is not large enough to beat the significant level of 0.05. Thus, it can be said thatthe variables of loneliness and Internet addiction have adecreasing role in prediction of spiritual intelligence. Inother words, with increase of a unit of loneliness andInternet addiction in students, their spiritualintelligence will be reduced by 0.33 and 0.14 unitsrespectively. Finally, the relationship between lonelinessand Internet addiction with the spiritual intelligence of thestudents does not depend on their gender and field of study.

DISCUSSIONThe active integration of spirituality and daily life andadaptive use of abilities, values and their relatedresources represents the spiritual intelligence. We canput our work and l ife in a broader, richer and moremeaningful context through spiritualintelligence. According to the study results, variables of loneliness and Internet addiction have a significantnegative relationship with spiritual intelligence which is notdependent on gender and field of study. In other words,spiritual intelligence will be reduced with increase of loneliness and Internet addiction.

Regarding the negative relationship between loneliness

and spiritual intelligence, it can be said that one of thefeatures of people with intellectual intelligence is theenhanced relationships with others (family, friends andcolleagues) and the bigger world. By giving new insightsto people and increasing self-confidence in them, well-developed spiritual intelligence causes people to feelstable and less concerned about everyday issues. Thus,it helps them to communicate with others at a deeper level(Akbari Zadeh, 2010). Hence, it is expected thatwhen loneliness and failure in intimate relationshipsincrease, people’s spiritual intelligence, whose essentialcomponents are patience and forgiveness toward others,will reduce. Loneliness can limit psychological capacities

of individuals and reduce their potential for confrontation. In these conditions, self-realization andspiritual experiences, which are of the components of spiritual intelligence in people, cannot be expected to behigh in people.

Loneliness, which is based on a passive sadness in thisstudy, restrains the person from his meta-needs andachieving spirituality and involves him in aimless,monotonous and futile activities of daily life. Thus, to thisperson, addressing the activities and thoughts thatinclude spiritual intelligence is not a priority. According to

Azadeh et al., 256

studies, loneliness is associated with depression, anxietyand low self-esteem (Mirderikvand, 1999). As the second predictive variable in this study, Interne

addiction has a negative relationship with spirituaintelligence and increases the reducing role oloneliness for spiritual intelligence. Some users with

Internet addiction have accepted Internet as a way tocreate spiritual change in them and similarly, adjustmenin negative moods. It seems that this way, althoughharmful, is the shortest and most available way fothem (Rahmani, 2008). Those who use theInternet excessively, cut their relationship with the reaworld after a while, and lock themselves up with a falsesecurity (Pourshahriari, 2007). According to studies (Nasr, 2005), from the perspective

of the Internet addicts, cybernetic space is a substitute fothe real urban space. In these conditions, Interneaddiction can be associated with confused identity, senseof alienation and people’s reduction of responsibility(Dargahi and Razavi, 2006). Thus, the reduction ofpeople’s spiritual intelligence is not too far-fetched withincrease of Internet addiction. On the other hand, therelationships between variables of loneliness and Interneaddiction with spiritual intelligence are dependent onstudents’ gender and field of study. It seems that othervariables should be noted to find functional relationships.

It seems that the nature of the components of spirituaintelligence and the way of expression of spirituaintelligence are influenced by cultural factors. Accordingto the fact that the concept of spirituality plays a majorole in definition of the structure and determination odimensions of spiritual intelligence, considering the facthat the concept of spirituality has different definitions and

the experts of this field have not reached a consensus ondefinition of the dimensions consisting it, culturavariables can also be considered for further studies onthe effective variables or the variables influenced byspiritual intelligence. But despite all disagreements in thisarea, all psychologists and theorists would agree that it isessential to address the variables associated withspiritual intelligence, due to its positive effects onindividuals’ questionability, creative thinking, change oroles, effective activity in different situationsbreaking barriers and inventing new ways, along withcognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence (Emmons2000).

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